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Conjugates of Tetrapyrrolic Macrocycles as Potential Anticancer Target-Oriented Photosensitizers. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2023; 381:10. [PMID: 36826755 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-023-00421-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy is a minimally invasive treatment of tumors using photosensitizers, light, and reactive oxygen species, which can destroy cellular structures. With the development of photodynamic therapy, significant efforts have been made to create new efficient photosensitizers with improved delivery to cells, stability, and selectivity against cancer tissues. Naturally occurring tetrapyrrolic macrocycles, such as porphyrins and chlorins, are very attractive as photosensitizers, and their structural modification and conjugation with other biologically active molecules are promising approaches for creating new photosensitizers specifically targeting cancer cells. The present review aims to highlight recent developments in the design, preparation, and investigation of complex conjugates of tetrapyrrolic macrocycles, which can potentially be used as sensitizers for target-oriented photodynamic therapy of cancer. In this review, we discuss the structure, photodynamic effect, and anticancer activity of the following conjugates of tetrapyrrolic macrocycles: (1) conjugates obtained by modifying peripheral substituents in porphyrins and chlorins; (2) conjugates of porphyrins and chlorins with lipids, carbohydrates, steroids, and peptides; (3) conjugates of porphyrins and chlorins with anticancer drugs and some other biologically active molecules; (4) metal-containing conjugates. The question of how the conjugate structure affects its specificity, internalization, localization, and photoinduced toxicity within cancer cells is the focus of this review.
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2
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Boscencu R, Radulea N, Manda G, Machado IF, Socoteanu RP, Lupuliasa D, Burloiu AM, Mihai DP, Ferreira LFV. Porphyrin Macrocycles: General Properties and Theranostic Potential. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031149. [PMID: 36770816 PMCID: PMC9919320 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite specialists' efforts to find the best solutions for cancer diagnosis and therapy, this pathology remains the biggest health threat in the world. Global statistics concerning deaths associated with cancer are alarming; therefore, it is necessary to intensify interdisciplinary research in order to identify efficient strategies for cancer diagnosis and therapy, by using new molecules with optimal therapeutic potential and minimal adverse effects. This review focuses on studies of porphyrin macrocycles with regard to their structural and spectral profiles relevant to their applicability in efficient cancer diagnosis and therapy. Furthermore, we present a critical overview of the main commercial formulations, followed by short descriptions of some strategies approached in the development of third-generation photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rica Boscencu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: (R.B.); (R.P.S.); (A.M.B.); (L.F.V.F.)
| | - Natalia Radulea
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gina Manda
- “Victor Babeş” National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Isabel Ferreira Machado
- Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, 7300-110 Portalegre, Portugal
- BSIRG—Biospectroscopy and Interfaces Research Group, iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico and Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Radu Petre Socoteanu
- “Ilie Murgulescu” Institute of Physical Chemistry, Romanian Academy, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: (R.B.); (R.P.S.); (A.M.B.); (L.F.V.F.)
| | - Dumitru Lupuliasa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andreea Mihaela Burloiu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: (R.B.); (R.P.S.); (A.M.B.); (L.F.V.F.)
| | - Dragos Paul Mihai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Luis Filipe Vieira Ferreira
- BSIRG—Biospectroscopy and Interfaces Research Group, iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico and Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence: (R.B.); (R.P.S.); (A.M.B.); (L.F.V.F.)
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Pandurang TP, Kumar B, Verma N, Dastidar DG, Yamada R, Nishihara T, Tanabe K, Kumar D. Synthesis of Red-Light-Responsive Pheophorbide-a Tryptamine Conjugated Photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202200405. [PMID: 36317820 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Six methyl pheophorbide-a derivatives were prepared by linking a tryptamine side chain at the C-131 , C-152 and C-173 positions of pheophorbide-a. Prepared conjugates were characterized and evaluated for their photocytotoxicity against A549 cells. The conjugate 6 a with strong absorption at 413 nm (Soret band), 663-671 nm (Q bands) and comparable fluorescence quantum yield (0.26) was found to exhibit significant cytotoxicity (659 nM). Molecular integration of pheophorbide-a and tryptamines showed synergistic effects as the most potent conjugate 6 a was identified with enhanced photocytotoxicity when compared to methyl pheophorbide-a. The conjugate 6 a was smoothly taken up by A549 cells and exhibited intracellular localization predominantly to lysosome in the cytoplasm. Upon photoirradiation 6 a generated singlet oxygen to show potent cytotoxicity toward A549 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taur Prakash Pandurang
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, 333031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Bintu Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, 333031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Narshimha Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, 333031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Debabrata Ghosh Dastidar
- Guru Nanak Institute of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Panihati, Kolkata, 700114, West Bengal, India
| | - Risa Yamada
- College of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara, 252-5258, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Nishihara
- College of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara, 252-5258, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Tanabe
- College of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara, 252-5258, Japan
| | - Dalip Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, 333031, Rajasthan, India
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Mal'shakova MV, Belykh DV. Intramolecular cyclization of 15-carboxy-13-amide derivatives of chlorin e 6 under the action of 2-chloro-1-methylpyridinium iodide. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2022. [DOI: 10.1142/s108842462250033x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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5
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Zhang G, Wang M, Collins BR, Vicente MGH, Smith KM. Synthesis and cellular properties of a 131substituted chlorin e6-nevirapine conjugate. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2021. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424621500632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a chlorin e6-nevirapine conjugate is reported, in which the nevirapine moiety is attached to the 131-position of chlorin e6 via a diethylene glycol linker. This conjugate was found to be nontoxic in the dark (IC[Formula: see text] > 200 [Formula: see text]M), but highly phototoxic (IC[Formula: see text] = 0.21 [Formula: see text]M at 1.5 J/cm[Formula: see text] toward human HEp2 cells. The chlorin e6-nevirapine conjugate accumulated within cells in multiple organelles, including the Golgi, lysosomes and mitochondria. On the other hand, nevirapine was found to be nontoxic to HEp2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Maodie Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Brittany R. Collins
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - M. Graça H. Vicente
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Kevin M. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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6
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Tulaeva LA, Pushkareva EI, Tolstikova OV, Belykh DV. Exo ring opening in methyl pheophorbide a 132-amide derivatives under the action of amines. Russ Chem Bull 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-021-3093-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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7
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Soe TH, Watanabe K, Ohtsuki T. Photoinduced Endosomal Escape Mechanism: A View from Photochemical Internalization Mediated by CPP-Photosensitizer Conjugates. Molecules 2020; 26:E36. [PMID: 33374732 PMCID: PMC7793540 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Endosomal escape in cell-penetrating peptide (CPP)-based drug/macromolecule delivery systems is frequently insufficient. The CPP-fused molecules tend to remain trapped inside endosomes and end up being degraded rather than delivered into the cytosol. One of the methods for endosomal escape of CPP-fused molecules is photochemical internalization (PCI), which is based on the use of light and a photosensitizer and relies on photoinduced endosomal membrane destabilization to release the cargo molecule. Currently, it remains unclear how this delivery strategy behaves after photostimulation. Recent findings, including our studies using CPP-cargo-photosensitizer conjugates, have shed light on the photoinduced endosomal escape mechanism. In this review, we discuss the structural design of CPP-photosensitizer and CPP-cargo-photosensitizer conjugates, and the PCI mechanism underlying their application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tet Htut Soe
- Department of Biotechnology, Mandalay Technological University, Patheingyi, Mandalay 05072, Myanmar;
| | - Kazunori Watanabe
- Department of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan;
| | - Takashi Ohtsuki
- Department of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan;
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Photodynamic performance of amphiphilic chlorin e6 derivatives with appropriate properties: A comparison between different-type liposomes as delivery systems. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 30:101799. [PMID: 32380255 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many aspects are currently being investigated, with the aim of improving the application of PDT in the clinic by rendering it more effective. One of the current trends focuses on the use of nanocarriers. The aim of this study is to describe novel photosensitizers among polyol amide chlorin e6 derivatives for photodynamic therapy (PDT) using liposomes. METHODS In addition to their intracellular localization and antiproliferative activity against HCT116 cells, appropriate photophysical features have been determined (especially high 1O2 quantum yield production). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Fluorescent microscopy demonstrated that the compounds entered the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), lysosomes, mitochondria and partially the cytoplasm. All of the chlorins showed no dark cytotoxicity; however, high phototoxicity was observed. Using optical and electron microscopy, we investigated the impact of chlorin-based PDT upon cell damage leading to cell death. Chl ara 3 was identified as the most promising compound among polyol amide chlorin e6 derivatives and improved phototoxicity was observed as compared with a clinically approved temoporfin. Our results indicate that newly-synthesized chlorins seem to be promising candidates for PDT application, and two of them (chl ara 3 and chl mme 2) may create promising new drugs, both in the form of a free compound and as a liposomal formulation.
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Belykh DV. C–O, C–S, C–N, and C–C Bond Formation at the Periphery of the Macrocycle during Chemical Modification of Phytochlorins: Key Methods and Synthetic Applications. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363219120430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Miyoshi Y, Kadono M, Okazaki S, Nishimura A, Kitamatsu M, Watanabe K, Ohtsuki T. Endosomal Escape of Peptide-Photosensitizer Conjugates Is Affected by Amino Acid Sequences near the Photosensitizer. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:916-922. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Miyoshi
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Maho Kadono
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Shigetoshi Okazaki
- Preeminent Medical Photonics Education and Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Ayano Nishimura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Mizuki Kitamatsu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Kazunori Watanabe
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
- Department of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Takashi Ohtsuki
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
- Department of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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Pavlíčková V, Rimpelová S, Jurášek M, Záruba K, Fähnrich J, Křížová I, Bejček J, Rottnerová Z, Spiwok V, Drašar P, Ruml T. PEGylated Purpurin 18 with Improved Solubility: Potent Compounds for Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer. Molecules 2019; 24:E4477. [PMID: 31817655 PMCID: PMC6943672 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpurin 18 derivatives with a polyethylene glycol (PEG) linker were synthesized as novel photosensitizers (PSs) with the goal of using them in photodynamic therapy (PDT) for cancer. These compounds, derived from a second-generation PS, exhibit absorption at long wavelengths; considerable singlet oxygen generation and, in contrast to purpurin 18, have higher hydrophilicity due to decreased logP. Together, these properties make them potentially ideal PSs. To verify this, we screened the developed compounds for cell uptake, intracellular localization, antitumor activity and induced cell death type. All of the tested compounds were taken up into cancer cells of various origin and localized in organelles known to be important PDT targets, specifically, mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum. The incorporation of a zinc ion and PEGylation significantly enhanced the photosensitizing efficacy, decreasing IC50 (half maximal inhibitory compound concentration) in HeLa cells by up to 170 times compared with the parental purpurin 18. At effective PDT concentrations, the predominant type of induced cell death was apoptosis. Overall, our results show that the PEGylated derivatives presented have significant potential as novel PSs with substantially augmented phototoxicity for application in the PDT of cervical, prostate, pancreatic and breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimíra Pavlíčková
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (V.P.); (J.B.); (V.S.)
| | - Silvie Rimpelová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (V.P.); (J.B.); (V.S.)
| | - Michal Jurášek
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic;
| | - Kamil Záruba
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (K.Z.); (J.F.)
| | - Jan Fähnrich
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (K.Z.); (J.F.)
| | - Ivana Křížová
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic;
| | - Jiří Bejček
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (V.P.); (J.B.); (V.S.)
| | - Zdeňka Rottnerová
- Central laboratories, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic;
| | - Vojtěch Spiwok
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (V.P.); (J.B.); (V.S.)
| | - Pavel Drašar
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic;
| | - Tomáš Ruml
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (V.P.); (J.B.); (V.S.)
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12
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Mironov AF. Chemical Transformations of Chlorophyll a and Possible Areas for Application of Its Derivatives. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363219090354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Luo SH, Yang K, Lin JY, Gao JJ, Wu XY, Wang ZY. Synthesis of amino acid derivatives of 5-alkoxy-3,4-dihalo-2(5H)-furanones and their preliminary bioactivity investigation as linkers. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:5138-5147. [PMID: 31073571 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00736a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of amino acid derivatives are successfully synthesized via a metal-free C-N coupling reaction of 5-alkoxy-3,4-dihalo-2(5H)-furanones and amino acids. Their structures are well characterized with 1H NMR, 13C NMR, ESI-MS and elemental analysis. As potential linkers of the 2(5H)-furanone unit with other drug moieties containing a hydroxyl or amino group, the effect of amino acids is investigated by comparison with other 2(5H)-furanone compounds by constructing C-O/C-S bonds. The preliminary results of the biological activity assay by the MTT method on a series of cancer cell lines in vitro reveal that the introduction of amino acids basically has no toxic effect. This can lead to these 2(5H)-furanone derivatives being further well-linked with other bioactive moieties with amino or hydroxy groups as expected. Thus, the biological activity assay gives a direction for the design of bioactive 2(5H)-furanones based on these amino acid linkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-He Luo
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China. and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
| | - Kai Yang
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China. and College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi province 341000, P. R. China.
| | - Jian-Yun Lin
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Juan-Juan Gao
- College of Sports and Rehabilitation, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi province 341000, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Yan Wu
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Zhao-Yang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China. and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
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Bauer D, Nghiem HV, Tien DD, Stelten J, Montforts FP. Functionalization of chlorin e6 trimethylester towards potential amphiphilic photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2019. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424618501183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chlorins (dihydroporphyrins) are considered, due to their ideal photophysical properties, as attractive photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer and other therapeutic and diagnostic applications. Chlorophyll [Formula: see text], as a naturally occurring chlorin, forms an almost unlimited renewable resource for preparation of potential biologically active chlorin photosensitizers and fluorescence markers. To achieve amphiphilic photosensitizers which might be selectively enriched in tumor cells, we addressed linkage of per se lipophilic chlorophyll derivatives with carbohydrate based hydrophilic aminopolyols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Bauer
- Institute of Organic and Analytical Chemistry, FB 2, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. NW2/C, D-28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Hai Vu Nghiem
- Present address: Institute of Technology and Science, Ministry of Public Security, An Ninh industrial area, Lai Yen, Hoai Duc, PO Box 13220, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Doan Duy Tien
- Present address: Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Johannes Stelten
- Institute of Organic and Analytical Chemistry, FB 2, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. NW2/C, D-28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Franz-Peter Montforts
- Institute of Organic and Analytical Chemistry, FB 2, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. NW2/C, D-28359, Bremen, Germany
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15
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López-Marín N, Mulet R, Rodríguez R. Photodynamic therapy: Toward a systemic computational model. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2018; 189:201-213. [PMID: 30396131 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We have designed a systemic model to understand the effect of Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) on long time scales. The model takes into account cell necrosis due to oxygen reactive species, cell apoptosis through the caspase pathway and the competition between healthy and tumor cells. We attempted to describe the system using state of the art computational techniques (necrosis and apoptosis) and simple models that allow a deeper understanding of the long time scale processes involved (healing and tumor growth). We analyzed the influence of the surface and tumor depth on the effectiveness of different treatment plans and we proposed, for the set of parameters used in this work, an optimum timing between sessions of PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- N López-Marín
- Group of Complex Systems and Statistical Physics, Department of General Physics, Physics Faculty, University of Havana, La Habana, CP 10400, Cuba.
| | - R Mulet
- Group of Complex Systems and Statistical Physics, Department of Theoretical Physics, Physics Faculty, University of Havana, La Habana, CP 10400, Cuba.
| | - R Rodríguez
- Department of Computational Medicine, National Institute of Nephrology, La Habana CP 10600, Cuba
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16
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Ben Mihoub A, Larue L, Moussaron A, Youssef Z, Colombeau L, Baros F, Frochot C, Vanderesse R, Acherar S. Use of Cyclodextrins in Anticancer Photodynamic Therapy Treatment. Molecules 2018; 23:E1936. [PMID: 30072672 PMCID: PMC6222782 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23081936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is mainly used to destroy cancerous cells; it combines the action of three components: a photoactivatable molecule or photosensitizer (PS), the light of an appropriate wavelength, and naturally occurring molecular oxygen. After light excitation of the PS, the excited PS then reacts with molecular oxygen to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to cellular damage. One of the drawbacks of PSs is their lack of solubility in water and body tissue fluids, thereby causing low bioavailability, drug-delivery efficiency, therapeutic efficacy, and ROS production. To improve the water-solubility and/or drug delivery of PSs, using cyclodextrins (CDs) is an interesting strategy. This review describes the in vitro or/and in vivo use of natural and derived CDs to improve antitumoral PDT efficiency in aqueous media. To achieve these goals, three types of binding modes of PSs with CDs are developed: non-covalent CD⁻PS inclusion complexes, covalent CD⁻PS conjugates, and CD⁻PS nanoassemblies. This review is divided into three parts: (1) non-covalent CD-PS inclusion complexes, covalent CD⁻PS conjugates, and CD⁻PS nanoassemblies, (2) incorporating CD⁻PS systems into hybrid nanoparticles (NPs) using up-converting or other types of NPs, and (3) CDs with fullerenes as PSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Ben Mihoub
- Laboratoire de Chimie Phusique Macromoléculaire, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPM, F-54000 Nancy, France.
| | - Ludivine Larue
- Laboratoire de Chimie Phusique Macromoléculaire, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPM, F-54000 Nancy, France.
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LRGP, F-54000 Nancy, France.
| | - Albert Moussaron
- Laboratoire de Chimie Phusique Macromoléculaire, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPM, F-54000 Nancy, France.
| | - Zahraa Youssef
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LRGP, F-54000 Nancy, France.
| | - Ludovic Colombeau
- Laboratoire de Chimie Phusique Macromoléculaire, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPM, F-54000 Nancy, France.
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LRGP, F-54000 Nancy, France.
| | - Francis Baros
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LRGP, F-54000 Nancy, France.
| | - Céline Frochot
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LRGP, F-54000 Nancy, France.
| | - Régis Vanderesse
- Laboratoire de Chimie Phusique Macromoléculaire, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPM, F-54000 Nancy, France.
| | - Samir Acherar
- Laboratoire de Chimie Phusique Macromoléculaire, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPM, F-54000 Nancy, France.
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17
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Jalde SS, Chauhan AK, Lee JH, Chaturvedi PK, Park JS, Kim YW. Synthesis of novel Chlorin e6-curcumin conjugates as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy against pancreatic carcinoma. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 147:66-76. [PMID: 29421571 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.01.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin (cur) has been comprehensively studied for its various biological properties, more precisely for its antitumor potential and it has shown the promising results as well. On the other hand, Chlorin e6 (Ce6) has mostly been used as a photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy (PDT) against a variety of carcinomas. In the present study, we have synthesized a series of Chlorin e6-curcumin (Ce6-cur) conjugates and investigated their photosensitizing potential against pancreatic cancer cell lines. All the synthesized compounds were characterized by UV, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and LC-MS. These Ce6-cur conjugates showed better physicochemical properties and higher singlet oxygen generation capability. The cellular uptake was studied in AsPC-1 cells using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Compound 17 was rapidly internalized within 30 min and sustained for 24 h. Compound 17 showed excellent PDT efficacy with IC50 of 40, 35 and 41 nM against AsPC-1, MIA PaCa-2 and PANC-1 respectively with exceptional dark/phototoxicity ratio in the range of 2371-7500. Moreover, the treatment of compound 17 upregulated the expression of BAX, Cytochrome-C and cleaved caspase 9 while downregulating the Bcl-2 expression an anti-apoptotic protein marker. These results demonstrate outstanding capability of compound 17 as a potent photosensitizer which could improve the PDT efficacy in pancreatic cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivakumar S Jalde
- Daegu Cancer Center, Research and Development Unit of Dongsung Pharmaceuticals Daegu, 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Anil Kumar Chauhan
- Daegu Cancer Center, Research and Development Unit of Dongsung Pharmaceuticals Daegu, 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Lee
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation Daegu, 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Pankaj Kumar Chaturvedi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chungbuk National University, College of Medicine, Cheongju, 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Suk Park
- Laboratory Animal Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Wan Kim
- Daegu Cancer Center, Research and Development Unit of Dongsung Pharmaceuticals Daegu, 41061, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Gjuroski I, Furrer J, Vermathen M. How Does the Encapsulation of Porphyrinic Photosensitizers into Polymer Matrices Affect Their Self-Association and Dynamic Properties? Chemphyschem 2018; 19:1089-1102. [PMID: 29384257 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201701318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) with porphyrinic photosensitizers largely relies on efficient drug formulations to prevent porphyrin aggregation and to enhance water solubility and stability in physiologic environments. In this study, we compare two polymeric carrier systems, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and block copolymer micelles (BCMs) formed by the poloxamer Kolliphor P188 (KP), for their encapsulation efficiencies of porphyrin (xPP) and chlorin e6 (xCE) derivatives. Monomerization, loading efficiency, and dynamic properties were examined by 1 H NMR spectroscopy chemical shift titration, DOSY, and T2 relaxation time measurements. Binding affinity was determined by UV/Vis spectroscopy. Both PVP and KP-BCMs were well suited to disaggregate and encapsulate amphiphilic xCE, whereas they were less efficient for the xPP compounds. PVP exhibited higher monomerization efficiency than KP-BCMs. Significant differences were found in the dynamic behavior of the carriers. PVP formed rather stable complexes with the porphyrinic compounds, whereas a dynamic equilibrium between free and bound porphyrins was found to exist in the presence of KP-BCMs. This may have a considerable impact on the pharmacokinetic properties of the corresponding delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilche Gjuroski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Julien Furrer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martina Vermathen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
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19
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Zhang J, Jiang C, Figueiró Longo JP, Azevedo RB, Zhang H, Muehlmann LA. An updated overview on the development of new photosensitizers for anticancer photodynamic therapy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2018; 8:137-146. [PMID: 29719775 PMCID: PMC5925394 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT), based on the photoactivation of photosensitizers (PSs), has become a well-studied therapy for cancer. Photofrin®, belonging to the first generation of PS, is still widely used for the treatment of different kinds of cancers; however, it has several drawbacks that significantly limit its general clinical use. Consequently, there has been extensive research on the design of PS molecules with optimized pharmaceutical properties, with aiming of overcoming the disadvantages of traditional PS, such as poor chemical purity, long half-life, excessive accumulation into the skin, and low attenuation coefficients. The rational design of novel PS with desirable properties has attracted considerable research in the pharmaceutical field. This review presents an overview on the classical photosensitizers and the most significant recent advances in the development of PS with regard to their potential application in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Chengshi Jiang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | | | | | - Hua Zhang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Luis Alexandre Muehlmann
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
- Faculty of Ceilandia, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 72220-900, Brazil
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20
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Guo X, Wang L, Wang S, Li Y, Cao L, Cai R, Zhao W. Synergistic antiproliferative effect of chemo-phototherapy: Synthesis and photodynamic activity evaluation of novel Chlorin e6-artesunate conjugates as antiproliferative agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:4548-4551. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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21
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Yaghini E, Dondi R, Tewari KM, Loizidou M, Eggleston IM, MacRobert AJ. Endolysosomal targeting of a clinical chlorin photosensitiser for light-triggered delivery of nano-sized medicines. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6059. [PMID: 28729656 PMCID: PMC5519633 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06109-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A major problem with many promising nano-sized biotherapeutics including macromolecules is that owing to their size they are subject to cellular uptake via endocytosis, and become entrapped and then degraded within endolysosomes, which can significantly impair their therapeutic efficacy. Photochemical internalisation (PCI) is a technique for inducing cytosolic release of the entrapped agents that harnesses sub-lethal photodynamic therapy (PDT) using a photosensitiser that localises in endolysosomal membranes. Using light to trigger reactive oxygen species-mediated rupture of the photosensitised endolysosomal membranes, the spatio-temporal selectivity of PCI then enables cytosolic release of the agents at the selected time after administration so that they can reach their intracellular targets. However, conventional photosensitisers used clinically for PDT are ineffective for photochemical internalisation owing to their sub-optimal intracellular localisation. In this work we demonstrate that such a photosensitiser, chlorin e6, can be repurposed for PCI by conjugating the chlorin to a cell penetrating peptide, using bioorthogonal ligation chemistry. The peptide conjugation enables targeting of endosomal membranes so that light-triggered cytosolic release of an entrapped nano-sized cytotoxin can be achieved with consequent improvement in cytotoxicity. The photoproperties of the chlorin moiety are also conserved, with comparable singlet oxygen quantum yields found to the free chlorin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Yaghini
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PE, UK.
| | - Ruggero Dondi
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Kunal M Tewari
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Marilena Loizidou
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PE, UK
| | - Ian M Eggleston
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Alexander J MacRobert
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PE, UK.
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22
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Protti S, Albini A, Viswanathan R, Greer A. Targeting Photochemical Scalpels or Lancets in the Photodynamic Therapy Field—The Photochemist's Role. Photochem Photobiol 2017; 93:1139-1153. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Protti
- PhotoGreen Lab Department of Chemistry University of Pavia Pavia Italy
| | - Angelo Albini
- PhotoGreen Lab Department of Chemistry University of Pavia Pavia Italy
| | | | - Alexander Greer
- Department of Chemistry Brooklyn College Brooklyn NY
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry The Graduate Center of the City University of New York New York City NY
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23
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Chen H, Humble SW, Waruna Jinadasa RG, Zhou Z, Nguyen AL, Vicente MGH, Smith KM. Syntheses and PDT activity of new mono- and di-conjugated derivatives of chlorin e 6. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2017; 21:354-363. [PMID: 29056848 PMCID: PMC5646832 DOI: 10.1142/s1088424617500262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Syntheses of three new chlorin e6 conjugates for PDT of tumors are reported. One of the new compounds 17 is conjugated with lysine at the 131-position, but the others are mono-conjugated 14 or diconjugated 15 with the non-amino acid species ethanolamine. Cellular experiments with the three new compounds and previously synthesized non-amino acid 152-conjugates (7-10), 131-monoconjugates 14, 16, and a 131,152-diconjugate 12 are reported. In vitro cytotoxicity experiments show that the 131-conjugates are more toxic than the 152-conjugates, and the most toxic derivative (dark- and photo-toxicity) is the 131-ethylenediamine conjugate 11. The most useful PDT photosentitizers appear to be the ethanolamine derivatives, conjugated at the 152- and the 131,152-positions; these show high phototoxicity but relatively low dark toxicity compared with 11, and also the highest dark/photo cytotoxicity ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Stewart W. Humble
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - R. G. Waruna Jinadasa
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Zehua Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Alex L. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | | | - Kevin M. Smith
- Correspondence to: Kevin M. Smith, , tel: +1 225-578-7442, fax: +1 225-578-3458
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24
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Cheng J, Li W, Tan G, Wang Z, Li S, Jin Y. Synthesis and in vitro photodynamic therapy of chlorin derivative 131-ortho-trifluoromethyl-phenylhydrazone modified pyropheophorbide-a. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 87:263-273. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.12.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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25
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Dondi R, Yaghini E, Tewari KM, Wang L, Giuntini F, Loizidou M, MacRobert AJ, Eggleston IM. Flexible synthesis of cationic peptide-porphyrin derivatives for light-triggered drug delivery and photodynamic therapy. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:11488-11501. [PMID: 27886311 PMCID: PMC5166568 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob02135b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Efficient syntheses of cell-penetrating peptide-porphyrin conjugates are described using a variety of bioconjugation chemistries. This provides a flexible means to convert essentially hydrophobic tetrapyrolle photosensitisers into amphiphilic derivatives which are well-suited for use in light-triggered drug delivery by photochemical internalisation (PCI) and targeted photodynamic therapy (PDT).
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dondi
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - E Yaghini
- UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - K M Tewari
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - L Wang
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK. and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - F Giuntini
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - M Loizidou
- UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - A J MacRobert
- UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - I M Eggleston
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
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26
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Ghogare AA, Greer A. Synthesis of a poly(ethylene glycol) galloyl sensitizer tip for an 'all-in-one' photodynamic device. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2016; 9:1326-1336. [PMID: 27041367 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201600013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the synthesis of a specialized silica tip for an optical fiber device capable of delivering all components necessary for photodynamic therapy. Oxygen, light and a cleavable tripolyethylene glycol (PEG)-galloyl pheophorbide sensitizer are simultaneously delivered by the silica tip, where the tip was synthesized in six steps. A comparison of synthetic steps to reach PEGylated sensitizers bound to fluorinated silica and a previously reported Teflon/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanocomposite ( Ghosh, G. et al. J. Phys. Chem. B 2015, 119, 4155- 4164) was made. The hydrolytic stability of the attached PEGs and the extent to which the PEG groups enhance solubility will also be discussed. The new triPEG-galloyl sensitizer has the potential for use in intraoperative pointsource photodynamic therapy which aims for precision treatment of residual disease. Schematic of the synthesis of a photoactive silica surface. It is composed of fluorinated silica connected to a photo-releasable sensitizer with short-chain PEGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini A Ghogare
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, New York, 11210, United States
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York, 10016, United States
| | - Alexander Greer
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, New York, 11210, United States
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York, 10016, United States
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