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Okpara EC, Fayemi OE, Wojuola OB, Onwudiwe DC, Ebenso EE. Electrochemical detection of selected heavy metals in water: a case study of African experiences. RSC Adv 2022; 12:26319-26361. [PMID: 36275116 PMCID: PMC9475415 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra02733j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The safety of water resources throughout the globe has been compromised by various human activities and climate change over the last decades. Consequently, the world is currently confronted with a severe shortage of water supply and a water safety crisis, amidst a growing population. With poor environmental regulations, indiscriminate budding of urban slums, poverty, and a lack of basic knowledge of hygiene and sanitation, the African water supply has been critically threatened by different organic and inorganic contaminants, which results in several health issues. Inorganic pollutants such as heavy metals are particularly of interest because they are mostly stable and non-biodegradable. Therefore, they are not easily removed from water. In different parts of the continent, the concentration of heavy metals in drinking water far exceeds the permissible level recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). Worse still, this problem is expected to increase with growing population, industrialization, urbanization, and, of course, corruption of government and local officials. Most of the African population is ignorant of the standards of safe water. In addition, the populace lack access to affordable and reliable technologies and tools that could be used in the quantification of these pollutants. This problem is not only applicable to domestic, but also to commercial, communal, and industrial water sources. Hence, a global campaign has been launched to ensure constant assessment of the presence of these metals in the environment and to promote awareness of dangers associated with unsafe exposure to them. Various conventional spectroscopic heavy metal detection techniques have been used with great success across the world. However, such techniques suffer from some obvious setbacks, such as the cost of procurement and professionalism required to operate them, which have limited their applications. This paper, therefore, reviews the condition of African water sources, health implications of exposure to heavy metals, and the approaches explored by various indigenous electrochemists, to provide a fast, affordable, sensitive, selective, and stable electrochemical sensors for the quantification of the most significant heavy metals in our water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enyioma C Okpara
- Department of Physics, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University (Mafikeng Campus) Private Bag X2046 Mmabatho 2735 South Africa
| | - Omolola E Fayemi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University (Mafikeng Campus) Private Bag X2046 Mmabatho 2735 South Africa
- Material Science Innovation and Modelling (MaSIM) Research Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University (Mafikeng Campus) Private Bag X2046 Mmabatho 2735 South Africa
| | - Olanrewaju B Wojuola
- Department of Physics, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University (Mafikeng Campus) Private Bag X2046 Mmabatho 2735 South Africa
| | - Damian C Onwudiwe
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University (Mafikeng Campus) Private Bag X2046 Mmabatho 2735 South Africa
- Material Science Innovation and Modelling (MaSIM) Research Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University (Mafikeng Campus) Private Bag X2046 Mmabatho 2735 South Africa
| | - Eno E Ebenso
- College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa Johannesburg 1710 South Africa
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Hu H, Xie B, Lu Y, Zhu J. Advances in Electrochemical Detection Electrodes for As(III). NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:781. [PMID: 35269271 PMCID: PMC8912440 DOI: 10.3390/nano12050781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic is extremely abundant in the Earth's crust and is one of the most common environmental pollutants in nature. In the natural water environment and surface soil, arsenic exists mainly in the form of trivalent arsenite (As(III)) and pentavalent arsenate (As(V)) ions, and its toxicity can be a serious threat to human health. In order to manage the increasingly serious arsenic pollution in the living environment and maintain a healthy and beautiful ecosystem for human beings, it is urgent to conduct research on an efficient sensing method suitable for the detection of As(III) ions. Electrochemical sensing has the advantages of simple instrumentation, high sensitivity, good selectivity, portability, and the ability to be analyzed on site. This paper reviews various electrode systems developed in recent years based on nanomaterials such as noble metals, bimetals, other metals and their compounds, carbon nano, and biomolecules, with a focus on electrodes modified with noble metal and metal compound nanomaterials, and evaluates their performance for the detection of arsenic. They have great potential for achieving the rapid detection of arsenic due to their excellent sensitivity and strong interference immunity. In addition, this paper discusses the relatively rare application of silicon and its compounds as well as novel polymers in achieving arsenic detection, which provides new ideas for investigating novel nanomaterial sensing. We hope that this review will further advance the research progress of high-performance arsenic sensors based on novel nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibing Hu
- Academy of Opto-Electric Technology, Special Display and Imaging Technology Innovation Center of Anhui Province, National Engineering Laboratory of Special Display Technology, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Display Technology, Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Imaging and Display Technology, Opto-Electric Display Industry Innovation Center, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instrument, School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; (B.X.); (Y.L.)
| | - Baozhu Xie
- Academy of Opto-Electric Technology, Special Display and Imaging Technology Innovation Center of Anhui Province, National Engineering Laboratory of Special Display Technology, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Display Technology, Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Imaging and Display Technology, Opto-Electric Display Industry Innovation Center, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instrument, School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; (B.X.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yangtian Lu
- Academy of Opto-Electric Technology, Special Display and Imaging Technology Innovation Center of Anhui Province, National Engineering Laboratory of Special Display Technology, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Display Technology, Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Imaging and Display Technology, Opto-Electric Display Industry Innovation Center, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instrument, School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; (B.X.); (Y.L.)
| | - Jianxiong Zhu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
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Zhang Y, Li D, Compton RG. Arsenic (III) Detection with Underpotential Deposition and Anodic Stripping Voltammetry. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202101022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory Oxford University South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QZ UK
| | - Danlei Li
- Department of Chemistry Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory Oxford University South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QZ UK
| | - Richard G. Compton
- Department of Chemistry Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory Oxford University South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QZ UK
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Sultan S, Shah A, Khan B, Nisar J, Shah MR, Ashiq MN, Akhter MS, Shah AH. Calix[4]arene Derivative-Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode: A New Sensing Platform for Rapid, Simultaneous, and Picomolar Detection of Zn(II), Pb(II), As(III), and Hg(II). ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:16860-16866. [PMID: 31646232 PMCID: PMC6796916 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The glassy carbon electrode was fabricated with multifunctional bis-triazole-appended calix[4]arene and then used for the simultaneous detection of Zn(II), Pb(II), As(III), and Hg(II). Before applying the square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry, the sensitivity and precision of the modified electrode was assured by optimizing various conditions such as the modifier concentration, pH of the solution, deposition potential, accumulation time, and supporting electrolytes. The modified glassy carbon electrode was found to be responsive up to picomolar limits for the aforementioned heavy metal ions, which is a concentration limit much lower than the threshold level permitted by the World Health Organization. Importantly, the designed sensing platform showed anti-interference ability, good stability, repeatability, reproducibility, and applicability for the detection of multiple metal ions. The detection limits obtained for Zn(II), Pb(II), As(III), and Hg(II) are 66.3, 14.6, 71.9, and 28.9 pM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundus Sultan
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Afzal Shah
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Sakhir 32038, Bahrain
| | - Burhan Khan
- H.E.J Research Institute of Chemistry, International
Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Jan Nisar
- National
Centre of Excellence in Physical Chemistry, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Raza Shah
- H.E.J Research Institute of Chemistry, International
Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Naeem Ashiq
- Institute
of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakaryia
University, Multan 6100, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Salim Akhter
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Sakhir 32038, Bahrain
| | - Aamir Hassan Shah
- CAS Laboratory of Nanosystem
and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
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Alam MM, Rashed MA, Rahman MM, Rahman MM, Nagao Y, Hasnat MA. Electrochemical oxidation of As(iii) on Pd immobilized Pt surface: kinetics and sensing performance. RSC Adv 2018; 8:8071-8079. [PMID: 35542006 PMCID: PMC9078481 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra12576c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pd nanoparticles were electrochemically immobilized on a Pt surface in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) molecules to study the electrokinetics of arsenite oxidation reactions and the corresponding sensing activities. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis showed that on the Pt surface, Pd atoms exist as adatoms and the contents of Pd(0) and Pd(ii) were 75.72 and 24.28 at%, respectively, and the particle sizes were in the range of 61-145 nm. The experimental results revealed that the catalytic efficiency as well as the charge transfer resistance (at the redox potential of the Fe(ii)/Fe(iii) couple) increased in the order of Pt < Pt-Pd < Pt-Pdsds. A Pt-Pdsds electrode exhibited an open circuit potential (OCP) of 0.65 V in acidic conditions; however, when 50.0 mM NaAsO2 was present, the OCP value shifted to 0.42 V. It has been projected that the As(iii) oxidation proceeds using a sequential pathway: As(iii) → As(iv) → As(v). After optimization of the square wave voltammetric data, the limits of detection of As(iii) were obtained as 1.3 μg L-1 and 0.2 μg L-1 when the surface modification of the Pt surface was executed with Pd particles in the absence and presence of the SDS surfactant, respectively. Finally, real samples were analyzed with excellent recovery performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mahbubul Alam
- Department of Chemistry, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology Sylhet-3114 Bangladesh +88-0821-715752 ext. 694 +88-0821-715752 ext. 694
| | - Md A Rashed
- Department of Chemistry, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University Santosh, Tangail-1902 Bangladesh
| | - Md Musfiqur Rahman
- Department of Chemistry, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology Sylhet-3114 Bangladesh +88-0821-715752 ext. 694 +88-0821-715752 ext. 694
| | - Mohammed M Rahman
- Centre of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR), Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdul Aziz University P.O. Box 80203 Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Yuki Nagao
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology 1-1 Asahidai Nomi Ishikawa 923-1292 Japan
| | - Mohammad A Hasnat
- Department of Chemistry, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology Sylhet-3114 Bangladesh +88-0821-715752 ext. 694 +88-0821-715752 ext. 694
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Antonova S, Zakharova E. Inorganic arsenic speciation by electroanalysis. From laboratory to field conditions: A mini-review. Electrochem commun 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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7
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Mafa JP, Mabuba N, Arotiba OA. An Exfoliated Graphite Based Electrochemical Sensor for As(III) in Water. ELECTROANAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201501107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. P. Mafa
- Department of Applied Chemistry; University of Johannesburg; Doornfontein 2028 South Africa
| | - N. Mabuba
- Department of Applied Chemistry; University of Johannesburg; Doornfontein 2028 South Africa
| | - O. A. Arotiba
- Department of Applied Chemistry; University of Johannesburg; Doornfontein 2028 South Africa
- Centre for Nanomaterials Science Research; University of Johannesburg; South Africa
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Pereira FJ, Vázquez MD, Debán L, Aller AJ. Inorganic arsenic speciation by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry using thoria nanoparticles-carbon paste electrodes. Talanta 2016; 152:211-8. [PMID: 26992513 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two novel thoria (ThO2) nanoparticles-carbon paste electrodes were used to evaluate an anodic stripping voltammetric method for the direct determination of arsenite and total inorganic arsenic (arsenite plus arsenate) in water samples. The effect of Ag((I)), Cu((II)), Hg((II)), Sb((III)) and Se((IV)) ions on the electrochemical response of arsenic was assayed. The developed electroanalytical method offers a rapid procedure with improved analytical characteristics including good repeatability (3.4%) at low As((III)) concentrations, high selectivity, lower detection limit (0.1 μg L(-1)) and high sensitivity (0.54 μA μg(-1) L). The analytical capability of the optimized method was demonstrated by the determination of arsenic in certified reference materials (trace elements in natural water, trace elements in water and coal fly ash).
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Pereira
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Physics, Area of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of León, Campus de Vegazana, s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - M D Vázquez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, C/Paseo de Belén, no. 7, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - L Debán
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, C/Paseo de Belén, no. 7, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - A J Aller
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Physics, Area of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of León, Campus de Vegazana, s/n, 24071 León, Spain.
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Han DD, Li SS, Guo Z, Chen X, Liu JH, Huang XJ. Shape dependent stripping behavior of Au nanoparticles toward arsenic detection: evidence of enhanced sensitivity on the Au (111) facet. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra27778g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This work reports a comparative study of gold cubes {100}, octahedra {111}, and rhombic dodecahedra {110} toward the detection of arsenic for the first time. Au octahedral nanoparticles were found to exhibit the highest sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Dong Han
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei 230026
- PR China
- Nano-Materials and Environmental Detection Laboratory
| | - Shan-Shan Li
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei 230026
- PR China
- Nano-Materials and Environmental Detection Laboratory
| | - Zheng Guo
- Nano-Materials and Environmental Detection Laboratory
- Institute of Intelligent Machines
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei 230031
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Chen
- Nano-Materials and Environmental Detection Laboratory
- Institute of Intelligent Machines
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei 230031
- People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Huai Liu
- Nano-Materials and Environmental Detection Laboratory
- Institute of Intelligent Machines
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei 230031
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Jiu Huang
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei 230026
- PR China
- Nano-Materials and Environmental Detection Laboratory
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