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Fang Y, Ao CK, Jiang Y, Sun Y, Chen L, Soh S. Static charge is an ionic molecular fragment. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1986. [PMID: 38443343 PMCID: PMC10914821 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46200-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
What is static charge? Despite the long history of research, the identity of static charge and mechanism by which static is generated by contact electrification are still unknown. Investigations are challenging due to the complexity of surfaces. This study involves the molecular-scale analysis of contact electrification using highly well-defined surfaces functionalized with a self-assembled monolayer of alkylsilanes. Analyses show the elementary molecular steps of contact electrification: the exact location of heterolytic cleavage of covalent bonds (i.e., Si-C bond), exact charged species generated (i.e., alkyl carbocation), and transfer of molecular fragments. The strong correlation between charge generation and molecular fragments due to their signature odd-even effects further shows that contact electrification is based on cleavage of covalent bonds and transfer of ionic molecular fragments. Static charge is thus an alkyl carbocation; in general, it is an ionic molecular fragment. This mechanism based on cleavage of covalent bonds is applicable to general types of insulating materials, such as covalently bonded polymers. The odd-even effect of charging caused by the difference of only one atom explains the highly sensitive nature of contact electrification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Fang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30# Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Chi Kit Ao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - Yan Jiang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - Yajuan Sun
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - Linfeng Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - Siowling Soh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585, Singapore.
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High Hexane Sorption Capacity of Loosely Crosslinked PDMS Rubbers at Low Temperatures: Macromolecular and Physicochemical Elucidation for VOC Recovery. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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3
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Preparation and Characterization of Silanized Cardboard via Inverse Gas Chromatography and Complementary Analytical Techniques. Chromatographia 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-022-04174-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Highly selective PDMS-PVDF composite membrane with hydrophobic crosslinking series for isopropanol-1,5 pentanediol pervaporation. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Chaudhari S, Shin H, Choi S, Cho K, Shon M, Nam S, Park Y. Hydrophilic and organophilic pervaporation of industrially important α,β and α,ω-diols. RSC Adv 2021; 11:9274-9284. [PMID: 35423423 PMCID: PMC8695363 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00467k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The distillation-based purification of α,β and α,ω-diols is energy and resource intensive, as well as time consuming. Pervaporation separation is considered to be a remarkable energy efficient membrane technology for purification of diols. Thus, as a core pervaporation process, hydrophilic polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) membranes for the removal of water from 1,2-hexanediol (1,2-HDO) and organophilic polydimethylsiloxane-polysulfone (PDMS-PSF) membranes for the removal of isopropanol from 1,5 pentanediol (1,5-PDO) were employed. For 1,2-HDO/water separation using a feed having a 1 : 4 weight ratio of 1,2-HDO/water, the membrane prepared using 4 vol% glutaraldehyde (GA4) showed the best performance, yielding a flux of 0.59 kg m-2 h-1 and a separation factor of 175 at 40 °C. In the organophilic pervaporation separation of the 1,5-PDO/IPA feed having a 9 : 1 weight ratio of components, the PDMS membrane prepared with a molar ratio of TEOS alkoxy groups to PDMS hydroxyl groups of 70 yielded a flux of 0.12 kg m-2 h-1 and separation factor of 17 638 at 40 °C. Long term stability analysis found that both hydrophilic (PVA) and organophilic (PDMS) membranes retained excellent pervaporation output over 18 days' continuous exposure to the feed. Both the hydrophilic and organophilic membranes exhibited promising separation performance at elevated operating conditions, showing their great potential for purification of α,β and α,ω-diols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivshankar Chaudhari
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Pukyong National University San 100, Yongdang-Dong, Nam-Gu Busan 608-739 Korea +82 51 629 6429 +82 51 629 6440
| | - HyeonTae Shin
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Pukyong National University San 100, Yongdang-Dong, Nam-Gu Busan 608-739 Korea +82 51 629 6429 +82 51 629 6440
| | - SeoungYong Choi
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Pukyong National University San 100, Yongdang-Dong, Nam-Gu Busan 608-739 Korea +82 51 629 6429 +82 51 629 6440
| | - KieYong Cho
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Pukyong National University San 100, Yongdang-Dong, Nam-Gu Busan 608-739 Korea +82 51 629 6429 +82 51 629 6440
| | - MinYoung Shon
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Pukyong National University San 100, Yongdang-Dong, Nam-Gu Busan 608-739 Korea +82 51 629 6429 +82 51 629 6440
| | - SeungEun Nam
- Center for Membranes, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 305-600 Korea
| | - YouIn Park
- Center for Membranes, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 305-600 Korea
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Kim H, Nam K, Lee DY. Fabrication of Robust Superhydrophobic Surfaces with Dual-Curing Siloxane Resin and Controlled Dispersion of Nanoparticles. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12061420. [PMID: 32630526 PMCID: PMC7362197 DOI: 10.3390/polym12061420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a simple method for the fabrication of superhydrophobic surfaces on various substrates using spray coating. The fabrication method started with the blending of a modified hydrophobic siloxane binder, silica nanoparticles, and a volatile solvent by sonication. The mixture was spray-coated on various surfaces such as slide glass, paper, metal and fabric, forming a rough surface comprising silica particles dispersed in a hydrophobic binder. Surface hydrophobicity was affected by the surface energy of the binder and the degree of roughness. Therefore, we realized a superhydrophobic surface by controlling these two factors. The hydrophobicity of the siloxane binder was determined by the treatment of fluorine silane; the roughness was controlled by the amount of coated materials and sonication time. Thus, using the spray coating method, we obtained a superhydrophobic surface that was mechanically durable, thermally stable, and chemically resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dong Yun Lee
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-53-950-5627; Fax: +82-53-950-6623
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High performance and thermally stable PDMS pervaporation membranes prepared using a phenyl-containing tri-functional crosslinker for n-butanol recovery. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.116142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Prajapati PK, Kansara AM, Aswal VK, Singh PS. High oxygen permeable Zeolite‐4A poly(dimethylsiloxane) membrane for air separation. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep K. Prajapati
- Membrane Science and Separation Technology Division, CSIR‐Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research InstituteCouncil of Scientific and Industrial Research GB Marg, Bhavnagar 364002 Gujarat India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR‐Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research InstituteCouncil of Scientific and Industrial Research GB Marg, Bhavnagar 364002 Gujarat India
| | - Ankit M. Kansara
- Membrane Science and Separation Technology Division, CSIR‐Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research InstituteCouncil of Scientific and Industrial Research GB Marg, Bhavnagar 364002 Gujarat India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR‐Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research InstituteCouncil of Scientific and Industrial Research GB Marg, Bhavnagar 364002 Gujarat India
| | - Vinod K. Aswal
- Solid State Physics DivisionBhabha Atomic Research Centre Trombay, Mumbai 400085 India
| | - Puyam S. Singh
- Membrane Science and Separation Technology Division, CSIR‐Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research InstituteCouncil of Scientific and Industrial Research GB Marg, Bhavnagar 364002 Gujarat India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR‐Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research InstituteCouncil of Scientific and Industrial Research GB Marg, Bhavnagar 364002 Gujarat India
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Kansara AM, Singh PS. Preparation of new C 8H 4F 13-polydimethylsiloxane membranes via a ‘cross-linking’ reaction using trichloro(perfluoro-octyl)silanes: Effect of cross-linker amount. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2018.1503306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ankit M. Kansara
- Membrane Science & Separation Technology Division, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Puyam S. Singh
- Membrane Science & Separation Technology Division, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India
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Kansara AM, Prajapati PK, Aswal VK, Singh PS. Structure-property interplay of asymmetric membranes comprising of soft polydimethylsiloxane chains and hard silica nanomaterials. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Grushevenko EA, Borisov IL, Bakhtin DS, Bondarenko GN, Levin IS, Volkov AV. Silicone rubbers with alkyl side groups for C3+ hydrocarbon separation. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Prajapati PK, Kansara AM, Aswal VK, Singh PS. Effect of Zeolitic Imidazole Framework-8 nanocrystals on hydrocarbon permselective Poly(dimethylsiloxane) membrane as probed by small-angle neutron scattering. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Li D, Gou X, Wu D, Guo Z. A robust and stretchable superhydrophobic PDMS/PVDF@KNFs membrane for oil/water separation and flame retardancy. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:6695-6703. [PMID: 29589026 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr01274a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The wide application of superhydrophobic membranes has been limited due to their complicated preparation technology and weak durability. Inspired by the mechanical flexibility of nanofibrous biomaterials, nanofibrils have been successfully generated from Kevlar, which is one of the strongest synthetic fibers, by appropriate hydrothermal treatment. In this study, a robust superhydrophobic PDMS/PVDF@KNFs membrane is prepared via a simple one-step process and subsequent curing without combination with inorganic fillers. The as-prepared PDMS/PVDF@KNFs membrane not only shows efficient oil/water separation ability and oil absorption capacity but also has excellent superhydrophobicity stability after deformation. The resultant membrane shows stretchability, flexibility and flame retardance because of the reinforcing effect and the excellent flame retardancy of Kevlar. We believe that this simple fabrication of PDMS/PVDF@KNFs has promising applications in filtering membranes and wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deke Li
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China.
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An AK, Guo J, Lee EJ, Jeong S, Zhao Y, Wang Z, Leiknes T. PDMS/PVDF hybrid electrospun membrane with superhydrophobic property and drop impact dynamics for dyeing wastewater treatment using membrane distillation. J Memb Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2016.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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15
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Prajapati PK, Kansara AM, Singh PS. Preparation and characterization of an oxygen permselective polydimethylsiloxane hollow fibre membrane. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra19533d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple preparation of a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) hollow fibre air separation membrane by a condensation reaction between the hydroxyl-end groups and hydride groups of polysiloxane reactants over a porous hollow fibre support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep K. Prajapati
- RO Membrane Division
- CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute
- Bhavnagar 364021
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR-CSMCRI)
| | - Ankit M. Kansara
- RO Membrane Division
- CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute
- Bhavnagar 364021
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR-CSMCRI)
| | - Puyam S. Singh
- RO Membrane Division
- CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute
- Bhavnagar 364021
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR-CSMCRI)
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