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Ghéczy N, Tao S, Pour-Esmaeil S, Szymańska K, Jarzębski AB, Walde P. Performance of a Flow-Through Enzyme Reactor Prepared from a Silica Monolith and an α-Poly(D-Lysine)-Enzyme Conjugate. Macromol Biosci 2023; 23:e2200465. [PMID: 36598452 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202200465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) is covalently bound in aqueous solution to polycationic α-poly(D-lysine) chains of ≈1000 repeating units length, PDL, via a bis-aryl hydrazone bond (BAH). Under the experimental conditions used, about 15 HRP molecules are bound along the PDL chain. The purified PDL-BAH-HRP conjugate is very stable when stored at micromolar HRP concentration in a pH 7.2 phosphate buffer solution at 4 °C. When a defined volume of such a conjugate solution of desired HRP concentration (i.e., HRP activity) is added to a macro- and mesoporous silica monolith with pore sizes of 20-30 µm as well as below 30 nm, quantitative and stable noncovalent conjugate immobilization is achieved. The HRP-containing monolith can be used as flow-through enzyme reactor for bioanalytical applications at neutral or slightly alkaline pH, as demonstrated for the determination of hydrogen peroxide in diluted honey. The conjugate can be detached from the monolith by simple enzyme reactor washing with an aqueous solution of pH 5.0, enabling reloading with fresh conjugate solution at pH 7.2. Compared to previously investigated polycationic dendronized polymer-enzyme conjugates with approximately the same average polymer chain length, the PDL-BAH-HRP conjugate appears to be equally suitable for HRP immobilization on silica surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Ghéczy
- Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zürich, CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Siyuan Tao
- Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zürich, CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Sajad Pour-Esmaeil
- Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zürich, CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Katarzyna Szymańska
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Process Design, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, 44-100, Poland
| | - Andrzej B Jarzębski
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Gliwice, 44-100, Poland
| | - Peter Walde
- Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zürich, CH-8093, Switzerland
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2
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Wang D, Hartz WF, Moloney MG. Surface modified materials for active capture of enzymes. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:2377-2388. [PMID: 36794991 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb02550g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
The insertion of bis(diarylcarbene)s onto a glass fiber (GF) membrane surface provided an active coating for the direct capture of protein - exemplified by the enzyme, cellulase - through a mild diazonium coupling process which does not require additional coupling agents. Successful cellulase attachment on the surface was demonstrated by the disappearance of diazonium and formation of azo functions in the N 1s high resolution spectra, the appearance of carboxyl group in C 1s spectra, both observed by XPS; the -CO vibrational bond observed by ATR-IR; as well as the observation of fluorescence. Further, five support materials (polystyrene XAD4 bead, polyacrylate MAC3 bead, glass wool, glass fiber membrane, polytetrafluoroethylene membrane) with different morphology and surface chemistry, were examined in detail as supports for cellulase immobilization using this common surface modification protocol. Of interest is that such covalently bound cellulase on modified GF membrane gave both the highest enzyme loading (∼23 mg cellulase per g support), and retained more than 90% of activity after 6 cycles of re-use, compared with substantial loss of enzyme activity for physiosorbed cellulase after 3 cycles. Optimization of the degree of surface grafting and the effectiveness of a spacer between surface and enzyme for enzyme loading and activity were conducted. This work shows that carbene surface modification is a viable strategy for introducing enzymes onto a surface under very mild conditions and retaining a meaningful level of activity, and particularly, using GF membrane as a novel support provides a potential platform for enzyme and protein immobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Wang
- Oxford Suzhou Centre for Advanced Research, Building A, 388 Ruo Shui Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China.
| | - William F Hartz
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Mark G Moloney
- Oxford Suzhou Centre for Advanced Research, Building A, 388 Ruo Shui Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China. .,Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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3
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Herman RA, Zhu X, Ayepa E, You S, Wang J. Advances in the One-Step Approach of Polymeric Materials Using Enzymatic Techniques. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:703. [PMID: 36772002 PMCID: PMC9922006 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The formulation in which biochemical enzymes are administered in polymer science plays a key role in retaining their catalytic activity. The one-step synthesis of polymers with highly sequence-controlled enzymes is a strategy employed to provide enzymes with higher catalytic activity and thermostability in material sustainability. Enzyme-catalyzed chain growth polymerization reactions using activated monomers, protein-polymer complexation techniques, covalent and non-covalent interaction, and electrostatic interactions can provide means to develop formulations that maintain the stability of the enzyme during complex material processes. Multifarious applications of catalytic enzymes are usually attributed to their efficiency, pH, and temperature, thus, progressing with a critical structure-controlled synthesis of polymer materials. Due to the obvious economics of manufacturing and environmental sustainability, the green synthesis of enzyme-catalyzed materials has attracted significant interest. Several enzymes from microorganisms and plants via enzyme-mediated material synthesis have provided a viable alternative for the appropriate synthesis of polymers, effectively utilizing the one-step approach. This review analyzes more and deeper strategies and material technologies widely used in multi-enzyme cascade platforms for engineering polymer materials, as well as their potential industrial applications, to provide an update on current trends and gaps in the one-step synthesis of materials using catalytic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Ansah Herman
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Xuan Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Ellen Ayepa
- Oil Palm Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Kade P.O. Box 74, Ghana
| | - Shuai You
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Sericulture Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Sericulture Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212100, China
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Ghéczy N, Xu W, Szymańska K, Jarzębski AB, Walde P. Controllable Enzyme Immobilization via Simple and Quantitative Adsorption of Dendronized Polymer-Enzyme Conjugates Inside a Silica Monolith for Enzymatic Flow-Through Reactor Applications. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:26610-26631. [PMID: 35936452 PMCID: PMC9352229 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although many different methods are known for the immobilization of enzymes on solid supports for use in flow-through applications as enzyme reactors, the reproducible immobilization of predetermined amounts of catalytically active enzyme molecules remains challenging. This challenge was tackled using a macro- and mesoporous silica monolith as a support and dendronized polymer-enzyme conjugates. The conjugates were first prepared in an aqueous solution by covalently linking enzyme molecules and either horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or bovine carbonic anhydrase (BCA) along the chains of a water-soluble second-generation dendronized polymer using an established procedure. The obtained conjugates are stable biohybrid structures in which the linking unit between the dendronized polymer and each enzyme molecule is a bisaryl hydrazone (BAH) bond. Quantitative and reproducible enzyme immobilization inside the monolith is possible by simply adding a defined volume of a conjugate solution of a defined enzyme concentration to a dry monolith piece of the desired size. In that way, (i) the entire volume of the conjugate solution is taken up by the monolith piece due to capillary forces and (ii) all conjugates of the added conjugate solution remain stably adsorbed (immobilized) noncovalently without detectable leakage from the monolith piece. The observed flow-through activity of the resulting enzyme reactors was directly proportional to the amount of conjugate used for the reactor preparation. With conjugate solutions consisting of defined amounts of both types of conjugates, the controlled coimmobilization of the two enzymes, namely, BCA and HRP, was shown to be possible in a simple way. Different stability tests of the enzyme reactors were carried out. Finally, the enzyme reactors were applied to the catalysis of a two-enzyme cascade reaction in two types of enzymatic flow-through reactor systems with either coimmobilized or sequentially immobilized BCA and HRP. Depending on the composition of the substrate solution that was pumped through the two types of enzyme reactor systems, the coimmobilized enzymes performed significantly better than the sequentially immobilized ones. This difference, however, is not due to a molecular proximity effect with regard to the enzymes but rather originates from the kinetic features of the cascade reaction used. Overall, the method developed for the controllable and reproducible immobilization of enzymes in the macro- and mesoporous silica monolith offers many possibilities for systematic investigations of immobilized enzymes in enzymatic flow-through reactors, potentially for any type of enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Ghéczy
- Laboratory
for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Weina Xu
- Laboratory
for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Katarzyna Szymańska
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Process Design, Silesian University of Technology, Księdza Marcina Strzody 7, Gliwice 44-100, Poland
| | - Andrzej B. Jarzębski
- Institute
of Chemical Engineering, Polish Academy
of Sciences, Baltycka 5, Gliwice 44-100, Poland
| | - Peter Walde
- Laboratory
for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
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Hiba K, Shaibuna M, Prathapan S, Sreekumar K. Novel Carboxylic Acid Functionalized Dendronized Polymer: A Homogeneous, Reusable Metal Free Acid Catalyst for the Synthesis of Symmetric and Unsymmetric Xanthene Derivatives. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kottayil Hiba
- Department of Applied Chemistry Cochin University of Science and Technology Kochi 682022 India
| | - Machingal Shaibuna
- Department of Applied Chemistry Cochin University of Science and Technology Kochi 682022 India
| | - Sreedharan Prathapan
- Department of Applied Chemistry Cochin University of Science and Technology Kochi 682022 India
| | - Krishnapillai Sreekumar
- Department of Applied Chemistry Cochin University of Science and Technology Kochi 682022 India
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6
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Multicatalytic Hybrid Materials for Biocatalytic and Chemoenzymatic Cascades—Strategies for Multicatalyst (Enzyme) Co-Immobilization. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11080936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
During recent decades, the use of enzymes or chemoenzymatic cascades for organic chemistry has gained much importance in fundamental and industrial research. Moreover, several enzymatic and chemoenzymatic reactions have also served in green and sustainable manufacturing processes especially in fine chemicals, pharmaceutical, and flavor/fragrance industries. Unfortunately, only a few processes have been applied at industrial scale because of the low stabilities of enzymes along with the problematic processes of their recovery and reuse. Immobilization and co-immobilization offer an ideal solution to these problems. This review gives an overview of all the pathways for enzyme immobilization and their use in integrated enzymatic and chemoenzymatic processes in cascade or in a one-pot concomitant execution. We place emphasis on the factors that must be considered to understand the process of immobilization. A better understanding of this fundamental process is an essential tool not only in the choice of the best route of immobilization but also in the understanding of their catalytic activity.
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Yoo S, Min K, Tae G, Han MS. A long-term stable paper-based glucose sensor using a glucose oxidase-loaded, Mn 2BPMP-conjugated nanocarrier with a smartphone readout. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:4467-4474. [PMID: 33503078 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr06348g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A simple paper-based analytical device (PAD) for the one-pot detection of glucose was developed herein using an artificial peroxidase-functionalized and glucose oxidase (GOx)-loaded pluronic-based nanocarrier (PNC). Mn2BPMP (BPMP; 2,6-bis[(bis(2-pyridylmethyl)amino)-methyl]-4-methylphenolate), an artificial peroxidase, was conjugated to PNC, allowing GOx to be loaded with a very high encapsulation efficiency. In solution, Mn2BPMP-PNC showed higher peroxidase-like catalytic efficiency than did Mn2BPMP at physiological pH. In addition, glucose detection via enzyme cascade reaction between GOx and Mn2BPMP in the GOx loaded-Mn2BPMP-PNC was more sensitive than the simple combination of Mn2BPMP and GOx with excellent selectivity. Subsequently, a PAD was fabricated using a laser printer with an assay substance containing GOx loaded-Mn2BPMP-PNC and peroxidase chromogenic substrate. The prepared Mn2BPMP-PNC-based PAD quantitatively measured glucose in human serum ranging from normal levels to those typical for diabetics as well as in buffer by obtaining RGB (red, green, and blue) color values through smartphone readout or the naked eye. Importantly, the present PNC-based PAD maintained the detection efficiency during storage at room temperature for 6 weeks in contrast to the rapid decrease in detection efficiency obtained for PAD containing Mn2BPMP and GOx without PNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyeon Yoo
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Dubey NC, Tripathi BP. Nature Inspired Multienzyme Immobilization: Strategies and Concepts. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:1077-1114. [PMID: 35014469 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In a biological system, the spatiotemporal arrangement of enzymes in a dense cellular milieu, subcellular compartments, membrane-associated enzyme complexes on cell surfaces, scaffold-organized proteins, protein clusters, and modular enzymes have presented many paradigms for possible multienzyme immobilization designs that were adapted artificially. In metabolic channeling, the catalytic sites of participating enzymes are close enough to channelize the transient compound, creating a high local concentration of the metabolite and minimizing the interference of a competing pathway for the same precursor. Over the years, these phenomena had motivated researchers to make their immobilization approach naturally realistic by generating multienzyme fusion, cluster formation via affinity domain-ligand binding, cross-linking, conjugation on/in the biomolecular scaffold of the protein and nucleic acids, and self-assembly of amphiphilic molecules. This review begins with the discussion of substrate channeling strategies and recent empirical efforts to build it synthetically. After that, an elaborate discussion covering prevalent concepts related to the enhancement of immobilized enzymes' catalytic performance is presented. Further, the central part of the review summarizes the progress in nature motivated multienzyme assembly over the past decade. In this section, special attention has been rendered by classifying the nature-inspired strategies into three main categories: (i) multienzyme/domain complex mimic (scaffold-free), (ii) immobilization on the biomolecular scaffold, and (iii) compartmentalization. In particular, a detailed overview is correlated to the natural counterpart with advances made in the field. We have then discussed the beneficial account of coassembly of multienzymes and provided a synopsis of the essential parameters in the rational coimmobilization design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi C Dubey
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Bijay P Tripathi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
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Abstract
Recent years have witnessed a growing interest in the use of biocatalysts in flow reactors. This merging combines the high selectivity and mild operation conditions typical of biocatalysis with enhanced mass transfer and resource efficiency associated to flow chemistry. Additionally, it provides a sound environment to emulate Nature by mimicking metabolic pathways in living cells and to produce goods through the systematic organization of enzymes towards efficient cascade reactions. Moreover, by enabling the combination of enzymes from different hosts, this approach paves the way for novel pathways. The present review aims to present recent developments within the scope of flow chemistry involving multi-enzymatic cascade reactions. The types of reactors used are briefly addressed. Immobilization methodologies and strategies for the application of the immobilized biocatalysts are presented and discussed. Key aspects related to the use of whole cells in flow chemistry are presented. The combination of chemocatalysis and biocatalysis is also addressed and relevant aspects are highlighted. Challenges faced in the transition from microscale to industrial scale are presented and discussed.
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11
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Co-Immobilization and Co-Localization of Oxidases and Catalases: Catalase from Bordetella Pertussis Fused with the Zbasic Domain. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10070810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidases catalyze selective oxidations by using molecular oxygen as an oxidizing agent. This process promotes the release of hydrogen peroxide, an undesirable byproduct. The instantaneous elimination of hydrogen peroxide can be achieved by co-immobilization and co-localization of the oxidase and an auxiliary catalase inside the porous structure of solid support. In this paper, we proposed that catalase from Bordetella pertussis fused with a small domain (Zbasic) as an excellent auxiliary enzyme. The enzyme had a specific activity of 23 U/mg, and this was almost six-fold higher than the one of the commercially available catalases from bovine liver. The Zbasic domain was fused to the four amino termini of this tetrameric enzyme. Two domains were close in one hemisphere of the enzyme molecule, and the other two were close in the opposite hemisphere. In this way, each hemisphere contained 24 residues with a positive charge that was very useful for the purification of the enzyme via cationic exchange chromatography. In addition to this, each hemisphere contained 10 Lys residues that were very useful for a rapid and intense multipoint covalent attachment on highly activated glyoxyl supports. In fact, 190 mg of the enzyme was immobilized on one gram of glyoxyl-10% agarose gel. The ratio catalase/oxidase able to instantaneously remove more than 93% of the released hydrogen peroxide was around 5–6 mg of catalase per mg of oxidase. Thirty milligrams of amine oxidase and 160 mg of catalase were co-immobilized and co-localized per gram of glyoxyl-agarose 10BCL (10% beads cross-linked) support. This biocatalyst eliminated biogenic amines (putrescine) 80-fold faster than a biocatalyst of the same oxidase co-localized with the commercial catalase from bovine liver.
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12
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Ghéczy N, Sasaki K, Yoshimoto M, Pour-Esmaeil S, Kröger M, Stano P, Walde P. A two-enzyme cascade reaction consisting of two reaction pathways. Studies in bulk solution for understanding the performance of a flow-through device with immobilised enzymes. RSC Adv 2020; 10:18655-18676. [PMID: 35518281 PMCID: PMC9053938 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra01204a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzyme-catalysed cascade reactions in flow-through systems with immobilised enzymes currently are of great interest for exploring their potential for biosynthetic and bioanalytical applications. Basic studies in this field often aim at understanding the stability of the immobilised enzymes and their catalytic performance, for example, in terms of yield of a desired reaction product, analyte detection limit, enzyme stability or reaction reproducibility. In the work presented, a cascade reaction involving the two enzymes bovine carbonic anhydrase (BCA) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) – with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as HRP “activator” – was first investigated in great detail in bulk solution at pH = 7.2. The reaction studied is the hydrolysis and oxidation of 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH2-DA) to 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein (DCF), which was found to proceed along two reaction pathways. This two-enzyme cascade reaction was then applied for analysing the performance of BCA and HRP immobilised in glass fiber filters which were placed inside a filter holder device through which a DCFH2-DA/H2O2 substrate solution was pumped. Comparison was made between (i) co-immobilised and (ii) sequentially immobilised enzymes (BCA first, HRP second). Significant differences for the two arrangements in terms of measured product yield (DCF) could be explained based on quantitative UV/vis absorption measurements carried out in bulk solution. We found that the lower DCF yield observed for sequentially immobilised enzymes originates from a change in one of the two possible reaction pathways due to enzyme separation, which was not the case for enzymes that were co-immobilised (or simultaneously present in the bulk solution experiments). The higher DCF yield observed for co-immobilised enzymes did not originate from a molecular proximity effect (no increased oxidation compared to sequential immobilisation). A cascade reaction catalysed by bovine carbonic anhydrase (BCA) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) proceeds over two possible pathways, which explains differences in product formation for differently immobilised enzymes in flow-through reactions.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Ghéczy
- Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 CH-8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Kai Sasaki
- Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 CH-8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Makoto Yoshimoto
- Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 CH-8093 Zürich Switzerland .,Department of Applied Chemistry, Yamaguchi University Tokiwadai 2-16-1 Ube 755-8611 Japan
| | - Sajad Pour-Esmaeil
- Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 CH-8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Martin Kröger
- Polymer Physics, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich Leopold-Ruzicka-Weg 4 CH-8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Pasquale Stano
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento Ecotekne 73100 Lecce Italy
| | - Peter Walde
- Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 CH-8093 Zürich Switzerland
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13
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Ulu A, Birhanli E, Boran F, Köytepe S, Yesilada O, Ateş B. Laccase-conjugated thiolated chitosan-Fe3O4 hybrid composite for biocatalytic degradation of organic dyes. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 150:871-884. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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14
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15
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Dutertre F, Bang KT, Vereroudakis E, Loppinet B, Yang S, Kang SY, Fytas G, Choi TL. Conformation of Tunable Nanocylinders: Up to Sixth-Generation Dendronized Polymers via Graft-Through Approach by ROMP. Macromolecules 2019; 52:3342-3350. [PMID: 31496546 PMCID: PMC6727591 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Well-defined dendronized polymers (denpols) bearing high-generation dendron are attractive nano-objects as high persistency provides distinct properties, contrast to the random coiled linear polymers However, their syntheses via graft-through approach have been very challenging due to their structural complexity and steric hindrance retarding polymerization. Here, we report the first example of the synthesis of poly(norbornene) (PNB) containing ester dendrons up to the sixth generation (G6) by ring-opening metathesis polymerization. This is the highest generation ever polymerized among dendronized polymers prepared by graft-through approach, producing denpols with molecular weight up to 1960 kg/mol. Combination of size-exclusion chromatography, light scattering, and neutron scattering allowed a thorough structural study of these large denpols in dilute solution. A semiflexible cylinder model was successfully applied to represent both the static and dynamic experimental quantities yielding persistent length (l p), cross-sectional radius (R cs), and contour length (L). The denpol persistency seemed to increase with generation, with l p reaching 27 nm (Kuhn length 54 nm) for PNB-G6, demonstrating a rod-like conformation. Poly(endo-tricycle[4.2.2.0]deca-3,9-diene) (PTD) denpols exhibited larger persistency than the PNB analogues of the same generation presumably due to the higher grafting density of the PTD denpols. As the dendritic side chains introduce shape anisotropy into the denpol backbone, future work will entail a study of these systems in the concentrated solutions and melts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Dutertre
- Institute
of Electronic Structure and Laser, FO.R.T.H, PO Box 1527, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
| | - Ki-Taek Bang
- Department
of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Emmanouil Vereroudakis
- Institute
of Electronic Structure and Laser, FO.R.T.H, PO Box 1527, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
- Department
of Materials Science & Technology, University
of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Benoit Loppinet
- Institute
of Electronic Structure and Laser, FO.R.T.H, PO Box 1527, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Sanghee Yang
- Department
of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Yun Kang
- Department
of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - George Fytas
- Institute
of Electronic Structure and Laser, FO.R.T.H, PO Box 1527, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tae-Lim Choi
- Department
of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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16
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Hou C, Ghéczy N, Messmer D, Szymańska K, Adamcik J, Mezzenga R, Jarzębski AB, Walde P. Stable Immobilization of Enzymes in a Macro- and Mesoporous Silica Monolith. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:7795-7806. [PMID: 31459868 PMCID: PMC6648689 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Horseradish peroxidase isoenzyme C (HRP) and Engyodontium album proteinase K (proK) were immobilized inside macro- and mesoporous silica monoliths. Stable immobilization was achieved through simple noncovalent adsorption of conjugates, which were prepared from a polycationic, water-soluble second generation dendronized polymer (denpol) and the enzymes. Conjugates prepared from three denpols with the same type of repeating unit (r.u.), but different average lengths were compared. It was shown that there is no obvious advantage of using denpols with very long chains. Excellent results were achieved with denpols having on average 750 or 1000 r.u. The enzyme-loaded monoliths were tested as flow reactors. Comparison was made with microscopy glass coverslips onto which the conjugates were immobilized and with glass micropipettes containing adsorbed conjugates. High enzyme loading was achieved using the monoliths. Monoliths containing immobilized denpol-HRP conjugates exhibited good operational stability at 25 °C (for at least several hours), and good storage stability at 4 °C (at least for weeks) was demonstrated. Such HRP-containing monoliths were applied as continuous flow reactors for the quantitative determination of hydrogen peroxide in aqueous solution between 1 μM (34 ng/mL) and 50 μM (1.7 μg/mL). Although many methods for immobilizing enzymes on silica surfaces exist, there are only a few approaches with porous silica materials for the development of flow reactors. The work presented is a promising contribution to this field of research toward bioanalytical and biosynthetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengmin Hou
- Department of Materials
(D-MATL), ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Faculty of Printing, Packaging and Digital
Media, Xi’an University of Technology, Jinhua South Road 5#, Xi’an City, 710048 Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Nicolas Ghéczy
- Department of Materials
(D-MATL), ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Messmer
- Department of Materials
(D-MATL), ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Katarzyna Szymańska
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Process Design, Silesian University of Technology, Ks. M. Strzody 7, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Jozef Adamcik
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology (D-HEST), ETH Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Raffaele Mezzenga
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology (D-HEST), ETH Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andrzej B. Jarzębski
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Process Design, Silesian University of Technology, Ks. M. Strzody 7, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Polish
Academy of Sciences, Baltycka 5, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Peter Walde
- Department of Materials
(D-MATL), ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Ee Taek Hwang
- Center for Convergence Bioceramic Materials, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering & Technology, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonbyul Lee
- Center for Convergence Bioceramic Materials, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering & Technology, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28160, Republic of Korea
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18
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Anantharaman SB, Messmer D, Sadeghpour A, Salentinig S, Nüesch F, Heier J. Excitonic channels from bio-inspired templated supramolecular assembly of J-aggregate nanowires. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:6929-6938. [PMID: 30916072 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr10357g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular assemblies with controlled morphology are of paramount importance for energy transport in organic semiconductors. Despite considerable freedom in molecular design, the preparation of dyes that form one dimensional J-aggregates is challenging. Here, we demonstrate a simple and effective route to functionalize dendronized polymers (DPs) with J-aggregates to construct tubular DP/J-aggregate nanowires. When J-aggregates are adsorbed onto DPs anchored to glass substrates, they assemble into microcrystalline domains typical for J-aggregates adsorbed on functionalized surfaces. Differently, the complexation between the dendronized polymer and J-aggregates in solution leads to dense packing of J-aggregate strands on the periphery of the DPs. Using a layer-by-layer (LBL) technique, DPs loaded with J-aggregates can also be adsorbed onto a DP monolayer. In this case, the thin film absorption spectra are narrower and indicate higher ratios of J-aggregate to monomer and dimer absorption than bare J-aggregates deposited similarly. The demonstration of J-aggregate adsorption on filamentous polymeric templates is a promising step toward artificial 1D light harvesting antennas, with potential applications in opto-electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendra B Anantharaman
- Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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19
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Li D, Yang M, Li H, Mao L, Wang Y, Sun B. SERS based protocol using flow glass-hemostix for detection of neuron-specific enolase in blood plasma. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj02561d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
An inexpensive and disposable lateral flow glass-hemostix (FGH) has been developed as an immunoassay, in which surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is utilized for sensing signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Li
- Key Lab of Cerebral Microcirculation in Universities of Shandong
- Institute for Neurological Diseases
- Life Science Research Centre
- Taishan Medical University
- Taian
| | - Mingfeng Yang
- Key Lab of Cerebral Microcirculation in Universities of Shandong
- Institute for Neurological Diseases
- Life Science Research Centre
- Taishan Medical University
- Taian
| | - Hanxia Li
- Key Lab of Cerebral Microcirculation in Universities of Shandong
- Institute for Neurological Diseases
- Life Science Research Centre
- Taishan Medical University
- Taian
| | - Leilei Mao
- Key Lab of Cerebral Microcirculation in Universities of Shandong
- Institute for Neurological Diseases
- Life Science Research Centre
- Taishan Medical University
- Taian
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Lab of Cerebral Microcirculation in Universities of Shandong
- Institute for Neurological Diseases
- Life Science Research Centre
- Taishan Medical University
- Taian
| | - Baoliang Sun
- Key Lab of Cerebral Microcirculation in Universities of Shandong
- Institute for Neurological Diseases
- Life Science Research Centre
- Taishan Medical University
- Taian
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20
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Yoshimoto M, Schweizer T, Rathlef M, Pleij T, Walde P. Immobilization of Carbonic Anhydrase in Glass Micropipettes and Glass Fiber Filters for Flow-Through Reactor Applications. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:10391-10405. [PMID: 31459167 PMCID: PMC6645021 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
There are various ways of immobilizing carbonic anhydrase (CA) on solid materials. One of the final aims is to apply immobilized CA for the catalytic hydration of carbon dioxide (CO2) as a first step in the conversion of gaseous CO2 into solid products. The immobilization method investigated allows a straightforward, stable, and quantifiable immobilization of bovine erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase (BCA) on silicate surfaces. The method is based on the use of a water-soluble, polycationic second-generation dendronized polymer with on average 1000 repeating units, abbreviated as de-PG21000. Several copies of BCA were first covalently linked to de-PG21000 through stable bisaryl hydrazone (BAH) bonds. Then, the de-PG21000-BAH-BCA conjugates obtained were adsorbed noncovalently either on microscopy glass coverslips, inside glass micropipettes, or in porous glass fiber filters. The apparent density of the immobilized BCA on the glass surfaces was about 8-10 pmol/cm2. In all three cases, the immobilized enzyme was highly active and stable when tested with p-nitrophenyl acetate as a model enzyme substrate at room temperature. The micropipettes and the glass fiber filters were applied as flow-through systems for continuous operation at room temperature. In the case of the glass fiber filters, the filters were placed inside a homemade flow-through filter holder which allows flow-through runs with more than one filter connected in series. This offers the opportunity of increasing the substrate conversion by increasing the number of BCA-containing filters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Yoshimoto
- Department
of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Yamaguchi University, Tokiwadai 2-16-1, Ube 755-8611, Japan
| | - Thomas Schweizer
- Department
of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Rathlef
- Department
of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tazio Pleij
- Department
of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Walde
- Department
of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- E-mail:
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21
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Ohtsu T, Shigenari S, Yoshimoto M, Umakoshi H. Reactive bienzyme systems fabricated through immobilization of biotinylated glucose oxidase and peroxidase molecules onto neutralized avidin-conjugated liposomes. Biochem Eng J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2017.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Zhao F, Wang Q, Dong J, Xian M, Yu J, Yin H, Chang Z, Mu X, Hou T, Wang J. Enzyme-inorganic nanoflowers/alginate microbeads: An enzyme immobilization system and its potential application. Process Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2017.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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23
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Küchler A, Messmer D, Schlüter AD, Walde P. Preparation and Applications of Dendronized Polymer-Enzyme Conjugates. Methods Enzymol 2017; 590:445-474. [PMID: 28411648 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Dendronized polymer-enzyme conjugates are large, water-soluble macromolecular structures built from a linear, fully synthetic, dendronized polymer (denpol), and several copies of enzyme molecules covalently bound to the peripheral functional groups of the denpol. Since denpol chains comprise repeating units with regularly branched side chains (dendrons), denpols have a cylindrical shape and are much thicker than conventional linear polymers. Depending on the dendron generation and chemical structure, denpols may have a large number of functional groups on their surface, exposed to the aqueous medium in which they are dissolved. Enzymes (and also other molecules) can be attached to these functional groups, for example, via a stable bis-aryl hydrazone (BAH) bond. The dendronized polymer scaffold might also serve as a nanoarmor and stabilize the delicate enzymes. One of the denpols which can be used for the preparation of denpol-enzyme conjugates is de-PG2. It has a poly(methacrylate) backbone and consists of second-generation dendrons with four peripheral amino groups in each repeating unit. The synthesis of de-PG2 and the preparation of a de-PG2 conjugate carrying BAH-linked proteinase K (proK), as an example, are described here for applications in the field of enzyme immobilization on solid surfaces. The nanoarmored enzyme-polymer conjugate indicated high stability and retention of enzymatic activity.
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24
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Farrugia T, Perriman AW, Sharma KP, Mann S. Multi-enzyme cascade reactions using protein–polymer surfactant self-standing films. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:2094-2097. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc09809f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Self-supporting bio-catalytically active multi-enzyme films fabricated via hierarchical assembly of enzyme–polymer surfactant nanoconjugates are capable of sustaining cascade reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Farrugia
- Centre for Organized Matter Chemistry and Centre for Protolife Research
- School of Chemistry
- University of Bristol
- UK
| | - Adam W. Perriman
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine
- University of Bristol
- UK
| | - Kamendra P. Sharma
- Centre for Organized Matter Chemistry and Centre for Protolife Research
- School of Chemistry
- University of Bristol
- UK
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Stephen Mann
- Centre for Organized Matter Chemistry and Centre for Protolife Research
- School of Chemistry
- University of Bristol
- UK
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25
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Wakabayashi R, Yahiro K, Hayashi K, Goto M, Kamiya N. Protein-Grafted Polymers Prepared Through a Site-Specific Conjugation by Microbial Transglutaminase for an Immunosorbent Assay. Biomacromolecules 2016; 18:422-430. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b01538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rie Wakabayashi
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744
Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kensuke Yahiro
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744
Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kounosuke Hayashi
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744
Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Hitachi Aloka
Medical, Ltd., 3-7-19 Imai, Ome-shi, Tokyo 198-8577, Japan
| | - Masahiro Goto
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744
Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Division
of Biotechnology, Center for Future Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744
Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Noriho Kamiya
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744
Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Division
of Biotechnology, Center for Future Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744
Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
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26
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Ghéczy N, Küchler A, Walde P. Proteinase K activity determination with β-galactosidase as sensitive macromolecular substrate. Anal Biochem 2016; 513:54-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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27
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Küchler A, Yoshimoto M, Luginbühl S, Mavelli F, Walde P. Enzymatic reactions in confined environments. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 11:409-20. [PMID: 27146955 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2016.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 473] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Within each biological cell, surface- and volume-confined enzymes control a highly complex network of chemical reactions. These reactions are efficient, timely, and spatially defined. Efforts to transfer such appealing features to in vitro systems have led to several successful examples of chemical reactions catalysed by isolated and immobilized enzymes. In most cases, these enzymes are either bound or adsorbed to an insoluble support, physically trapped in a macromolecular network, or encapsulated within compartments. Advanced applications of enzymatic cascade reactions with immobilized enzymes include enzymatic fuel cells and enzymatic nanoreactors, both for in vitro and possible in vivo applications. In this Review, we discuss some of the general principles of enzymatic reactions confined on surfaces, at interfaces, and inside small volumes. We also highlight the similarities and differences between the in vivo and in vitro cases and attempt to critically evaluate some of the necessary future steps to improve our fundamental understanding of these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Küchler
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Makoto Yoshimoto
- Department of Applied Molecular Bioscience, Yamaguchi University, Tokiwadai 2-16-1, Ube 755-8611, Japan
| | - Sandra Luginbühl
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Mavelli
- Chemistry Department, University 'Aldo Moro', Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Peter Walde
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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28
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Sigolaeva LV, Mergel O, Evtushenko EG, Gladyr SY, Gelissen APH, Pergushov DV, Kurochkin IN, Plamper FA, Richtering W. Engineering Systems with Spatially Separated Enzymes via Dual-Stimuli-Sensitive Properties of Microgels. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:13029-13039. [PMID: 26539639 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b03497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This work examines the adsorption regime and the properties of microgel/enzyme thin films deposited onto conductive graphite-based substrates. The films were formed via two-step sequential adsorption. A temperature- and pH-sensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-co-(3-(N,N-dimethylamino)propylmethacrylamide) microgel (poly(NIPAM-co-DMAPMA microgel) was adsorbed first, followed by its interaction with the enzymes, choline oxidase (ChO), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), or mixtures thereof. By temperature-induced stimulating both (i) poly(NIPAM-co-DMAPMA) microgel adsorption at T > VPTT followed by short washing and drying and then (ii) enzyme loading at T < VPTT, we can effectively control the amount of the microgel adsorbed on a hydrophobic interface as well as the amount and the spatial localization of the enzyme interacted with the microgel film. Depending on the biomolecule size, enzyme molecules can (in the case for ChO) or cannot (in the case for BChE) penetrate into the microgel interior and be localized inside/outside the microgel particles. Different spatial localization, however, does not affect the specific enzymatic responses of ChO or BChE and does not prevent cascade enzymatic reaction involving both BChE and ChO as well. This was shown by the methods of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and amperometric analysis of enzymatic responses of immobilized enzymes. Thus, a novel simple and fast strategy for physical entrapment of biomolecules by the polymeric matrix was proposed, which can be used for engineering systems with spatially separated enzymes of different types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa V Sigolaeva
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University , 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Mergel
- Institute of Physical Chemistry II, RWTH Aachen University , 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Evgeniy G Evtushenko
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University , 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Snezhana Yu Gladyr
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University , 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Arjan P H Gelissen
- Institute of Physical Chemistry II, RWTH Aachen University , 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Dmitry V Pergushov
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University , 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya N Kurochkin
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University , 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Felix A Plamper
- Institute of Physical Chemistry II, RWTH Aachen University , 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Walter Richtering
- Institute of Physical Chemistry II, RWTH Aachen University , 52056 Aachen, Germany
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29
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Küchler A, Bleich JN, Sebastian B, Dittrich PS, Walde P. Stable and Simple Immobilization of Proteinase K Inside Glass Tubes and Microfluidic Channels. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:25970-80. [PMID: 26536248 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b09301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Engyodontium album proteinase K (proK) is widely used for degrading proteinaceous impurities during the isolation of nucleic acids from biological samples, or in proteomics and prion research. Toward applications of proK in flow reactors, a simple method for the stable immobilization of proK inside glass micropipette tubes was developed. The immobilization of the enzyme was achieved by adsorption of a dendronized polymer-enzyme conjugate from aqueous solution. This conjugate was first synthesized from a polycationic dendronized polymer (denpol) and proK and consisted, on average, of 2000 denpol repeating units and 140 proK molecules, which were attached along the denpol chain via stable bis-aryl hydrazone bonds. Although the immobilization of proK inside the tube was based on nonspecific, noncovalent interactions only, the immobilized proK did not leak from the tube and remained active during prolonged storage at 4 °C and during continuous operation at 25 °C and pH = 7.0. The procedure developed was successfully applied for the immobilization of proK on a glass/PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) microchip, which is a requirement for applications in the field of proK-based protein analysis with such type of microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Küchler
- Polymer Chemistry Group, Department of Materials (D-MATL), ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Julian N Bleich
- Polymer Chemistry Group, Department of Materials (D-MATL), ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Sebastian
- Bioanalytics Group, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Petra S Dittrich
- Bioanalytics Group, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Walde
- Polymer Chemistry Group, Department of Materials (D-MATL), ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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30
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Maleki B, Baghayeri M. Synthesis of symmetrical N,N′-alkylidene bis-amides catalyzed by silica coated magnetic NiFe2O4 nanoparticle supported polyphosphoric acid (NiFe2O4@SiO2-PPA) and its application toward silver nanoparticle synthesis for electrochemical detection of glucose. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra16481h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
For the first time, a new and facile Ag@PM-b-B nanocomposite electrochemical sensor was successfully developed for the detection of glucose. Also, the magnetically recoverable catalyst was easily recycled at least ten times without significant loss of catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behrooz Maleki
- Department of Chemistry
- Hakim Sabzevari University
- Sabzevar
- Iran
| | - Mehdi Baghayeri
- Department of Chemistry
- Hakim Sabzevari University
- Sabzevar
- Iran
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31
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Gustafsson H, Küchler A, Holmberg K, Walde P. Co-immobilization of enzymes with the help of a dendronized polymer and mesoporous silica nanoparticles. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:6174-6184. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tb00543d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Two enzymes were immobilized in close proximity to each other using enzyme-containing mesoporous nanoparticles and a dendronized polymer–enzyme hybrid structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Gustafsson
- Applied Surface Chemistry
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Chalmers University of Technology
- SE-412 96 Gothenburg
- Sweden
| | - Andreas Küchler
- Polymer Chemistry
- Department of Materials
- ETH Zürich
- CH-8093 Zürich
- Switzerland
| | - Krister Holmberg
- Applied Surface Chemistry
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Chalmers University of Technology
- SE-412 96 Gothenburg
- Sweden
| | - Peter Walde
- Polymer Chemistry
- Department of Materials
- ETH Zürich
- CH-8093 Zürich
- Switzerland
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32
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Wang Y, Sun J, Yang Q, Lu W, Li Y, Dong J, Qian W. A SERS protocol as a potential tool to access 6-mercaptopurine release accelerated by glutathione-S-transferase. Analyst 2015; 140:7578-85. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an01588j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The developed method for monitoring GST, an important drug metabolic enzyme, could greatly facilitate researches on relative biological fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 210096
- PR China
| | - Jie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 210096
- PR China
| | - Qingran Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 210096
- PR China
| | - Wenbo Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 210096
- PR China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 210096
- PR China
| | - Jian Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 210096
- PR China
| | - Weiping Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 210096
- PR China
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