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Hidaka M, Kojima M, Sakai S, Delattre C. Characterization of Chitosan Hydrogels Obtained through Phenol and Tripolyphosphate Anionic Crosslinking. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1274. [PMID: 38732743 PMCID: PMC11085344 DOI: 10.3390/polym16091274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Chitosan is a deacetylated polymer of chitin that is extracted mainly from the exoskeleton of crustaceans and is the second-most abundant polymer in nature. Chitosan hydrogels are preferred for a variety of applications in bio-related fields due to their functional properties, such as antimicrobial activity and wound healing effects; however, the existing hydrogelation methods require toxic reagents and exhibit slow gelation times, which limit their application in biological fields. Therefore, a mild and rapid gelation method is necessary. We previously demonstrated that the visible light-induced gelation of chitosan obtained through phenol crosslinking (ChPh) is a rapid gelation method. To further advance this method (<10 s), we propose a dual-crosslinked chitosan hydrogel obtained by crosslinking phenol groups and crosslinking sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) and the amino groups of chitosan. The chitosan hydrogel was prepared by immersing the ChPh hydrogel in a TPP solution after phenol crosslinking via exposure to visible light. The physicochemical properties of the dual-crosslinked hydrogels, including Young's moduli and water retentions, were subsequently investigated. Young's moduli of the dual-crosslinked hydrogels were 20 times higher than those of the hydrogels without TPP ion crosslinking. The stiffness could be manipulated by varying the immersion time, and the water retention properties of the ChPh hydrogel were improved by TPP crosslinking. Ion crosslinking could be reversed using an iron chloride solution. This method facilitates chitosan hydrogel use for various applications, particularly tissue engineering and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuyuki Hidaka
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan; (M.H.); (M.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Masaru Kojima
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan; (M.H.); (M.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Shinji Sakai
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan; (M.H.); (M.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Cédric Delattre
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut Pascal, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Institute Universitaire de France (IUF), 1 rue Descartes, 75005 Paris, France
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Alharbi TMD. Recent progress on vortex fluidic synthesis of carbon nanomaterials. JOURNAL OF TAIBAH UNIVERSITY FOR SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/16583655.2023.2172954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thaar M. D. Alharbi
- School of Science, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
- Nanotechnology Centre, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
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Chen CH, Liao YH, Muljadi M, Lu TT, Cheng CM. Potential Application of the WST-8-mPMS Assay for Rapid Viable Microorganism Detection. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020343. [PMID: 36839615 PMCID: PMC9966898 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
To ensure clean drinking water, viable pathogens in water must be rapidly and efficiently screened. The traditional culture or spread-plate process-the conventional standard for bacterial detection-is laborious, time-consuming, and unsuitable for rapid detection. Therefore, we developed a colorimetric assay for rapid microorganism detection using a metabolism-based approach. The reaction between a viable microorganism and the combination of 2-(2-methoxy-4-nitrophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium sodium salt (WST-8) and 1-methoxy-5-methylphenazinium methyl sulfate (mPMS) results in a color change. In combination with a microplate reader, WST-8-mPMS reactivity was leveraged to develop a colorimetric assay for the rapid detection of various bacteria. The detection limit of the WST-8-mPMS assay for both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria was evaluated. This WST-8-mPMS assay can be used to perform colorimetrical semi-quantitative detection of various bacterial strains in buffers or culture media within 1 h without incubation before the reaction. The easy-to-use, robust, rapid, and sensitive nature of this novel assay demonstrates its potential for practical and medical use for microorganism detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Han Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiang Liao
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Michael Muljadi
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Te Lu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Min Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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Alharbi TMD, Jellicoe M, Luo X, Vimalanathan K, Alsulami IK, Al Harbi BS, Igder A, Alrashaidi FAJ, Chen X, Stubbs KA, Chalker JM, Zhang W, Boulos RA, Jones DB, Quinton JS, Raston CL. Sub-micron moulding topological mass transport regimes in angled vortex fluidic flow. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:3064-3075. [PMID: 36133664 PMCID: PMC9419266 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00195g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Shear stress in dynamic thin films, as in vortex fluidics, can be harnessed for generating non-equilibrium conditions, but the nature of the fluid flow is not understood. A rapidly rotating inclined tube in the vortex fluidic device (VFD) imparts shear stress (mechanical energy) into a thin film of liquid, depending on the physical characteristics of the liquid and rotational speed, ω, tilt angle, θ, and diameter of the tube. Through understanding that the fluid exhibits resonance behaviours from the confining boundaries of the glass surface and the meniscus that determines the liquid film thickness, we have established specific topological mass transport regimes. These topologies have been established through materials processing, as spinning top flow normal to the surface of the tube, double-helical flow across the thin film, and spicular flow, a transitional region where both effects contribute. The manifestation of mass transport patterns within the film have been observed by monitoring the mixing time, temperature profile, and film thickness against increasing rotational speed, ω. In addition, these flow patterns have unique signatures that enable the morphology of nanomaterials processed in the VFD to be predicted, for example in reversible scrolling and crumbling graphene oxide sheets. Shear-stress induced recrystallisation, crystallisation and polymerisation, at different rotational speeds, provide moulds of high-shear topologies, as 'positive' and 'negative' spicular flow behaviour. 'Molecular drilling' of holes in a thin film of polysulfone demonstrate spatial arrangement of double-helices. The grand sum of the different behavioural regimes is a general fluid flow model that accounts for all processing in the VFD at an optimal tilt angle of 45°, and provides a new concept in the fabrication of novel nanomaterials and controlling the organisation of matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaar M D Alharbi
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University Bedford Park SA 5042 Australia
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Taibah University Almadinah Almunawarrah 42353 Saudi Arabia
| | - Matt Jellicoe
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University Bedford Park SA 5042 Australia
| | - Xuan Luo
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University Bedford Park SA 5042 Australia
- Centre for Marine Bioproducts Development, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University Adelaide SA 5042 Australia
| | - Kasturi Vimalanathan
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University Bedford Park SA 5042 Australia
| | - Ibrahim K Alsulami
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University Bedford Park SA 5042 Australia
| | - Bediea S Al Harbi
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University Bedford Park SA 5042 Australia
| | - Aghil Igder
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University Bedford Park SA 5042 Australia
- School of Engineering, Edith Cowan University Joondalup Perth WA 6027 Australia
| | - Fayed A J Alrashaidi
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University Bedford Park SA 5042 Australia
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, AlJouf University Sakaka 72388 Saudi Arabia
| | - Xianjue Chen
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Keith A Stubbs
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Hwy Crawley WA 6009 Australia
| | - Justin M Chalker
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University Bedford Park SA 5042 Australia
| | - Wei Zhang
- Centre for Marine Bioproducts Development, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University Adelaide SA 5042 Australia
| | - Ramiz A Boulos
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University Bedford Park SA 5042 Australia
- BrightChem Consulting Suite 16, 45 Delawney Street Balcatta WA 6021 Australia
| | - Darryl B Jones
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University Bedford Park SA 5042 Australia
| | - Jamie S Quinton
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University Bedford Park SA 5042 Australia
| | - Colin L Raston
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University Bedford Park SA 5042 Australia
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Wei H, Yang XY, Geng W, van der Mei HC, Busscher HJ. Interfacial interactions between protective, surface-engineered shells and encapsulated bacteria with different cell surface composition. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:7220-7233. [PMID: 33889889 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr09204e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Surface-engineered encapsulation is a non-genetic method to protect living organisms against harsh environmental conditions. Different cell encapsulation methods exist, yielding shells with different interfacial-interactions with encapsulated, bacterial surfaces. However, the impact of interfacial-interactions on the protection offered by different shells is unclear and can vary for bacteria with different surface composition. Probiotic bacteria require protection against gastro-intestinal fluids and antibiotics. Here, we encapsulated two probiotic strains using ZIF-8 (zeolitic imidazolate framework) biomineralization (strong-interaction by coordinate-covalent bonding), alginate gelation (intermediate-interaction by hydrogen bonding) or protamine-assisted packing of SiO2 nanoparticles yielding a yolk-shell (weak-interaction across a void between shells and bacterial surfaces). The surface of probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus was rich in protein, yielding a hydrophilic, positively-charged surface below and a negatively-charged one above pH 4.0. Probiotic Bifidobacterium infantis had a hydrophilic, uncharged surface, rich in polysaccharides with little proteins. Although amino groups are required for coordinate-covalent bonding of zinc and hydrogen bonding of alginate, both L. acidophilus and B. infantis could be encapsulated using ZIF-8 biomineralization and alginate gelation. Weakly, intermediately and strongly interacting shells all yielded porous shells. The strongly interacting ZIF-8 biomineralized shell made encapsulated bacteria more susceptible to antibiotics, presumably due to the cell wall damage already inflicted during Zif-8 biomineralization. Overall, weakly interacting yolk-shells and intermediately interacting alginate gels protected best and maintained probiotic activity of encapsulated bacteria. The impact of interfacial-interactions between shells and encapsulated bacteria on different aspect of protection described here, contributes to the further development of effective surface-engineered shells and its application for protecting bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wei
- University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Pilát Z, Jonáš A, Pilátová J, Klementová T, Bernatová S, Šiler M, Maňka T, Kizovský M, Růžička F, Pantůček R, Neugebauer U, Samek O, Zemánek P. Analysis of Bacteriophage-Host Interaction by Raman Tweezers. Anal Chem 2020; 92:12304-12311. [PMID: 32815709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriophages, or "phages" for short, are viruses that replicate in bacteria. The therapeutic and biotechnological potential of phages and their lytic enzymes is of interest for their ability to selectively destroy pathogenic bacteria, including antibiotic-resistant strains. Introduction of phage preparations into medicine, biotechnology, and food industry requires a thorough characterization of phage-host interaction on a molecular level. We employed Raman tweezers to analyze the phage-host interaction of Staphylococcus aureus strain FS159 with a virulent phage JK2 (=812K1/420) of the Myoviridae family and a temperate phage 80α of the Siphoviridae family. We analyzed the timeline of phage-induced molecular changes in infected host cells. We reliably detected the presence of replicating phages in bacterial cells within 5 min after infection. Our results lay the foundations for building a Raman-based diagnostic instrument capable of real-time, in vivo, in situ, nondestructive characterization of the phage-host relationship on the level of individual cells, which has the potential of importantly contributing to the development of phage therapy and enzybiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdeněk Pilát
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 147, 612 64 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandr Jonáš
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 147, 612 64 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Pilátová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Klementová
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 147, 612 64 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Silvie Bernatová
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 147, 612 64 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Šiler
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 147, 612 64 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tadeáš Maňka
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 147, 612 64 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kizovský
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 147, 612 64 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Růžička
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University and St. Anne's Faculty Hospital, Pekařská 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Pantůček
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ute Neugebauer
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747 Jena, Germany.,Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (Leibniz-IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ota Samek
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 147, 612 64 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Zemánek
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 147, 612 64 Brno, Czech Republic
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He L, Chang Y, Zhu J, Bi Y, An W, Dong Y, Liu JH, Wang S. A cytoprotective graphene oxide-polyelectrolytes nanoshell for single-cell encapsulation. Front Chem Sci Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-020-1950-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Xiang Q, Kang C, Zhao D, Niu L, Liu X, Bai Y. Influence of organic matters on the inactivation efficacy of plasma-activated water against E. coli O157:H7 and S. aureus. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Silver Oxide Coatings with High Silver-Ion Elution Rates and Characterization of Bactericidal Activity. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22091487. [PMID: 28880225 PMCID: PMC6151401 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22091487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper reports the synthesis and characterization of silver oxide films for use as bactericidal coatings. Synthesis parameters, dissolution/elution rate, and bactericidal efficacy are reported. Synthesis conditions were developed to create AgO, Ag2O, or mixtures of AgO and Ag2O on surfaces by reactive magnetron sputtering. The coatings demonstrate strong adhesion to many substrate materials and impede the growth of all bacterial strains tested. The coatings are effective in killing Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, demonstrating a clear zone-of-inhibition against bacteria growing on solid media and the ability to rapidly inhibit bacterial growth in planktonic culture. Additionally, the coatings exhibit very high elution of silver ions under conditions that mimic dynamic fluid flow ranging between 0.003 and 0.07 ppm/min depending on the media conditions. The elution of silver ions from the AgO/Ag2O surfaces was directly impacted by the complexity of the elution media, with a reduction in elution rate when examined in complex cell culture media. Both E. coli and S. aureus were shown to bind ~1 ppm Ag+/mL culture. The elution of Ag+ resulted in no increases in mammalian cell apoptosis after 24 h exposure compared to control, but apoptotic cells increased to ~35% by 48 and 72 h of exposure. Taken together, the AgO/Ag2O coatings described are effective in eliciting antibacterial activity and have potential for application on a wide variety of surfaces and devices.
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Britton J, Stubbs KA, Weiss GA, Raston CL. Vortex Fluidic Chemical Transformations. Chemistry 2017; 23:13270-13278. [PMID: 28597512 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Driving chemical transformations in dynamic thin films represents a rapidly thriving and diversifying research area. Dynamic thin films provide a number of benefits including large surface areas, high shearing rates, rapid heat and mass transfer, micromixing and fluidic pressure waves. Combinations of these effects provide an avant-garde style of conducting chemical reactions with surprising and unusual outcomes. The vortex fluidic device (VFD) has proved its capabilities in accelerating and increasing the efficiencies of numerous organic, materials and biochemical reactions. This Minireview surveys transformations that have benefited from VFD-mediated processing, and identifies concepts driving the effectiveness of vortex-based dynamic thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Britton
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-2025, USA.,Centre for NanoScale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Keith A Stubbs
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Gregory A Weiss
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-2025, USA
| | - Colin L Raston
- Centre for NanoScale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
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Palmieri V, Carmela Lauriola M, Ciasca G, Conti C, De Spirito M, Papi M. The graphene oxide contradictory effects against human pathogens. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:152001. [PMID: 28303804 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa6150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Standing out as the new wonder bidimensional material, graphene oxide (GO) has aroused an exceptional interest in biomedical research by holding promise for being the antibacterial of future. First, GO possesses a specific interaction with microorganisms combined with a mild toxicity for human cells. Additionally, its antibacterial action seems to be directed to multiple targets in pathogens, causing both membranes mechanical injury and oxidative stress. Lastly, compared to other carbon materials, GO has easy and low-cost processing and is environment-friendly. This remarkable specificity and multi-targeting antibacterial activity come at a time when antibiotic resistance represents the major health challenge. Unfortunately, a comprehensive framework to understand how to effectively utilize this material against microorganisms is still lacking. In the last decade, several groups tried to define the mechanisms of interaction between GO flakes and pathogens but conflicting results have been reported. This review is focused on all the contradictions of GO antimicrobial properties in solution. Flake size, incubation protocol, time of exposure and species considered are examples of factors influencing results. These parameters will be summarized and analyzed with the aim of defining the causes of contradictions, to allow fast GO clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Palmieri
- Physics Institute, Catholic University of Sacred Hearth, L. go Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy. Institute for Complex Systems, National Research Council (ISC-CNR), Via dei Taurini 19, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Vimalanathan K, Shrestha RG, Zhang Z, Zou J, Nakayama T, Raston CL. Surfactant‐free Fabrication of Fullerene C
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Nanotubules Under Shear. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 56:8398-8401. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201608673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kasturi Vimalanathan
- Flinders Centre for NanoScale Science Technology (CNST) Chemical and Physical Sciences Flinders University Bedford Park Adelaide 5001 Australia
| | - Rekha Goswami Shrestha
- International Centre for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA) National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) 1-1 Namiki Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044 Japan
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Materials Engineering and Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Jin Zou
- Materials Engineering and Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Tomonobu Nakayama
- International Centre for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA) National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) 1-1 Namiki Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044 Japan
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences University of Tsukuba 1-1 Namiki Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044 Japan
| | - Colin L. Raston
- Flinders Centre for NanoScale Science Technology (CNST) Chemical and Physical Sciences Flinders University Bedford Park Adelaide 5001 Australia
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