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R O'Steen M, M Kolpashchikov D. A self-assembling split aptamer multiplex assay for SARS-COVID19 and miniaturization of a malachite green DNA-based aptamer. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS REPORTS 2022; 4:100125. [PMID: 36373144 PMCID: PMC9635949 DOI: 10.1016/j.snr.2022.100125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Multiplex assays often rely on expensive sensors incorporating covalently linked fluorescent dyes. Herein, we developed a self-assembling aptamer-based multiplex assay. This multiplex approach utilizes a previously established split aptamer sensor in conjugation with a novel split aptamer sensor based upon a malachite green DNA aptamer. This system was capable of simultaneous fluorescent detection of two SARS COVID-19-related sequences in one sample with individual sensors that possesses a limit of detection (LOD) in the low nM range. Optimization of the Split Malachite Green (SMG) sensor yielded a minimized aptamer construct, Mini-MG, capable of inducing fluorescence of malachite green in both a DNA hairpin and sensor format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin R O'Steen
- Chemistry Department, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Dmitry M Kolpashchikov
- Chemistry Department, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
- National Center for Forensic Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
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2
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Chen Y, Qiu D, Zhang X, Liu Y, Cheng M, Lei J, Mergny JL, Ju H, Zhou J. Highly Sensitive Biosensing Applications of a Magnetically Immobilizable Covalent G-Quadruplex-Hemin DNAzyme Catalytic System. Anal Chem 2022; 94:2212-2219. [PMID: 35050586 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
G-quadruplex/hemin (G4/hemin) DNAzymes are biosensing systems, but their application remains limited by an overall low activity and a rather high level of unwarranted background reactions. Here, these issues were addressed through the rational design of F3T-azaC-hemin, a G4-based construct in which the hemin is covalently linked to the G4 core and its binding site flanked with a nucleotide activator, here d(T-azaC). This design led to a G4-DNAzyme whose performances have been ca. 150-fold increased compared to the parent G4-based system. The utility of F3T-azaC-hemin was demonstrated here through the ultrasensitive chemiluminescent detection of miRNA-221. The limit of detection (LOD) has been decreased to the femtomolar range, making it a new and highly efficient molecular tool in the biosensing technology field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Dehui Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Mingpan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Jianping Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Jean-Louis Mergny
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.,Laboratoire d'Optique et Biosciences, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau cedex 91128, France
| | - Huangxian Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Jun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
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Kosman J. Enhancement of Activity for Peroxidase-Mimicking DNAzyme by Covalent Attachment of Hemin to G-Quadruplex-Forming Oligonucleotide Using Click Chemistry. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2439:291-299. [PMID: 35226328 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2047-2_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Peroxidase-mimicking DNAzymes are used in the development of new bioanalytical assays due to their advantages like thermal stability, simple synthesis and purification, and ability to hybridize with the complementary strand of nucleic acid. Here, we describe the method of covalent attachment of hemin to DNA oligonucleotide using click chemistry that allows good yield (60-70%) of the final conjugate product. The activity of obtained DNAzymes is monitored using chromogenic and fluorogenic substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kosman
- Department of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland.
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Malecka K, Ferapontova EE. Femtomolar Detection of Thrombin in Serum and Cerebrospinal Fluid via Direct Electrocatalysis of Oxygen Reduction by the Covalent G4-Hemin-Aptamer Complex. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:37979-37988. [PMID: 33878266 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c03784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Thrombin, a serine protease playing a central role in the coagulation cascade reactions and a potent neurotoxin produced by injured brain endothelial cells, is a recognized cardiac biomarker and a critical biomarker for Alzheimer's disease development. Both in vivo and in vitro, its low physiological concentrations and nonspecific binding of other components of physiological fluids complicate electroanalysis of thrombin. Here, femtomolar levels of thrombin in serum and an artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were detected by the indicator-free electrochemical methodology exploiting the O2 reduction reaction directly, with no electron transfer mediators, electrocatalyzed by the covalent G4-hemin DNAzyme complex naturally self-assembling upon thrombin binding to the hemin-modified 29-mer DNA aptamer sequence tethered to gold via an alkanethiol linker. Coadsorbed PEG inhibited nonspecific protein binding and allowed the sought signal resolution. The proposed assay exploiting the "oxidase" activity of G4-hemin DNAzyme does not require any coreactants necessary for the traditional peroxidase activity-based assays with this DNAzyme, such as H2O2 and redox mediators, or solution deaeration and allows fast, overall 30 min analysis of thrombin in aerated buffer, CSF, and 1% human serum solutions. This pioneer approach exploiting the oxidase activity G4-hemin DNAzyme is simple, sensitive, and selective and represents a new tool for ultrasensitive electrocatalytic assays based on simple and efficient O2-dependent DNAzyme labels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Malecka
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 1590-14, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, Olsztyn 10-748, Poland
| | - Elena E Ferapontova
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 1590-14, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
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One Step Histological Detection and Staining of the PTEN Tumor Suppressor Protein by a Single Strand DNA. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11020171. [PMID: 33530289 PMCID: PMC7911190 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11020171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are the most used technological tool in histochemistry. However, even with monoclonal antibodies, their standardization is difficult due to variation of biological systems as well as to variability due to the affinity and amplification of the signal arising from secondary peroxidase detection systems. In this article we combined two synthetic molecules to facilitate the standardization of a detection protocol of protein markers in histological sections. The first molecule was an aptamer, a 50-base single-stranded DNA fragment, which recognizes a PTEN tumor suppressor. The second molecule used was also another single stranded 18-base aptamer DNA fragment, which forms a quadruplex structure guanine box. This G-quadruplex recognizes and attaches a molecule of hemin, increasing the catalytic capacity for the hydrogen peroxide. Our results show how the correct structural design of DNA combining an aptamer together with the peroxidase-like DNAzyme allows to detect proteins in histological sections. This tool offers the standardization of the detection of prognostic markers in cancer, in quality and quantity, due to its synthetic nature and its 1:1 antigen:enzyme ratio. This is the first time that reproducible results have been presented in histological sections staining a cancer marker using a single-stranded DNA molecule with dual function.
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Kosman J, Juskowiak B. Bioanalytical Application of Peroxidase-Mimicking DNAzymes: Status and Challenges. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 170:59-84. [PMID: 28474157 DOI: 10.1007/10_2017_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
DNAzymes with peroxidase-mimicking activity are a new class of catalytically active DNA molecules. This system is formed as a complex of hemin and a G-quadruplex structure created by oligonucleotides rich in guanine. Considering catalytic activity, this DNAzyme mimics horseradish peroxidase, the enzyme most commonly used for signal generation in bioassays. Because DNAzymes exhibit many advantages over protein enzymes (thermal stability, easy and cheap synthesis and purification) they can successfully replace HRP in bioanalytical applications. HRP-like DNAzymes have been applied in the detection of several DNA sequences. Many amplification techniques have been conjugated with DNAzyme systems, resulting in ultrasensitive bioassays. On the other hand, the combination of aptamers and DNAzymes has led to the development of aptazymes for specific targets. An up-to-date summary of the most interesting DNAzyme-based assays is presented here. The elaborated systems can be used in medical diagnosis or chemical and biological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kosman
- Laboratory of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland.
| | - B Juskowiak
- Laboratory of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
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Kosman J, Żukowski K, Juskowiak B. Comparison of Characteristics and DNAzyme Activity of G4⁻Hemin Conjugates Obtained via Two Hemin Attachment Methods. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23061400. [PMID: 29890720 PMCID: PMC6100319 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Two conjugation methods using different linkers were applied for the investigation of the spectral characteristics and activity of G-quadruplex (G4)–hemin conjugates. For this purpose, two G-quadruplex-forming DNA sequences were selected, and then conjugated to a hemin molecule via either amine coupling or a click reaction. The products obtained via these two methods differed in their chemistry and the length of the linker between the DNA and hemin molecules. Spectral characteristics revealed that both methods produced conjugates that were more thermally stable than G4/hemin complexes. Despite similar spectral characteristics, the conjugates obtained via these two methods differed in their DNAzyme activity. G4–hemin conjugates obtained through amine coupling exhibited higher activity than conjugates obtained through a click reaction. This was potentially due to the length and chemistry of the linker, which was 30 atoms long following the click reaction, but only six atoms long following amine coupling. A longer connector favors higher flexibility, and hence, reduces the binding of hemin with G4. The aromatic groups present in the linker obtained through the click reaction can also disturb the G4–hemin interaction. However, the conjugation of G4 DNA to hemin via the click reaction was connected to a higher yield, and did not require any sophisticated synthesis equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kosman
- Laboratory of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89b, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Żukowski
- Laboratory of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89b, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Bernard Juskowiak
- Laboratory of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89b, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
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Fapyane D, Kékedy-Nagy L, Sakharov IY, Ferapontova EE. Electrochemistry and electrocatalysis of covalent hemin-G4 complexes on gold. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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A New Strategy for Silver Deposition on Au Nanoparticles with the Use of Peroxidase-Mimicking DNAzyme Monitored via a Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Technique. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17040849. [PMID: 28406432 PMCID: PMC5424726 DOI: 10.3390/s17040849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Peroxidase-mimicking DNAzyme was applied as a catalyst of silver deposition on gold nanoparticles. This DNAzyme is formed when hemin binds to the G-quadruplex-forming DNA sequence. Such a system is able to catalyze a redox reaction with a one- or two-electron transfer. The process of silver deposition was monitored via a localized surface plasmon resonance technique (LSPR), which allows one to record scattering spectrum of a single nanoparticle. Our study showed that DNAzyme is able to catalyze silver deposition. The AFM experiments proved that DNAzyme induced the deposition of silver shells of approximately 20 nm thickness on Au nanoparticles (AuNPs). Such an effect is not observed when hemin is absent in the system. However, we noticed non-specific binding of hemin to the capture oligonucleotides on a gold NP probe that also induced some silver deposition, even though the capture probe was unable to form G-quadruplex. Analysis of SEM images indicated that the surface morphology of the silver layer deposited by DNAzyme is different from that obtained for hemin alone. The proposed strategy of silver layer synthesis on gold nanoparticles catalyzed by DNAzyme is an innovative approach and can be applied in bioanalysis (LSPR, electrochemistry) as well as in material sciences.
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Kosman J, Stanislawska A, Gluszynska A, Juskowiak B. Conjugation of hemin to G-quadruplex forming oligonucleotide using click chemistry. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 101:799-804. [PMID: 28366862 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.03.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Peroxidase-mimicking DNAzyme is one of the systems that recently gained a great interest. It has been successfully applied for designing numerous bioassays. The success of this system is connected to its advantages over a protein enzyme, horseradish peroxidase. Promising strategy for further improvement of performance of DNAzyme with peroxidase-like activity was proposed recently. It was based on the covalent attachment of hemin moiety to the G-quadruplex scaffold. We report here the first attempt of conjugating hemin to the G-quadruplex DNA using click chemistry approach. We modified hemin molecule through attachment of an azide-terminated linker to the porphyrin carboxylic group. Two click chemistry approaches were examined to conjugate the azide-modified hemin to a G-quadruplex oligonucleotide: copper-catalyzed and Cu-free cycloaddition reactions. Using Cu-free click reaction, we successfully synthesized G-quadruplex-hemin conjugate that exhibited promising peroxidase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kosman
- Laboratory of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89b, 61-614 Poznan, Poland.
| | - A Stanislawska
- Laboratory of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89b, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - A Gluszynska
- Laboratory of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89b, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - B Juskowiak
- Laboratory of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89b, 61-614 Poznan, Poland.
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Khang H, Cho K, Chong S, Lee JH. All-in-one dual-aptasensor capable of rapidly quantifying carcinoembryonic antigen. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 90:46-52. [PMID: 27875751 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Using a dual DNA aptamer (CEA aptamer linked to hemin aptamer), capable of rapidly capturing carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and hemin, an all-in-one dual-aptasensor with 1,1'-oxalyldiimidazole (ODI) chemiluminescence detection was developed for the early diagnosis of human cancer. CEA and hemin competitively bound with the dual DNA aptamer while the mixture in a detection cell was incubated for 30min at room temperature. When Amplex Red and H2O2 were added in the detection cell after the incubation, the yield of resorufin formed from the reaction Amplex Red and H2O2 depended on the concentration of HRP-mimicking G-quardruplex DNAzyme formed from the binding interaction between hemin and the dual DNA aptamer. Bright red light was observed with the addition of ODI and H2O2 in the detection cell containing resorufin. Relative CL intensity of all-in-one dual-aptasensor, operated with the competitive reaction of CEA and hemin in the presence of the dual aptamer, was exponentially decreased with the increase of CEA concentration in human serum. The limit of detection (LOD=3σ) of the all-in-one dual-aptasensor which operated with excellent accuracy, precision, and reproducibility was as low as 0.58ng/ml. The good correlation between the easy to use all-in-one dual-aptasensor and conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), operated with time consuming procedures (e.g., long incubations and multiple washings), indicates that the rapid all-in-one dual-aptasensor can be applied as a novel clinical tool for the early diagnosis of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet Khang
- Luminescent MD, LLC, Hagerstown, MD 21742, United States
| | - Kelly Cho
- Luminescent MD, LLC, Hagerstown, MD 21742, United States
| | | | - Ji Hoon Lee
- Luminescent MD, LLC, Hagerstown, MD 21742, United States.
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Gribas AV, Zatsepin TS, Korolev SP, Gottikh MB, Sakharov IY. Suicide inactivation of covalent peroxidase-mimicking DNAzyme with hydrogen peroxide and its protection by a reductant substrate. Talanta 2016; 155:212-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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