1
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Shvydko AV, Prihod’ko SA, Timofeeva MN. Synthesis of Glycerol Carbonate from Glycerol and Dimethyl Carbonate Using Strongly Basic Anion-Exchange Styrene–Divinylbenzene Dowex Resins. CATALYSIS IN INDUSTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s2070050422020088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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2
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Continuous flow organocatalyzed methoxycarbonylation of benzyl alcohol derivatives with dimethyl carbonate. J Flow Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-022-00216-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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3
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Transesterification of dimethyl carbonate with glycerol by perovskite-based mixed metal oxide nanoparticles for the atom-efficient production of glycerol carbonate. J IND ENG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2021.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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4
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Ötvös SB, Kappe CO. Continuous flow asymmetric synthesis of chiral active pharmaceutical ingredients and their advanced intermediates. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2021; 23:6117-6138. [PMID: 34671222 PMCID: PMC8447942 DOI: 10.1039/d1gc01615f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic enantioselective transformations provide well-established and direct access to stereogenic synthons that are broadly distributed among active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). These reactions have been demonstrated to benefit considerably from the merits of continuous processing and microreactor technology. Over the past few years, continuous flow enantioselective catalysis has grown into a mature field and has found diverse applications in asymmetric synthesis of pharmaceutically active substances. The present review therefore surveys flow chemistry-based approaches for the synthesis of chiral APIs and their advanced stereogenic intermediates, covering the utilization of biocatalysis, organometallic catalysis and metal-free organocatalysis to introduce asymmetry in continuously operated systems. Single-step processes, interrupted multistep flow syntheses, combined batch/flow processes and uninterrupted one-flow syntheses are discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sándor B Ötvös
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 A-8010 Graz Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 A-8010 Graz Austria
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 A-8010 Graz Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 A-8010 Graz Austria
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5
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A Focus on the Transformation Processes for the Valorization of Glycerol Derived from the Production Cycle of Biofuels. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11020280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycerol is a valuable by-product in the biodiesel industries. However, the increase in biodiesel production resulted in an excess production of glycerol, with a limited market compared to its availability. Precisely because glycerol became a waste to be disposed of, the costs of biodiesel production have reduced. From an environmental point of view, identifying reactions that can convert glycerol into new products that can be reused in different applications has become a real necessity. According to the unique structural characteristics of glycerol, transformation processes can lead to different chemical functionalities through redox reactions, dehydration, esterification, and etherification, with the formation of products that can be applied both at the finest chemical level and to bulk chemistry.
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6
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Alassmy YA, Paalman PJ, Pescarmona PP. One‐pot Fixation of CO
2
into Glycerol Carbonate using Ion‐Exchanged Amberlite Resin Beads as Efficient Metal‐free Heterogeneous Catalysts. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202001632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasser A. Alassmy
- Chemical Engineering Group Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen (ENTEG) University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST) King Abdullah Rd Riyadh 11442 Saudi-Arabia
| | - Patrick J. Paalman
- Chemical Engineering Group Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen (ENTEG) University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Paolo P. Pescarmona
- Chemical Engineering Group Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen (ENTEG) University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
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7
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Abstract
Developments that result in high-yielding, low-cost, safe, scalable, and less-wasteful processes are the most important goals in synthetic organic chemistry. Continuous-flow reactions have garnered much attention due to many advantages over conventional batch reactions that include precise control of short reaction times and temperatures, low risk in handling dangerous compounds, and ease in scaling up synthesis. Combinations of continuous-flow reactions with homogeneous, metal-free catalysts further enhances advantages that include low-cost and ready availability, low toxicity, higher stability in air and water, and increased synthetic efficiency due to the avoidance of the time-consuming removal of toxic metal traces. This review summarizes recently reported continuous-flow reactions using metal-free homogeneous catalysts and classifies them either as acidic catalysts, basic catalysts, or miscellaneous catalysts. In addition, we compare the results between continuous-flow conditions and conventional batch conditions to reveal the advantages of using flow reactions with metal-free homogeneous catalysts.
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8
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Pattanaik PP, Kumar PM, Raju N, Lingaiah N. Continuous Synthesis of Glycerol Carbonate by Transesterification of Glycerol with Dimethyl Carbonate Over Fe–La Mixed Oxide Catalysts. Catal Letters 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-020-03397-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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9
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Gérardy R, Debecker DP, Estager J, Luis P, Monbaliu JCM. Continuous Flow Upgrading of Selected C 2-C 6 Platform Chemicals Derived from Biomass. Chem Rev 2020; 120:7219-7347. [PMID: 32667196 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The ever increasing industrial production of commodity and specialty chemicals inexorably depletes the finite primary fossil resources available on Earth. The forecast of population growth over the next 3 decades is a very strong incentive for the identification of alternative primary resources other than petro-based ones. In contrast with fossil resources, renewable biomass is a virtually inexhaustible reservoir of chemical building blocks. Shifting the current industrial paradigm from almost exclusively petro-based resources to alternative bio-based raw materials requires more than vibrant political messages; it requires a profound revision of the concepts and technologies on which industrial chemical processes rely. Only a small fraction of molecules extracted from biomass bears significant chemical and commercial potentials to be considered as ubiquitous chemical platforms upon which a new, bio-based industry can thrive. Owing to its inherent assets in terms of unique process experience, scalability, and reduced environmental footprint, flow chemistry arguably has a major role to play in this context. This review covers a selection of C2 to C6 bio-based chemical platforms with existing commercial markets including polyols (ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, glycerol, 1,4-butanediol, xylitol, and sorbitol), furanoids (furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural) and carboxylic acids (lactic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, itaconic acid, and levulinic acid). The aim of this review is to illustrate the various aspects of upgrading bio-based platform molecules toward commodity or specialty chemicals using new process concepts that fall under the umbrella of continuous flow technology and that could change the future perspectives of biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romaric Gérardy
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liège, B-4000 Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium
| | - Damien P Debecker
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.,Research & Innovation Centre for Process Engineering (ReCIPE), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Julien Estager
- Certech, Rue Jules Bordet 45, Zone Industrielle C, B-7180 Seneffe, Belgium
| | - Patricia Luis
- Research & Innovation Centre for Process Engineering (ReCIPE), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.,Materials & Process Engineering (iMMC-IMAP), UCLouvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Jean-Christophe M Monbaliu
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liège, B-4000 Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium
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10
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Okoye PU, Longoria A, Sebastian PJ, Wang S, Li S, Hameed BH. A review on recent trends in reactor systems and azeotrope separation strategies for catalytic conversion of biodiesel-derived glycerol. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 719:134595. [PMID: 31864781 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The increasing demand for biodiesel (BD) as a renewable and sustainable energy source has impelled the generation of abundant and low-cost byproduct glycerol, which accounts for 10 wt% of total BD production and requires urgent utilization. The transesterification reaction, which utilizes glycerol and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) to synthesize valuable glycerol carbonate (GC) is an established reaction pathway to valorize oversupplied glycerol. Commercialization of inexpensive GC is constrained by the nature, stability, and basicity of applied catalyst, reaction conditions, types of the reactor system and separation methods of reaction products. This study presents a review and diversity of recent reports on reactor systems and DMC-methanol azeotrope separation strategies explored in GC synthesis from biodiesel-derived glycerol. Also, recent trends on heterogeneous catalysts, their performance, and the effects of reaction conditions were presented. Conducted studies revealed that the choice for reactor systems is constrained by factors such as energy consumption and operational safety and a significant mild reaction conditions could be realized using a microwave reactor. Furthermore, the reactive-extractive distillation and pervaporation processes showed high energy-efficiency and appreciable separation of DMC-methanol azeotrope. Thus, the development of stable catalyst and process intensification to fabricate an integrated reactor-separation system with high energy efficiency are fundamental and must be explored. This study portrays the recent research effort made in this direction and the limitations that require urgent attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick U Okoye
- Laboratorio de Bioenergía, Instituto de Energías Renovables (IER-UNAM), Temixco, Morelos 62580, México.
| | - Adriana Longoria
- Laboratorio de Bioenergía, Instituto de Energías Renovables (IER-UNAM), Temixco, Morelos 62580, México; CONACYT-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Temixco, Morelos
| | - P J Sebastian
- Laboratorio de Bioenergía, Instituto de Energías Renovables (IER-UNAM), Temixco, Morelos 62580, México
| | - Song Wang
- School of Science, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, Liaoning, China
| | - Sanxi Li
- School of Science, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, Liaoning, China
| | - B H Hameed
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
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11
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Brandão P, Pineiro M, Pinho e Melo TMVD. Flow Chemistry: Towards A More Sustainable Heterocyclic Synthesis. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Brandão
- CQC and Department of Chemistry; University of Coimbra; 3004-535 Coimbra Portugal
- Centro de Química de Évora; Institute for Research and Advanced Studies; University of Évora; 7000 Évora Portugal
| | - Marta Pineiro
- CQC and Department of Chemistry; University of Coimbra; 3004-535 Coimbra Portugal
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12
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Recent Development of Heterogeneous Catalysis in the Transesterification of Glycerol to Glycerol Carbonate. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9070581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycerol is one of the most crucial by-products in the production of biodiesel, and owing to its oversaturation in the market, several synthetic strategies have been developed to transform it into other higher value-added products such as glycerol carbonate, epichlorohydrin, 1,3-propanediol, etc. Amongst them, glycerol carbonate is considered to be the most valuable product. Considering the facile separation and reusability of catalyst, heterogeneous base catalysts have attracted considerable attention due to the obvious advantages over Brϕnsted acid and homogeneous base catalysts in the transesterification of glycerol. Herein, we will give a short overview on the recent development of the heterogeneous catalysis in the transesterification of glycerol with dialkyl carbonate. Focus will be concentrated on the heterogeneous base catalysts including alkaline-earth metal oxides (MgO, CaO, and mixed oxides), hydrotalcites, zeolites, clinoptilolites, organic bases, etc. Their catalytic mechanisms during the heterogeneous process will be elucidated in detail.
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13
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Gérardy R, Estager J, Luis P, Debecker DP, Monbaliu JCM. Versatile and scalable synthesis of cyclic organic carbonates under organocatalytic continuous flow conditions. Catal Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy01659g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A scalable intensified flow process for the preparation of cyclic organic carbonates relying on a cheap ammonium organocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romaric Gérardy
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis
- Research Unit MolSys
- University of Liège
- B-4000 Liège (Sart Tilman)
- Belgium
| | | | - Patricia Luis
- Materials & Process Engineering (iMMC-IMAP)
- UCLouvain
- B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve
- Belgium
| | - Damien P. Debecker
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences
- UCLouvain
- B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve
- Belgium
| | - Jean-Christophe M. Monbaliu
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis
- Research Unit MolSys
- University of Liège
- B-4000 Liège (Sart Tilman)
- Belgium
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14
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Wang Z, Gérardy R, Gauron G, Damblon C, Monbaliu JCM. Solvent-free organocatalytic preparation of cyclic organic carbonates under scalable continuous flow conditions. REACT CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8re00209f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A solvent-free organocatalyzed process for the transesterification of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) with 1,2-diols under scalable continuous flow conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Wang
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis
- Research Unit MolSys
- University of Liège
- B-4000 Liège (Sart Tilman)
- Belgium
| | - Romaric Gérardy
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis
- Research Unit MolSys
- University of Liège
- B-4000 Liège (Sart Tilman)
- Belgium
| | | | - Christian Damblon
- CREMAN NMR Center
- Research Unit MolSys
- University of Liège
- B-4000 Liège (Sart Tilman)
- Belgium
| | - Jean-Christophe M. Monbaliu
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis
- Research Unit MolSys
- University of Liège
- B-4000 Liège (Sart Tilman)
- Belgium
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15
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Van Mileghem S, De Borggraeve WM, Baxendale IR. A Robust and Scalable Continuous Flow Process for Glycerol Carbonate. Chem Eng Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201800012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seger Van Mileghem
- University of Durham; Department of Chemistry; South Road DH1 3LE Durham UK
- KU Leuven; Division of Molecular Design and Synthesis; Department of Chemistry; Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Heverlee Belgium
| | - Wim M. De Borggraeve
- KU Leuven; Division of Molecular Design and Synthesis; Department of Chemistry; Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Heverlee Belgium
| | - Ian R. Baxendale
- University of Durham; Department of Chemistry; South Road DH1 3LE Durham UK
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16
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Suveges NS, Rodriguez AA, Diederichs CC, de Souza SP, Leão RAC, Miranda LSM, Horta BAC, Pedraza SF, de Carvalho OV, Pais KC, Terra JHC, de Souza ROMA. Continuous-Flow Synthesis of (R
)-Propylene Carbonate: An Important Intermediate in the Synthesis of Tenofovir. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas S. Suveges
- Biocatalysis and Organic Synthesis Group; Chemistry Institute; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Anderson A. Rodriguez
- Biocatalysis and Organic Synthesis Group; Chemistry Institute; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Carla C. Diederichs
- Biocatalysis and Organic Synthesis Group; Chemistry Institute; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Stefania P. de Souza
- Biocatalysis and Organic Synthesis Group; Chemistry Institute; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Raquel A. C. Leão
- Biocatalysis and Organic Synthesis Group; Chemistry Institute; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- School of Pharmacy; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Leandro S. M. Miranda
- Biocatalysis and Organic Synthesis Group; Chemistry Institute; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Bruno A. C. Horta
- Chemistry Institute; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Sérgio F. Pedraza
- Distrito Industrial Duque de Caxias-Xerém; Nortec Química SA; Duque de Caxias 25250-612 Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Otavio V. de Carvalho
- Distrito Industrial Duque de Caxias-Xerém; Nortec Química SA; Duque de Caxias 25250-612 Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Karla C. Pais
- Distrito Industrial Duque de Caxias-Xerém; Nortec Química SA; Duque de Caxias 25250-612 Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - José H. C. Terra
- Distrito Industrial Duque de Caxias-Xerém; Nortec Química SA; Duque de Caxias 25250-612 Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Rodrigo O. M. A. de Souza
- Biocatalysis and Organic Synthesis Group; Chemistry Institute; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- School of Pharmacy; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
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17
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Kaur A, Prakash R, Ali A. 1H NMR assisted quantification of glycerol carbonate in the mixture of glycerol and glycerol carbonate. Talanta 2018; 178:1001-1005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.08.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Carmona-Vargas CC, de C. Alves L, Brocksom TJ, de Oliveira KT. Combining batch and continuous flow setups in the end-to-end synthesis of naturally occurring curcuminoids. REACT CHEM ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6re00207b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A successful end-to-end continuous flow synthesis of pure curcumin (1) and two other natural derivatives present in turmeric is described.
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19
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Leão RAC, de Souza SP, Nogueira DO, Silva GMA, Silva MVM, Gutarra MLE, Miranda LSM, Castro AM, Junior II, de Souza ROMA. Consecutive lipase immobilization and glycerol carbonate production under continuous-flow conditions. Catal Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cy00295a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Several value-added products can be produced from glycerol and among these products glycerol carbonate (GC) has received much attention in recent years because of its physical properties and wide application in the chemical, pharmaceutical and food industries.
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20
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de Oliveira KT, Miller LZ, McQuade DT. Exploiting photooxygenations mediated by porphyrinoid photocatalysts under continuous flow conditions. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra00285d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Photooxygenations of naphthols under continuous flow conditions using porphyrinoids as photocatalysts are described. Reaction conditions, long-term experiments and scope were performed, thus allowing the production of substituted naphthoquinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kleber T. de Oliveira
- Florida State University
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Tallahassee
- USA
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos
| | - L. Zane Miller
- Florida State University
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Tallahassee
- USA
| | - D. Tyler McQuade
- Florida State University
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Tallahassee
- USA
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21
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Momo PB, Bellete BS, Brocksom TJ, de Souza ROMA, de Oliveira KT. Exploiting novel process windows for the synthesis of meso-substituted porphyrins under continuous flow conditions. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra16962c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyrin synthesis by classical methods frequently involves harsh conditions yielding products with poor scalability. Herein, a continuous flow approach is described, thus demonstrating a scaled-up procedure in a safe and highly pure manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia B. Momo
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos
- Departamento de Química
- São Carlos
- Brazil
| | - Barbara S. Bellete
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos
- Departamento de Química
- São Carlos
- Brazil
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