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The Quest for Green Solvents for the Sustainable Production of Nanosheets of Two-Dimensional (2D) Materials, a Key Issue in the Roadmap for the Ecology Transition in the Flatland. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031484. [PMID: 36771151 PMCID: PMC9919378 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent advent of two-dimensional (2D) materials has had a ground-breaking impact on science and technology. To exploit in technology their unique thickness-dependent physicochemical properties, the large-scale production of 2D materials is mandatory, but it represents an open challenge still due to various pitfalls and severe limitations including the toxicity of state-of-the-art solvents. Thus, liquid-phase exfoliation based on green and bioderived solvents represents an ideal methodology for massive production. This is particularly crucial for introducing 2D materials in technological applications such as the production of drinking water and agri-food industrial processes. Here, we assessed the production of 2D nanosheets (specifically, graphene, WS2, MoS2) with liquid-phase exfoliation assisted by eco-friendly solvents, with a comparative evaluation of green solvents in terms of the yield and, moreover, the aspect ratio, defectivity, and crystalline quality of the produced nanosheets. In particular, we focus on the most promising green solvents in terms of the yield and the crystalline quality of the produced nanosheets: Polarclean, Iris, and Cyrene, which were compared with acetone/water mixtures, isopropyl alcohol (IPA), triethanolamine (TEA), aqueous solutions of urea, and an ethanol/water mixture as well as two toxic solvents largely used for the production of 2D nanosheets: N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF). Remarkably, the density of defects was particularly low in the liquid-phase exfoliation with Polarclean, as indicated by the Raman spectrum of graphene, with the I(D)/I(G) ratio below 0.1. Furthermore, Polarclean and Iris also enable ink-jet printing with functional inks of 2D materials based on green solvents due to their low dynamic viscosity at room temperature.
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Devadiga D, Selvakumar M, Shetty P, Mahesha MG, Devadiga D, Ahipa TN, Kumar SS. Novel photosensitizer for dye-sensitized solar cell based on ionic liquid–doped blend polymer electrolyte. J Solid State Electrochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-021-04920-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe existing energy situation demands not only the huge energy in a short time but also clean energy. In this regard, an integrated photo-supercapacitor device has been fabricated in which photoelectric conversion and energy storage are achieved simultaneously. A novel carbazole-based dye is synthesized and characterized for photosensitizer. The silver-doped titanium dioxide (Ag-TiO2) is synthesized, and it is used as photoanode material. Different concentrations of tetrabutylammonium iodide (TBAI)-doped polyvinyl alcohol–polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVA-PVP) blend polymer electrolytes are prepared, and their conductivity and dielectric properties were studied. Reduced graphene oxide (r-GO) is synthesized by a one-pot synthesis method and confirmed using Raman spectroscopy for counter electrode material in dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) and supercapacitor electrodes. The DSSC having 4% Ag-TiO2–based photoanode showed the highest efficiency of 1.06% (among r-GO counter electrodes) and 2.37% (among platinum counter electrodes). The supercapacitor before integration and after integration exhibits specific capacitance of 1.72 Fg−1 and 1.327 Fg−1, respectively.
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Ruan D, Zhang Z, Wu X, Wu L, Wang F, Zou K, Du K, Hu G. Synthesizing High‐quality Graphene from Spent Anode Graphite and Further Functionalization Applying in ORR Electrocatalyst. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202004230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dingshan Ruan
- School of Metallurgy and Environment Central South University Changsha 410083 P.R. China
- Guangdong Brunp Recycling Technology Co., Ltd. Foshan 528100 P. R. China
| | - Zhenhua Zhang
- Guangdong Brunp Recycling Technology Co., Ltd. Foshan 528100 P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Wu
- Guangdong Brunp Recycling Technology Co., Ltd. Foshan 528100 P. R. China
| | - Lin Wu
- Guangdong Brunp Recycling Technology Co., Ltd. Foshan 528100 P. R. China
| | - Fengmei Wang
- Guangdong Brunp Recycling Technology Co., Ltd. Foshan 528100 P. R. China
| | - Ke Zou
- Guangdong Brunp Recycling Technology Co., Ltd. Foshan 528100 P. R. China
| | - Ke Du
- School of Metallurgy and Environment Central South University Changsha 410083 P.R. China
| | - Guorong Hu
- School of Metallurgy and Environment Central South University Changsha 410083 P.R. China
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Paolucci V, D’Olimpio G, Lozzi L, Mio AM, Ottaviano L, Nardone M, Nicotra G, Le-Cornec P, Cantalini C, Politano A. Sustainable Liquid-Phase Exfoliation of Layered Materials with Nontoxic Polarclean Solvent. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2020; 8:18830-18840. [PMID: 33828931 PMCID: PMC8018326 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c04191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Liquid-phase exfoliation is the most suitable platform for large-scale production of two-dimensional materials. One of the main open challenges is related to the quest of green and bioderived solvents to replace state-of-the-art dispersion media, which suffer several toxicity issues. Here, we demonstrate the suitability of methyl-5-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-5-oxopentanoate (Rhodiasolv Polarclean) for sonication-assisted liquid-phase exfoliation of layered materials for the case-study examples of WS2, MoS2, and graphene. We performed a direct comparison, in the same processing conditions, with liquid-phase exfoliation using N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) solvent. The amount of few-layer flakes (with thickness <5 nm) obtained with Polarclean is increased by ∼350% with respect to the case of liquid-phase exfoliation using NMP, maintaining comparable values of the average lateral size, which even reaches ∼10 μm for the case of graphene produced by exfoliation in Polarclean, and of the yield (∼40%). Correspondingly, the density of defects is reduced by 1 order of magnitude by Polarclean-assisted exfoliation, as evidenced by the I(D)/I(G) ratio in Raman spectra of graphene as low as 0.07 ± 0.01. Considering the various advantages of Polarclean over state-of-the-art solvents, including the absence of toxicity and its biodegradability, the validation of superior performances of Polarclean in liquid-phase exfoliation paves the way for sustainable large-scale production of nanosheets of layered materials and for extending their use in application fields to date inhibited by toxicity of solvents (e.g., agri-food industry and desalination), with a subsequent superb impact on the commercial potential of their technological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Paolucci
- Department
of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics, University of L’Aquila, via G. Gronchi 18, I-67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Gianluca D’Olimpio
- Department
of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University
of L’Aquila, via Vetoio, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Luca Lozzi
- Department
of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University
of L’Aquila, via Vetoio, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Antonio M. Mio
- CNR-IMM
Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi, VIII strada 5, I-95121 Catania, Italy
| | - Luca Ottaviano
- Department
of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University
of L’Aquila, via Vetoio, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Michele Nardone
- Department
of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University
of L’Aquila, via Vetoio, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Nicotra
- CNR-IMM
Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi, VIII strada 5, I-95121 Catania, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Cantalini
- Department
of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics, University of L’Aquila, via G. Gronchi 18, I-67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Antonio Politano
- Department
of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University
of L’Aquila, via Vetoio, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
- CNR-IMM
Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi, VIII strada 5, I-95121 Catania, Italy
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Wu Y, Liu X, Xia D, Sun Q, Yu D, Sun S, Liu X, Teng Y, Zhang W, Zhao X. Synthesis of few-layer N-doped graphene from expandable graphite with melamine and its application in supercapacitors. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2019.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Cai L, Hou S, Wei X, Tan G, Peng Z, Yan Y, Wang L, Lei D, Wu Y, Liu Z. Exfoliation and stabilization mechanism of graphene in carbon dioxide expanded organic solvents: molecular dynamics simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:2061-2072. [PMID: 31904067 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp05924e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
CO2 expanded organic solvents possess significant advantages in liquid-phase exfoliation to obtain monolayer/few-layer graphene from graphite. Further insights into the mechanism of graphene exfoliation in such solvents are essential to explore liquid-phase dispersion of graphene as a more potent alternative to chemical vapor deposition. In this study, dynamic processes of exfoliation and stabilization of graphene in CO2-N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), CO2-N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), CO2-dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and CO2-ethanol (EtOH) were investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. The origin of the effect of each solvent on graphene exfoliation was analyzed quantitatively through potential mean force simulations. It has been found that the organic solvent in a CO2 expanded solvent should be chosen with proper surface tension, and there exist two different graphene exfoliation processes in the effective solvents, which can be described as "burger dissociation" and "extrusion-taking away" processes, respectively. In the former process, a characteristic "super-burger-like" conformation with a semi-exfoliated structure was formed, which was the deciding factor to obtain high ratio of monolayer/few-layer graphene in dispersion product. A theoretical explanation has also been provided at the molecular level to the earlier experimental phenomena. A predicted simulation of the CO2-3,3'-iminobis(N,N-dimethylpropylamine) (DMPA) system is also calculated. This investigation helps to avoid incompatible CO2 expanded organic solvents employed in the experimental studies and provides theoretical clues to understand the mechanism of exfoliation and stabilization of graphene in such solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Cai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, Hubei, P. R. China.
| | - Sensheng Hou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, Hubei, P. R. China.
| | - Xiangyu Wei
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, Hubei, P. R. China.
| | - Guangsu Tan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, Hubei, P. R. China.
| | - Zhengwei Peng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yujiao Yan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, Hubei, P. R. China.
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, Hubei, P. R. China.
| | - De Lei
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, Hubei, P. R. China.
| | - Yanguang Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, Hubei, P. R. China.
| | - Zhitian Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, Hubei, P. R. China.
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Yeddala M, Gorle DB, Anbu kulandainathan M, Ragupathy P, Pillai VK. Solid-state thermal exfoliation of graphite nano-fibers to edge-nitrogenized graphene nanosheets for oxygen reduction reaction. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 545:71-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.02.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Skalsky S, Molloy J, Naftaly M, Sainsbury T, Paton KR. Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy as a novel metrology tool for liquid-phase exfoliated few-layer graphene. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:025709. [PMID: 30398164 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aae8ce] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Few-layer graphene (FLG) platelets exfoliated directly from graphite are finding a wide range of potential applications, including composites and printed electronics. However, characterisation of the FLG material following incorporation into polymers, including the quality of the dispersion, remains a challenge. Here, we present the use of terahertz time-domain spectroscopy as a potential solution to this challenge which could form the basis of a rapid characterisation tool. The THz refractive index was found to be highly sensitive to the loading of FLG, opening the route to mapping local FLG concentration within a polymer composite sample. By fitting the measured permittivity of the flakes to the Drude-Smith model of conductivity, we also show that the carrier concentrations of these materials are comparable to un-doped chemical vapour deposition produced materials. The ability to measure electronic properties of FLG following processing is important to ensure that defects have not been introduced or chemical functionalisation removed during processing.
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Gómez J, Recio I, Navas A, Villaro E, Galindo B, Ortega-Murguialday A. Processing influence on dielectric, mechanical, and electrical properties of reduced graphene oxide-TPU nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julio Gómez
- Avanzare Innovacion Tecnologica S.L.; Avda Lentiscares 4-6, 26370, Navarrete Spain
| | - Imanol Recio
- Avanzare Innovacion Tecnologica S.L.; Avda Lentiscares 4-6, 26370, Navarrete Spain
- Departamento de Química - Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química; Universidad de La Rioja; 26006, Logroño Spain
| | - Ana Navas
- Department of Composites; Instituto de Tecnologías Químicas de La Rioja (InterQuímica); San Francisco 11, 26370, Navarrete Spain
- Departamento de Química - Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química; Universidad de La Rioja; 26006, Logroño Spain
| | - Elvira Villaro
- Department of Composites; Instituto de Tecnologías Químicas de La Rioja (InterQuímica); San Francisco 11, 26370, Navarrete Spain
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Técnica, Facultad de Ciencias; UNED; 28040, Madrid Spain
| | - Begoña Galindo
- AIMPLAS; Instituto Tecnológico del Plástico; C/Gustave Eiffel 4, 46980, Paterna Valencia Spain
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10
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Yoon HJ, Lee JY, Yoon TH. Millstone Exfoliation: a True Shear Exfoliation for Large-Size Few-Layer Graphene Oxide. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2018; 13:186. [PMID: 29926274 PMCID: PMC6010364 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-018-2598-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A millstone (MS) was introduced in the production of large-size few-layer-graphene oxide (FLGO) via true shear exfoliation in order to minimize fragmentation. The MS was constructed with two glass plates, where the top plate was designed to rotate against the stationary bottom plate, thereby generating true shear force. Mildly oxidized graphite (MOG) was used for MS exfoliation in order to obtain both good property and high yield. The rpm of rotation (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50), solution concentration (0.5, 1, and 2 mg/ml), and number of exfoliation (1, 2, and 3) were optimized by measuring the UV-vis absorption, and the effect of oxidation time (30, 60, and 90 min) was studied under the given optimum conditions. Next, the FLGO was isolated by centrifugation and characterized by TEM and AFM. The FLGO obtained was as large as ~ 10 μm in size, which was slightly smaller than the pristine graphite, suggesting a possibility of slight fragmentation. But it was still much larger than the FLGO obtained via sonication (< 1 μm), demonstrating successful MS exfoliation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Ju Yoon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Engineering (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, South Korea
| | - Jae Young Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Engineering (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, South Korea
| | - Tae-Ho Yoon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Engineering (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, South Korea.
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Buzio R, Gerbi A, Uttiya S, Bernini C, Del Rio Castillo AE, Palazon F, Siri AS, Pellegrini V, Pellegrino L, Bonaccorso F. Ultralow friction of ink-jet printed graphene flakes. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:7612-7624. [PMID: 28540370 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr00625j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report the frictional response of few-layer graphene (FLG) flakes obtained by the liquid phase exfoliation (LPE) of pristine graphite. To this end, we inkjet print FLG on bare and hexamethyldisilazane-terminated SiO2 substrates, producing micrometric patterns with nanoscopic roughness that are investigated by atomic force microscopy. Normal force spectroscopy and atomically-resolved morphologies indicate reduced surface contamination by solvents after a vacuum annealing process. Notably, the printed FLG flakes show ultralow friction comparable to that of micromechanically exfoliated graphene flakes. Lubricity is retained on flakes with a lateral size of a few tens of nanometres, and with a thickness as small as ∼2 nm, confirming the high crystalline quality and low defects density in the FLG basal plane. Surface exposed step edges exhibit the highest friction values, representing the preferential sites for the origin of the secondary dissipative processes related to edge straining, wear or lateral displacement of the flakes. Our work demonstrates that LPE enables fundamental studies on graphene friction to the single-flake level. The capability to deliver ultralow-friction-graphene over technologically relevant substrates, using a scalable production route and a high-throughput, large-area printing technique, may also open up new opportunities in the lubrication of micro- and nano-electromechanical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Buzio
- CNR-SPIN Institute for Superconductors, Innovative Materials and Devices, C.so Perrone 24, I-16152 Genova, Italy
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Ong WJ, Tan LL, Ng YH, Yong ST, Chai SP. Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C3N4)-Based Photocatalysts for Artificial Photosynthesis and Environmental Remediation: Are We a Step Closer To Achieving Sustainability? Chem Rev 2016; 116:7159-329. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4328] [Impact Index Per Article: 541.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wee-Jun Ong
- Multidisciplinary
Platform of Advanced Engineering, Chemical Engineering Discipline,
School of Engineering, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Lling-Lling Tan
- Multidisciplinary
Platform of Advanced Engineering, Chemical Engineering Discipline,
School of Engineering, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yun Hau Ng
- Particles
and Catalysis Research Group (PARTCAT), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Siek-Ting Yong
- Multidisciplinary
Platform of Advanced Engineering, Chemical Engineering Discipline,
School of Engineering, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siang-Piao Chai
- Multidisciplinary
Platform of Advanced Engineering, Chemical Engineering Discipline,
School of Engineering, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Selangor, Malaysia
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14
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Wang S, Yi M, Shen Z. The effect of surfactants and their concentration on the liquid exfoliation of graphene. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra10933k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effect of surfactants and their concentration on the final graphene concentration via the liquid-phase exfoliation method. Ionic surfactant and non-ionic surfactant have different mechanisms in the exfoliation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Powder Technology Research and Development
- Beihang University
- Beijing 100191
- China
- Institute of Materials Science
| | - Min Yi
- Institute of Materials Science
- Technische Universität Darmstadt
- 64287 Darmstadt
- Germany
| | - Zhigang Shen
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Powder Technology Research and Development
- Beihang University
- Beijing 100191
- China
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15
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Abstract
The process of SCFs intercalation and exfoliation method is decomposed into three stages: pretreatment of graphite chunk, intercalation and exfoliation. The mechanisms and influence factors for each stage are analyzed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyang Gao
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- 200240 Shanghai
- China
| | - Guoxin Hu
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- 200240 Shanghai
- China
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