1
|
Dai Y, Sun L, Tan Y, Xu W, Liu S, Zhou J, Hu Y, Lin J, Yao X, Mi P, Zheng X. Recent progress in the development of ursolic acid derivatives as anti-diabetes and anti-cardiovascular agents. Chem Biol Drug Des 2023; 102:1643-1657. [PMID: 37705131 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Ursolic acid (UA) is a pentacyclic triterpenoid, which exhibits many biological activities, particularly in anti-cardiovascular and anti-diabetes. The further application of UA is greatly limited due to its low bioavailability and poor water solubility. Up to date, various UA derivatives have been designed to overcome these shortcomings. In this paper, the authors reviewed the development of UA derivatives as the anti-diabetes anti-cardiovascular reagents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yili Dai
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hengyang Medicinal School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Linjun Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Hunan Vocational College of Science and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Tan
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hengyang Medicinal School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Wenyu Xu
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hengyang Medicinal School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Shu Liu
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hengyang Medicinal School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hengyang Medicinal School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yalin Hu
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hengyang Medicinal School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Jieying Lin
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hengyang Medicinal School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Xu Yao
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hengyang Medicinal School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Pengbing Mi
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hengyang Medicinal School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Xing Zheng
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hengyang Medicinal School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Hunan Vocational College of Science and Technology, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wu P, Tu B, Liang J, Guo S, Cao N, Chen S, Luo Z, Li J, Zheng W, Tang X, Li D, Xu X, Liu W, Zheng X, Sheng Z, Roberts AP, Zhang K, Hong WD. Synthesis and biological evaluation of pentacyclic triterpenoid derivatives as potential novel antibacterial agents. Bioorg Chem 2021; 109:104692. [PMID: 33626454 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A series of ursolic acid (UA), oleanolic acid (OA) and 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) derivatives were synthesized by introducing a range of substituted aromatic side-chains at the C-2 position after the hydroxyl group at C-3 position was oxidized. Their antibacterial activities were evaluated in vitro against a panel of four Staphylococcus spp. The results revealed that the introduction of aromatic side-chains at the C-2 position of GA led to the discovery of potent triterpenoid derivatives for inhibition of both drug sensitive and resistant S. aureus, while the other two series derivatives of UA and OA showed no significant antibacterial activity even at high concentrations. In particular, GA derivative 33 showed good potency against all four Staphylococcus spp. (MIC = 1.25-5 μmol/L) with acceptable pharmacokinetics properties and low cytotoxicity in vitro. Molecular docking was also performed using S. aureus DNA gyrase to rationalize the observed antibacterial activity. This series of GA derivatives has strong potential for the development of a new type of triterpenoid antibacterial agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Wu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China; Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Borong Tu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China
| | - Jinfeng Liang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China
| | - Shengzhu Guo
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China
| | - Nana Cao
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China
| | - Silin Chen
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China
| | - Zhujun Luo
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China
| | - Jiahao Li
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China
| | - Wende Zheng
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China
| | - Xiaowen Tang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China
| | - Dongli Li
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China
| | - Xuetao Xu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China
| | - Wenfeng Liu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China
| | - Xi Zheng
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China.
| | - Zhaojun Sheng
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China
| | - Adam P Roberts
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom.
| | - Kun Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China; Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Weiqian David Hong
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China; Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Spivak AY, Khalitova RR, Nedopekina DA, Gubaidullin RR. Antimicrobial properties of amine- and guanidine-functionalized derivatives of betulinic, ursolic and oleanolic acids: Synthesis and structure/activity evaluation. Steroids 2020; 154:108530. [PMID: 31678136 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2019.108530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A series of 34 new amine- and guanidine-functionalized derivatives of betulinic, ursolic, and oleanolic acids were synthesized and tested for their antimicrobial activity against the growth of four bacterial strains (Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)) and two fungal strains (Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans). The obtained compounds were also tested for the cytotoxic effect against HEK293 human embryonic kidney cell line and hemolytic activity against human red blood cells. Most of the prepared amino and guanidinium derivatives of betulinic, ursolic, and oleanolic acids showed a considerably higher bacteriostatic activity against methicillin-resistant S. aureus than the parent compounds. The most active compounds (MICs ≤ 0.25 μg/ml or 0.4-0.5 μM) were superior over the clinically used antibiotic vancomycin in the antibacterial effect (MIC of 1 μg/ml or 0.7 μM). Apart from antibacterial activity, new triterpene acid derivatives exhibited excellent antifungal activity against Cryptococcus neoformans, with MICs values being as low as 0.25 μg/ml (0.4 μM), and were approximately 65 times as active as fluconazole, a known antifungal agent. Four most promising compounds we identified (7, 13, 24, and 33) showed not only high bacteriostatic effect, but also low cytotoxicity against mammalian HEK293 cells and high hemolytic selectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Yu Spivak
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 141 Prospekt Oktyabrya, Ufa 450075, Russian Federation.
| | - Rezeda R Khalitova
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 141 Prospekt Oktyabrya, Ufa 450075, Russian Federation
| | - Darya A Nedopekina
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 141 Prospekt Oktyabrya, Ufa 450075, Russian Federation
| | - Rinat R Gubaidullin
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 141 Prospekt Oktyabrya, Ufa 450075, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ankireddy AR, Paidikondala K, Gundla R, Balaraju T, Pagadala R, Banothu V. Synthesis of New Chiral (R)‐BINOL Derivatives under Microwave Irradiation and Evaluation of Their Antibacterial and α‐Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201803937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Reddy Ankireddy
- Department of ChemistryGitam University, Hyderabad, Rudraram Mandal, Sangareddy District, Patancheru, Hyderabad Telangana 502329 India
| | - Kalyani Paidikondala
- Department of ChemistryGitam University, Hyderabad, Rudraram Mandal, Sangareddy District, Patancheru, Hyderabad Telangana 502329 India
| | - Rambabu Gundla
- Department of ChemistryGitam University, Hyderabad, Rudraram Mandal, Sangareddy District, Patancheru, Hyderabad Telangana 502329 India
| | - Tuniki Balaraju
- Department of ChemistryGitam University, Hyderabad, Rudraram Mandal, Sangareddy District, Patancheru, Hyderabad Telangana 502329 India
| | - Ramakanth Pagadala
- Department of ChemistryCVR College of Engineering (Autonomous), Hyderabad Telangana 501510 India
| | - Venkanna Banothu
- Department of ChemistryJawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, Kukatpally Housing Board Colony, Hyderabad Telangana 500085 India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chen D, Huang X, Zhou H, Luo H, Wang P, Chang Y, He X, Ni S, Shen Q, Cao G, Sun H, Wen X, Liu J. Discovery of pentacyclic triterpene 3β-ester derivatives as a new class of cholesterol ester transfer protein inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 139:201-213. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
6
|
Zhou M, Zhang RH, Wang M, Xu GB, Liao SG. Prodrugs of triterpenoids and their derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 131:222-236. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
7
|
Wu PP, Zhang BJ, Cui XP, Yang Y, Jiang ZY, Zhou ZH, Zhong YY, Mai YY, Ouyang Z, Chen HS, Zheng J, Zhao SQ, Zhang K. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel ursolic acid analogues as potential α-glucosidase inhibitors. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45578. [PMID: 28358057 PMCID: PMC5372089 DOI: 10.1038/srep45578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ursolic acid (UA) is a major pentacyclic triterpenoid in plants, vegetables and fruits, which has been reported to have a potential anti-diabetic activity. Despite various semi-synthetic ursolic acid derivatives already described, new derivatives still need to be designed and synthesized to further improve the anti-diabetic activity. In the present study, two series of novel UA derivatives, were synthesized and their structures were confirmed. The enzyme inhibition activities of semi-synthesized analogues against α-glucosidase were screened in vitro. The results indicated that most of UA derivatives showed a significant inhibitory activity, especially analogues UA-O-i with the IC50 values of 0.71 ± 0.27 μM, which was more potential than other analogues and the positive control. Furthermore, molecular docking studies were also investigated to verify the in vitro study. Structure modification at the C-3 and C-2 positions of UA was an effective approach to obtain the desired ligand from UA, whose structure was in accordance with the active pocket. Besides, suitable hydrophobic group at the position of C-2 might play an important role for the docking selectivity and binding affinity between the ligand and the homology modelling protein. These results could be helpful for designing more potential α-glucosidase inhibitors from UA in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pan-Pan Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Faculty of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529020, China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen, 529020, China
| | - Bing-Jie Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xi-Ping Cui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zheng-Yun Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ying-Ying Zhong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yu-Ying Mai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhong Ouyang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hui-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Su-Qing Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen, 529020, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Faculty of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529020, China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen, 529020, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Subcritical Water Extraction of Ursolic Acid from Hedyotis diffusa. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/app7020187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
9
|
Han L, Fang C, Zhu R, Peng Q, Li D, Wang M. Inhibitory effect of phloretin on α-glucosidase: Kinetics, interaction mechanism and molecular docking. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 95:520-527. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.11.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
10
|
Ma T, Hu N, Zhang Q, Ding C, Che G, Wu H, Sun Y, Ji Z, You J, Suo Y, Ding C. Simultaneous determination of five triterpenic acids in fourCorydalisherb medicines by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography–fluorescence-mass spectrometer (RP-HPLC–FLD-MS) based on pre-column derivatization. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2015.1116092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Xining, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Na Hu
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Xining, China
| | - Qiulong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Xining, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Guodong Che
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Xining, China
| | - Hongliang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Xining, China
| | - Yanan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Xining, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongyin Ji
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Xining, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinmao You
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Xining, China
| | - Yourui Suo
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Xining, China
| | - Chenxu Ding
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Xining, China
- Qinghai Red Cross Hospital, Xining, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wu P, Zheng J, Huang T, Li D, Hu Q, Cheng A, Jiang Z, Jiao L, Zhao S, Zhang K. Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel Triterpene Analogues of Ursolic Acid as Potential Antidiabetic Agent. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138767. [PMID: 26406581 PMCID: PMC4583267 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ursolic acid (UA) is a naturally bioactive compound that possesses potential anti-diabetic activity. The relatively safe and effective molecule intrigued us to further explore and to improve its anti-diabetic activity. In the present study, a series of novel UA analogues was synthesized and their structures were characterized. Their bioactivities against the α-glucosidase from baker's yeast were determined in vitro. The results suggested that most of the analogues exhibited significant inhibitory activity, especially analogues 8b and 9b with the IC50 values of 1.27 ± 0.27 μM (8b) and 1.28 ± 0.27 μM (9b), which were lower than the other analogues and the positive control. The molecular docking and 2D-QSAR studies were carried out to prove that the C-3 hydroxyl could interact with the hydrophobic region of the active pocket and form hydrogen bonds to increase the binding affinity of ligand and the homology modelling protein. Thus, these results will be helpful for understanding the relationship between binding mode and bioactivity and for designing better inhibitors from UA analogues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianming Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dianmeng Li
- Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin, China
| | - Qingqing Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Anming Cheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengyun Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Luoying Jiao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Suqing Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|