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Jha RK, Neyhouse BJ, Young MS, Fagnani DE, McNeil AJ. Revisiting poly(vinyl chloride) reactivity in the context of chemical recycling. Chem Sci 2024; 15:5802-5813. [PMID: 38665509 PMCID: PMC11041365 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06758k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) is one of the highest production volume polymers due to its many applications, and it is one of the least recycled due to its chemical structure and frequent formulation with additives. Developing efficient PVC recycling techniques would enable PVC waste to be reused or repurposed in other processes. Within this context, the literature on PVC modification offers considerable insight into versatile reaction pathways, potentially inspiring new approaches for repurposing PVC waste into value-added products. This perspective provides an overview of PVC functionalization through a lens of chemical recycling, discussing various PVC reactivity trends and their applications with a critical assessment and future outlook of their recycling implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kant Jha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan 930 North University Avenue Ann Arbor Michigan 48108-1055 USA
| | - Bertrand J Neyhouse
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan 930 North University Avenue Ann Arbor Michigan 48108-1055 USA
| | - Morgan S Young
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan 930 North University Avenue Ann Arbor Michigan 48108-1055 USA
| | - Danielle E Fagnani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan 930 North University Avenue Ann Arbor Michigan 48108-1055 USA
| | - Anne J McNeil
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan 930 North University Avenue Ann Arbor Michigan 48108-1055 USA
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan 2300 Hayward Street Ann Arbor Michigan 48109-2800 USA
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2
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick W. Skelly
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Longbo Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca Braslau
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
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3
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Li L, Schneider Y, Hoeglund AB, Braslau R. Internal plasticization of poly(vinyl chloride) by grafting acrylate copolymers via
copper‐mediated
atom transfer radical polymerization. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Longbo Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Santa Cruz California USA
| | | | | | - Rebecca Braslau
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Santa Cruz California USA
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4
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Consani RLX, Paula ABD, Fugolin APP, Pfeifer CS. Strategies for Potential Toughening of Acrylic Denture Bases Polymerized With Microwave Energy. Braz Dent J 2020; 31:523-531. [PMID: 33146337 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440202003772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiourethane additives have been shown to improve properties in several dental polymer applications. The aim of this study was to verify the effect of the addition of thiourethane oligomers and acrylamide or isobornyl-based plasticizers on the physical properties of the denture base acrylic resin polymerized with microwaves. Thiourethane oligomer (TU) was synthetized and added to microwaved acrylic resin in proportions varying between 3 and 14 wt%. Separate experimental groups included the addition of dimethyl acrylamide (DMAM) and isobornyl methacrylate as plasticizers, at concentrations varying from 5 to 20 wt%. Samples were polymerized using microwave energy at 500 Watts for 3 min, deflasked at room temperature, stored in water at 37 °C for 24 h, and evaluated for: linear dimensional change, gloss, Knoop hardness, surface roughness, impact strength, yield strength, elastic modulus, toughness, yield strength, viscosity, glass transition temperature and network heterogeneity, and water sorption/solubility. Data were analyzed with ANOVA/Tukey's post-hoc test (a=5%). The addition of TU led to properties that were similar or worse than the materials to which it was not added, except for dimensional stability. The impact on properties was statistically significant for all materials above 20% addition of TU. The addition of DMAM at 5 wt% or isobornyl methacrylate at 10 wt% improved yield strength and modulus, but increased water sorption and solubility. Except for dimensional stability, the addition of thiourethane oligomers to acrylic denture base materials compromised most tested properties. The use of DMAM and isobornyl methacrylate improved properties for selected compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Leonardo Xediek Consani
- Prosthodontics and Periodontology Department, Piracicaba School of Dentistry, UNICAMP - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Andreia Bolzan de Paula
- Dental Materials Department, Piracicaba School of Dentistry, UNICAMP - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Piovezan Fugolin
- Biomaterials and Biomechanics, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science Unviversity, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Carmem S Pfeifer
- Biomaterials and Biomechanics, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science Unviversity, Portland, OR, USA
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5
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Wang Y, Li C, Zhang X, Lin Q, Jiang Y, Yuan J, Pan M. Poly(vinylidene chloride)/Poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene‐
co
‐acrylates) Composite Latex Coating Cured at Room Temperature Showing an Excellent Corrosion Resistance. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202000651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanxu Wang
- Institute of Polymer Science and EngineeringSchool of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyHebei University of Technology Tianjin 300130 PR China
| | - Chao Li
- Institute of Polymer Science and EngineeringSchool of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyHebei University of Technology Tianjin 300130 PR China
| | - Xiaopeng Zhang
- Institute of Polymer Science and EngineeringSchool of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyHebei University of Technology Tianjin 300130 PR China
| | - Qianqian Lin
- Institute of Polymer Science and EngineeringSchool of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyHebei University of Technology Tianjin 300130 PR China
| | - Yuan Jiang
- Institute of Polymer Science and EngineeringSchool of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyHebei University of Technology Tianjin 300130 PR China
| | - Jinfeng Yuan
- Institute of Polymer Science and EngineeringSchool of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyHebei University of Technology Tianjin 300130 PR China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Functional PolymersHebei University of Technology Tianjin 300130 PR China
| | - Mingwang Pan
- Institute of Polymer Science and EngineeringSchool of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyHebei University of Technology Tianjin 300130 PR China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Functional PolymersHebei University of Technology Tianjin 300130 PR China
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6
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Abdolmaleki A, Mallakpour S, Azimi F. Microwave and ultrasound-assisted synthesis of poly(vinyl chloride)/riboflavin modified MWCNTs: Examination of thermal, mechanical and morphology properties. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2018; 41:27-36. [PMID: 29137752 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2017.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study focused on the preparation and investigation of physicochemical features of new poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) nanocomposites (NCs) including different amounts of carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs-COOH) functionalized with riboflavin (RIB). Firstly, to increase the hydrophilicity of MWCNTs, the surface of them was functionalized by incorporating and formation of ester groups with RIB as a low cost and environmentally friendly biomolecule through ultrasound and microwave irradiations. Afterwards, PVC/RIB-MWCNTs NCs were fabricated via the solution casting and ultrasonic dispersion methods. Prepared NCs were examined by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron micrograph, and Raman spectroscopy. The PVC/RIB-MWCNTs NCs (12wt%) showed the higher mechanical and thermal behavior as compared to other concentration of MWCNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Abdolmaleki
- Organic Polymer Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Islamic Republic of Iran; Research Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Islamic Republic of Iran; College of Pardis, Chemistry Section, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Islamic Republic of Iran.
| | - Shadpour Mallakpour
- Organic Polymer Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Islamic Republic of Iran; Research Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Islamic Republic of Iran; College of Pardis, Chemistry Section, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Islamic Republic of Iran.
| | - Faezeh Azimi
- College of Pardis, Chemistry Section, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Islamic Republic of Iran
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7
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Morphology of Composite Polymer Latexes: An Update on Synthesis and Applications, Modeling, and Characterization. ADVANCES IN POLYMER SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2017_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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8
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Wang Y, Yang Y, Yuan J, Pan M, Liu G, Ding H, Ma C. Asymmetrical Morphology and Performance of Composite Colloidal Particles Controlled via Hydrophilic Comonomer Addition Time in the Presence of Polyvinylidene Fluoride Latex. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b01057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Institute of Polymer Science
and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, PR China
| | - Yongfang Yang
- Institute of Polymer Science
and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, PR China
| | - Jinfeng Yuan
- Institute of Polymer Science
and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, PR China
| | - Mingwang Pan
- Institute of Polymer Science
and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, PR China
| | - Gang Liu
- Institute of Polymer Science
and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, PR China
| | - Huili Ding
- Institute of Polymer Science
and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, PR China
| | - Cuicui Ma
- Institute of Polymer Science
and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, PR China
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Yuan J, Zhao W, Pan M, Zhu L. Self-Assembled Colloidal Particle Clusters from In Situ Pickering-Like Emulsion Polymerization via Single Electron Transfer Mechanism. Macromol Rapid Commun 2016; 37:1282-7. [PMID: 27226331 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201600206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A simple route is reported to synthesize colloidal particle clusters (CPCs) from self-assembly of in situ poly(vinylidene fluoride)/poly(styrene-co-tert-butyl acrylate) [PVDF/P(St-co-tBA)] Janus particles through one-pot seeded emulsion single electron transfer radical polymerization. In the in situ Pickering-like emulsion polymerization, the tBA/St/PVDF feed ratio and polymerization temperature are important for the formation of well-defined CPCs. When the tBA/St/PVDF feed ratio is 0.75 g/2.5 g/0.5 g and the reaction temperature is 35 °C, relatively uniform raspberry-like CPCs are obtained. The hydrophobicity of the P(St-co-tBA) domains and the affinity of PVDF to the aqueous environment are considered to be the driving force for the self-assembly of the in situ formed PVDF/P(St-co-tBA) Janus particles. The resultant raspberry-like CPCs with PVDF particles protruding outward may be promising for superhydrophobic smart coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Yuan
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, P. R. China
| | - Weiting Zhao
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, P. R. China
| | - Mingwang Pan
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106-7202, USA
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