Polyhydroquinoline derivatives for diabetic management: synthesis, in vitro and in silico approaches

Background: Medication used to treat Type 2 diabetes by decreasing the absorption of carbohydrates in the intestine consists of α-glucosidase inhibitors. Polyhydroquinoline derivatives have attracted interest as excellent antidiabetic agents. Methods: Polyhydroquinoline derivatives (1-17) were synthesized and tested for in vitro α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Results: All the synthesized compounds exhibited excellent to good inhibitory activity, having IC50 values from 1.23 ± 0.03 to 73.85 ± 0.61 μM, compared with the standard drug, acarbose. The binding mechanism of these derivatives with α-glucosidase was deduced by docking studies and indicated that a slight variation in the orientation of compounds, affects their binding capability. Conclusion: In order to find new antidiabetic drugs, this study has discovered prospective lead candidates.

Pyrazole and pyrazoline derivatives as antimalarial agents: A key review

Malaria poses a severe public health risk and a significant economic burden in disease-endemic countries. One of the most severe issues in malaria control is the development of drug resistance in malaria parasites. The standard treatment for malaria is artemisinin-combination therapy (ACT). Nevertheless, the Plasmodium parasite's extensive resistance to prior drugs and reduced ACT efficiency necessitates novel drug discovery. The progress in discovering novel, affordable, and effective antimalarial agents is significant in combating drug resistance, and the hybrid drug concept can be used to covalently link two or more active pharmacophores that may act on multiple targets. Pyrazole and pyrazoline derivatives are considered pharmacologically necessary active heterocyclic scaffolds that possess almost all types of pharmacological activities. This review summarized recent progress in antimalarial activities of synthesized pyrazole and pyrazoline derivatives. The studies published since 2000 are included in this systematic review. This review is anticipated to be beneficial for future study and new ideas in searching for rational development strategies for more effective pyrazole and pyrazoline derivatives as antimalarial drugs.

Bio-Oriented Synthesis of Novel Polyhydroquinoline Derivatives as α-Glucosidase Inhibitor for Management of Diabetes

Polyhydroquinoline derivatives (1-15) were synthesized through an unsymmetrical Hantzsch reaction in excellent yields by treating 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, dimedone, ammonium acetate, and ethyl acetoacetate in ethanol solvent. The structures of the synthesized compounds (1-15) were deduced through different spectroscopic techniques such as 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and HR-ESI-MS. The synthesized products were tested for their α-glucosidase inhibitory activity where compounds 11 (IC50 = 0.56 ± 0.01 μM), 10 (IC50 = 0.94 ± 0.01 μM), 4 (IC50 = 1.47 ± 0.01 μM), 2 (IC50 = 2.20 ± 0.03 μM), 6 (IC50 = 2.20 ± 0.03 μM), 12 (IC50 = 2.22 ± 0.07 μM), 7 (IC50 = 2.76 ± 0.04 μM), 9 (IC50 = 2.78 ± 0.03 μM), and 3 (IC50 = 2.88 ± 0.05 μM) exhibited high potential for the inhibition of α-glucosidase, while the rest of the compounds (8, 5, 14, 15, and 13) showed significant α-glucosidase inhibitory potential with IC50 values of 3.13 ± 0.10, 3.34 ± 0.06, 4.27 ± 0.13, 6.34 ± 0.15, and 21.37 ± 0.61 μM, respectively. Among the synthesized series, two compounds, i.e., 11 and 10, showed potent α-glucosidase inhibitory potential higher than the standard. All the compounds were compared with standard drug "acarbose" (IC50 = 873.34 ± 1.67 μM). An in silico method was used to predict their mode of binding within the active site of enzyme to understand their mechanism of inhibition. Our in silico observation complements with the experimental results.

Synthetic approaches to potent heterocyclic inhibitors of tuberculosis: A decade review

Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a significant global health concern with about 1.5 million deaths annually. Despite efforts to develop more efficient vaccines, reliable diagnostics, and chemotherapeutics, tuberculosis has become a concern to world health due to HIV, the rapid growth of bacteria that are resistant to treatment, and the recently introduced COVID-19 pandemic. As is well known, advances in synthetic organic chemistry have historically enabled the production of important life-saving medications that have had a tremendous impact on patients' lives and health all over the world. Small-molecule research as a novel chemical entity for a specific disease target offers in-depth knowledge and potential therapeutic targets. In this viewpoint, we concentrated on the synthesis of a number of heterocycles reported in the previous decade and the screening of their inhibitory action against diverse strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. These findings offer specific details on the structure-based activity of several heterocyclic scaffolds backed by their in vitro tests as a promising class of antitubercular medicines, which will be further useful to build effective treatments to prevent this terrible illness.

Recent Applications of the Multicomponent Synthesis for Bioactive Pyrazole Derivatives

Pyrazole and its derivatives are considered a privileged N-heterocycle with immense therapeutic potential. Over the last few decades, the pot, atom, and step economy (PASE) synthesis of pyrazole derivatives by multicomponent reactions (MCRs) has gained increasing popularity in pharmaceutical and medicinal chemistry. The present review summarizes the recent developments of multicomponent reactions for the synthesis of biologically active molecules containing the pyrazole moiety. Particularly, it covers the articles published from 2015 to date related to antibacterial, anticancer, antifungal, antioxidant, α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory, anti-inflammatory, antimycobacterial, antimalarial, and miscellaneous activities of pyrazole derivatives obtained exclusively via an MCR. The reported analytical and activity data, plausible synthetic mechanisms, and molecular docking simulations are organized in concise tables, schemes, and figures to facilitate comparison and underscore the key points of this review. We hope that this review will be helpful in the quest for developing more biologically active molecules and marketed drugs containing the pyrazole moiety.

Ni-citric acid coordination polymer as a practical catalyst for multicomponent reactions

Coordinative polymers (CP) are a subclass of Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with porous microstructures which have been widely synthesized in recent years and applied in various fields especially in catalysis science. In this work Coordinative polymers (CP) of nickel and citric acid (CA) was prepared as a new catalyst (Ni-CP) and applied in organic multicomponent reactions. The obtained catalyst was characterized by SEM, WDX, EDS, AAS, FT-IR, XRD and BET analysis. N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms indicate good BET surface area for Ni-CP; therefore can be employed as an efficient catalyst in multicomponent reactions for the synthesis of polyhydroquinoline and 2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-one derivatives. Finally, this catalyst was recovered and reused several consecutive times.

Arylidene analogues as selective COX-2 inhibitors: synthesis, characterization, in silico and in vitro studies

Pyrazole derivatives are known to be as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID). Celecoxib is the pioneer sulfonamide being pyrazole derivative COX-2 inhibitors, which used to treat pain and inflammation; they may also have a role in cancer prevention. In the present investigation, a series of arylidene analogues (NDP-4011 to NDP-4016) were synthesized by the condensation of 4-(3-methyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl) benzenesulfonamide (I) with various substituted aromatic aldehydes in ethanol using a catalytic amount of piperidine. All the synthesized compounds were well characterized by IR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR and mass spectrometry. The cytotoxicity of synthesized compounds was tested on the NRK-52E cell line. From which NDP-4011, NDP-4012, NDP-4013, NDP-1015 and NDP-4016 were found to have higher cytotoxicity whereas NDP-4014 showed less cytotoxicity compared to Celecoxib. The in silico pharmacokinetic parameters of compounds were evaluated to check their candidature as a drug. Molecular docking was carried out on COX-2 structures, which revealed that NDP-4011 to NDP-4016 targets allosteric binding site similar to the binding mode of the selective COX inhibitor Celecoxib. Furthermore, results of in vitro COX-2 inhibition assay supports arylidene analogues as COX-2 inhibitors.

Green recipes to quinoline: A review

The quinoline core possesses a vast number of biological activities such as anticancer, antimalarial, antimicrobial, antifungal, antitubercular and antileishmanial. The conventional classical synthetic methods require the use of expensive and harsh conditions such as high temperature. Currently the scientific communities are searching new methodology to eliminate the use of chemicals, solvents and catalysts, which are hazardous to human health as well as to environment. This review provides a concise overview of new dimensions of green chemistry approaches in designing quinoline scaffold that would encourage the researchers towards green chemistry as well as future application of these greener, non-toxic, environment friendly methods in designing quinoline scaffold.

A review on diverse heterocyclic compounds as the privileged scaffolds in antimalarial drug discovery

The upward extend of malaria collectively with the emergence of resistance against predictable drugs has put enormous pressure on public health systems to introduce new malaria treatments. Heterocycles play an important role in the design and discovery of new malaria active compounds. Heterocyclic compounds have attracted significant attention for malaria treatment because of simplicity of parallelization and the examining power with regard to chemical space. Introduction of a variety of heterocyclic compounds have enabled to maintain the high levels of antimalarial potency observed for other more lipophilic analogues whilst improving the solubility and the oral bioavailability in pre-clinical species. In this review, we present an overview of recent literature to provide imminent into the applications of different heterocyclic scaffolds in fighting against malaria.

Synthesis, characterization, in silico molecular docking study and biological evaluation of a 5-(phenylthio) pyrazole based polyhydroquinoline core moiety

A combinatorial library of polyhydroquinoline scaffolds is successfully attempted by multicomponent cyclocondensation reaction.

Four-component synthesis of polyhydroquinolines under catalyst- and solvent-free conventional heating conditions: mechanistic studies

A convenient and environmentally friendly procedure for the synthesis of polyhydroquinolines via a one-pot four-component reaction has been developed. A detailed mechanistic study of the reaction is presented.

Synthesis and biological screening of novel 2-morpholinoquinoline nucleus clubbed with 1,2,4-oxadiazole motifs

Novel series of 2-morpholinoquinoline scaffolds (6a-n), containing the 1,2,4-oxadiazole and moiety, was designed and synthesized in good yield (76-86%). The synthesized compounds were screened for their preliminary in vitro antimicrobial activity against a panel of pathogenic strains of bacteria and fungi. Molecular docking and pharmacokinetic study were carried out for the prepared compounds. The cytotoxicity of the synthesized compounds was tested at different concentrations using bioassay of S. pombe cells at the cellular level. The effect of synthesized compounds on the DNA integrity of S. pombe was observed on agarose gel. Compounds 6d, 6e, 6g, 6h, 6j and 6n exhibited excellent antimicrobial potency as compared to the standard drugs (i.e Ampicillin, Norfloxacin, Chloramphenicol, Ciprofloxacin). Compounds 6d, 6e, 6g, 6k and 6n were found to have significant antifungal activity as compared to griseofulvin. Compounds 6f, 6i, 6k, 6l were found very less cytotoxic, while compounds 6d, 6e, 6g, 6h were found to exhibit maximum toxicity. The rest of the synthesized compounds were found to be moderately toxic.

Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of pyrazoline nucleus based homoleptic Ru(iii) compounds

Biological applications of homoleptic Ru(iii) compounds towards molecular docking, DNA-binding and DNA cleavage.

Extraction and purification of phytol from Abutilon indicum: cytotoxic and apoptotic activity

Abutilon indicumis widely used as a medicinal plant in Indian system of medicine. In the present study, we have evaluated the apoptosis inducing ability of leaf extract ofA. indicum.

Palladium N-heterocyclic carbene catalyzed expected and unexpected C–C and C–N functionalization reactions of 1-aryl-3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5(4H)-ones

A palladium N-heterocyclic carbene complex of vitamin B₁ developed earlier in our laboratory was successfully employed as an efficient catalyst for the regioselective C–C and C–N functionalization reactions of 1-aryl-3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5(4H)-ones.

Palladium N-heterocyclic carbene catalyzed regioselective C–H halogenation of 1-aryl-3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5(4H)-ones using N-halosuccinimides (NXS)

A novel palladium N-heterocyclic carbene complex of vitamin B₁ was prepared and employed for regioselective C–H halogenation of 1-aryl-3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5(4H)-ones using N-halosuccinimides.

Synthesis of 1,3,5-trisubstituted pyrazoline derivatives and their applications

The biological activities of pyrazoline based Ru(iii) complexes were carried out using gel electrophoresis, absorption titration, cellular level cytotoxicity and molecular docking study. Compounds exhibit potent nuclease and cytotoxicity activity.