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Liquid Crystal Nanoparticle Conjugates for Scavenging Reactive Oxygen Species in Live Cells. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15050604. [PMID: 35631430 PMCID: PMC9146318 DOI: 10.3390/ph15050604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The elevated intracellular production of or extracellular exposure to reactive oxygen species (ROS) causes oxidative stress to cells, resulting in deleterious irreversible biomolecular reactions (e.g., lipid peroxidation) and disease progression. The use of low-molecular weight antioxidants, such as 4-amino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO), as ROS scavengers fails to achieve the desired efficacy because of their poor or uncontrolled cellular uptake and off-target effects, such as dysfunction of essential redox homeostasis. In this study, we fabricated a liquid crystal nanoparticle (LCNP) conjugate system with the fluorescent dye perylene (PY) loaded in the interior and poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) decorated on the surface along with multiple molecules of TEMPO (PY-LCNP-PEG/TEMPO). PY-LCNP-PEG/TEMPO exhibit enhanced cellular uptake, and efficient ROS-scavenging activity in live cells. On average, the 120 nm diameter PY-LCNPs were conjugated with >1800 molecules of TEMPO moieties on their surface. PY-LCNP-PEG/TEMPO showed significantly greater reduction in ROS activity and lipid peroxidation compared to free TEMPO when the cells were challenged with ROS generating agents, such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). We suggest that this is due to the increased local concentration of TEMPO molecules on the surface of the PY-LCNP-PEG/TEMPO NPs, which efficiently bind to the plasma membrane and enter cells. Overall, these results demonstrate the enhanced capability of TEMPO-conjugated LCNPs to protect live cells from oxidative stress by effectively scavenging ROS and reducing lipid peroxidation.
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Żamojć K, Wyrzykowski D, Chmurzyński L. On the Effect of pH, Temperature, and Surfactant Structure on Bovine Serum Albumin-Cationic/Anionic/Nonionic Surfactants Interactions in Cacodylate Buffer-Fluorescence Quenching Studies Supported by UV Spectrophotometry and CD Spectroscopy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010041. [PMID: 35008466 PMCID: PMC8744808 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the fact that surfactant molecules are known to alter the structure (and consequently the function) of a protein, protein–surfactant interactions are very important in the biological, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Although there are numerous studies on the interactions of albumins with surfactants, the investigations are often performed at fixed environmental conditions and limited to separate surface-active agents and consequently do not present an appropriate comparison between their different types and structures. In the present paper, the interactions between selected cationic, anionic, and nonionic surfactants, namely hexadecylpyridinium chloride (CPC), hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), polyethylene glycol sorbitan monolaurate, monopalmitate, and monooleate (TWEEN 20, TWEEN 40, and TWEEN 80, respectively) with bovine serum albumin (BSA) were studied qualitatively and quantitatively in an aqueous solution (10 mM cacodylate buffer; pH 5.0 and 7.0) by steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy supported by UV spectrophotometry and CD spectroscopy. Since in the case of all studied systems, the fluorescence intensity of BSA decreased regularly and significantly under the action of the surfactants added, the fluorescence quenching mechanism was analyzed thoroughly with the use of the Stern–Volmer equation (and its modification) and attributed to the formation of BSA–surfactant complexes. The binding efficiency and mode of interactions were evaluated among others by the determination, comparison, and discussion of the values of binding (association) constants of the newly formed complexes and the corresponding thermodynamic parameters (ΔG, ΔH, ΔS). Furthermore, the influence of the structure of the chosen surfactants (charge of hydrophilic head and length of hydrophobic chain) as well as different environmental conditions (pH, temperature) on the binding mode and the strength of the interaction has been investigated and elucidated.
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Sarkar T, Kumar A, Sahoo S, Hussain A. Mixed-Ligand Cobalt(III) Complexes of a Naturally Occurring Coumarin and Phenanthroline Bases as Mitochondria-Targeted Dual-Purpose Photochemotherapeutics. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:6649-6662. [PMID: 33855849 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The bioessential nature of cobalt and the rich photochemistry of its coordination complexes can be exploited to develop potential next-generation photochemotherapeutics. A series of six novel mixed-ligand cobalt(III) complexes of the formulation [Co(B)2(L)]ClO4 (1-6), where B is an N,N-donor phenanthroline base, namely, 1,10-phenanthroline (phen in 1 and 4), dipyrido[3,2-d:2',3'-f]quinoxaline (dpq in 2 and 5), and dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine (dppz in 3 and 6), and L is an O,O-donor dianionic ligand derived from catechol (1,2-dihydroxybenzene, cat2-, in 1-3) or esculetin (6,7-dihydoxycoumarin, esc2-, in 4-6), have been prepared and characterized, and their light-triggered cytotoxicity has been studied in cancer cells. The single-crystal X-ray diffraction structures of complexes 1 (as PF6- salt, 1a) and 2 show distorted octahedral geometries around the cobalt(III) center formed by the set of N4O2 donor atoms. The low-spin and 1:1 electrolytic complexes 1-6 display a d-d transition around 700 nm. Complexes 4-6 with a coordinated esc2- ligand additionally display a π → π* intraligand transition centered at 403 nm. Complexes 4-6 possessing a naturally occurring and photoactive esc2- ligand show high visible-light-triggered cytotoxicity against HeLa and MCF-7 cancer cells, yielding remarkably low micromolar IC50 values while being much less toxic under dark conditions. Control complexes 1-3 possessing the photoinactive cat2- ligand show significantly less cytotoxicity either in the presence of light or in the dark. The complex-induced cell death is apoptotic in nature caused by the formation of reactive oxygen species via a type 1 photoredox pathway. Fluorescence microscopy of HeLa cells treated with complex 6 reveals mitochondrial localization of the complex. A significant decrease in the dark toxicity of free esculetin and dppz base is observed upon coordination to cobalt(III). Complexes bind to calf-thymus DNA with significant affinity, but 6 binds with the greatest affinity. Complex 6 efficiently photocleaves supercoiled DNA to its nicked circular form when irradiated with visible light via a photoredox type 1 pathway involving hydroxyl radicals (HO•). Thus, complex 6 showing remarkable visible-light-triggered cytotoxicity but negligible toxicity in the dark is a good candidate for cancer photochemotherapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tukki Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, Handique Girls' College, Guwahati 781001, Assam, India
| | - Arun Kumar
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Somarupa Sahoo
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Akhtar Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, Handique Girls' College, Guwahati 781001, Assam, India
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Żamojć K, Bylińska I, Wiczk W, Chmurzyński L. Fluorescence Quenching Studies on the Interactions between Chosen Fluoroquinolones and Selected Stable TEMPO and PROXYL Nitroxides. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020885. [PMID: 33477329 PMCID: PMC7830230 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of the stable 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-N-oxyl (TEMPO) nitroxide and its six C4-substituted derivatives, as well as two C3-substituted analogues of 2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidynyl-N-oxyl (PROXYL) nitroxide on the chosen fluoroquinolone antibiotics (marbofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, danofloxacin, norfloxacin, enrofloxacin, levofloxacin and ofloxacin), has been examined in aqueous solutions by UV absorption as well as steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopies. The mechanism of fluorescence quenching has been specified and proved to be purely dynamic (collisional) for all the studied systems, which was additionally confirmed by temperature dependence experiments. Moreover, the selected quenching parameters—that is, Stern–Volmer quenching constants and bimolecular quenching rate constants—have been determined and explained. The possibility of electron transfer was ruled out, and the quenching was found to be diffusion-limited, being a result of the increase in non-radiative processes. Furthermore, as the chosen nitroxides affected the fluorescence of fluoroquinolone antibiotics in different ways, an influence of the structure and the type of substituents in the molecules of both fluoroquinolones and stable radicals on the quenching efficiency has been determined and discussed. Finally, the impact of the solvent’s polarity on the values of bimolecular quenching rate constants has been explained. The significance of the project comes from many applications of nitroxides in chemistry, biology and industry.
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Durand-Niconoff JS, Ortiz-Blanco E, Sosa-Ortiz G, Olivares-Romero JL, Juárez-Aguilar E, Montoya-Hernández EL, Fernández-Pomares C, Tovar-Miranda R, Castro ME, Melendez FJ, Guerrero T. Mannich bases of hydroxycoumarins: synthesis, DFT/QTAIM computational study and assessment of biological activity. RSC Adv 2021; 11:31260-31271. [PMID: 35496885 PMCID: PMC9041333 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04611j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of six Mannich bases derived from hydroxycoumarins was carried out in moderate yields, two of these derivatives were described for the first time. Conformational analysis was performed through DFT theoretical calculations explaining the formation of stable six membered rings based on intramolecular hydrogen bonds within the structure. These findings were correlated with the antiproliferative activity. The biological activity of the Mannich bases through their antiproliferative activity in the HeLa cancer cell line is described for the first time, showing that the compounds were able to inhibit proliferation in cervical cancer by more than 60%. Likewise, the theoretical modeling of the photophysical properties was realized with promising results, showing that the HOMO–LUMO energies of the new compounds present the lowest electronic gap values for those with donor groups in their structure, which makes them potential fluorophores. Mannich bases derived from hydroxycoumarins as interesting scaffolds for several applications.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Sergio Durand-Niconoff
- Instituto de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Dr. Luis Castelazo Ayala s/n, Col. Industrial Ánimas, Xalapa, Ver., 91190, Mexico
| | - Erik Ortiz-Blanco
- Instituto de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Dr. Luis Castelazo Ayala s/n, Col. Industrial Ánimas, Xalapa, Ver., 91190, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Sosa-Ortiz
- Universidad Veracruzana, Facultad de Bioanálisis, Médicos s/n, U. H. Del Bosque, Xalapa, Ver., 91010, Mexico
| | - José L. Olivares-Romero
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster Científico y Tecnológico BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología A. C. (INECOL), Carretera Antigua a Coatepec No. 351, Col. El Haya, Xalapa, Ver., 91070, Mexico
| | - Enrique Juárez-Aguilar
- Universidad Veracruzana, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Dr. Luis Castelazo Ayala s/n, Col. Industrial Ánimas, Xalapa, Ver., 91190, Mexico
| | - Eva Luz Montoya-Hernández
- Universidad Veracruzana, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Dr. Luis Castelazo Ayala s/n, Col. Industrial Ánimas, Xalapa, Ver., 91190, Mexico
| | - Cynthia Fernández-Pomares
- Universidad Veracruzana, Programa de Especialización en Métodos Estadísticos, Facultad de Estadística e Informática, Av. Xalapa s/n, Col. Obrero Campesina, Xalapa, Ver., 91020, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Tovar-Miranda
- Instituto de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Dr. Luis Castelazo Ayala s/n, Col. Industrial Ánimas, Xalapa, Ver., 91190, Mexico
| | - María Eugenia Castro
- Centro de Química, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Complejo de Ciencias, ICUAP, Edif. IC8, 22 Sur y San Claudio, Ciudad Universitaria, 72570 Puebla, Mexico
| | - Francisco J. Melendez
- Lab. de Química Teórica, Centro de Investigación, Depto. De Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Edif. FCQ10, 22 Sur y San Claudio, Col. San Manuel, Ciudad Universitaria, 72570 Puebla, Mexico
| | - Tomás Guerrero
- Instituto de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Dr. Luis Castelazo Ayala s/n, Col. Industrial Ánimas, Xalapa, Ver., 91190, Mexico
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Stroea L, Murariu M, Melinte V. Fluorescence quenching study of new coumarin-derived fluorescent imidazole-based chemosensor. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Naveed KUR, Wang L, Yu H, Teng L, Uddin MA, Fahad S, Ullah RS, Nazir A, Elshaarani T. Synthesis of spin labeled ethylene glycol based polymers and study of their segmental motion. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Synthesis of poly(diethylaminoethyl methacrylate-co-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl methacrylate)s and their segmental motion study. Colloid Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-020-04717-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Dihydroxy-Substituted Coumarins as Fluorescent Probes for Nanomolar-Level Detection of the 4-Amino-TEMPO Spin Label. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153802. [PMID: 31382639 PMCID: PMC6696051 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reports on dihydroxycoumarins as fluorescent probes suitable for the detection and determination of the nitroxide radical, namely 4-amino-TEMPO. Since 4-amino-TEMPO is used as a spin label for the detection of various radicals and damage caused by these species, its determination under physiological conditions might help us to understand the mechanism of the oxidative stress. Among different coumarins studied, only dihydroxy-substituted derivatives show high sensitivity, specificity, and selectivity for the nitroxide radical. In this assay, dihydroxy-substituted coumarins under the action of 4-amino-TEMPO show a very fast and significant increase in fluorescence intensity and lifetime. Among them 6,7-dihydroxycoumarin (esculetin) exhibits the strongest fluorescence enhancement (up to 40 times), with an estimated limit of detection equal to 16.7 nM—a significantly lower value when compared with UV-Vis or electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The method is characterized by an easy procedure of sample preparation and very short time of analysis. The mechanism of the interaction between 6,7-dihydroxycoumarin and 4-amino-TEMPO has been examined with the use of a series of complementary techniques, such as steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, potentiometric titration, and high-performance liquid chromatography. It has been proven that the only route of the reaction in the system studied is a proton transfer from the molecule of esculetin to the amino group of the nitroxide. Biological studies performed on prostate cancer cells, breast cancer cells, and normal skin fibroblasts revealed significant anticancer properties of 6,7-dihydroxycoumarin, which caused a considerable decrease in the viability and number of cancer cells, and affected their morphology, contrary to normal fibroblasts. Furthermore, the experiment performed on prostate cancer cells showed that fluorescence emission of esculetin is closely related to intracellular pH—the higher pH, the higher observed fluorescence intensity (in accordance with a chemical experiment). On the other hand, the studies performed in different pH levels revealed that when pH of the solution increases, the observed fluorescence intensity enhancement under the action of 4-amino-TEMPO decreases (better sensing properties of esculetin towards the nitroxide in lower pH).
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Żamojć K, Wiczk W, Chmurzyński L. The influence of the type of substituents and the solvent on the interactions between different coumarins and selected TEMPO analogues – Fluorescence quenching studies. Chem Phys 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Shinde RG, Khan AA, Kunwar A, Tripathi VS, Barik A. Fluorescence “off” and “on” signalling of esculetin in the presence of copper and thiol: a possible implication in cellular thiol sensing. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2018; 17:1197-1205. [DOI: 10.1039/c8pp00157j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The fluorescence intensity of esculetin was drastically reduced in the presence of a copper ion, which was regenerated in the presence of GSH. The copper–esculetin system was able to detect GSH in a cellular model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupali G. Shinde
- Department of Chemistry
- Savitribai Phule Pune University
- Pune 411007
- India
- Radiation and Photochemistry Division
| | - Ayesha A. Khan
- Department of Chemistry
- Savitribai Phule Pune University
- Pune 411007
- India
| | - Amit Kunwar
- Radiation and Photochemistry Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai 400085
- India
| | - V. S. Tripathi
- Radiation and Photochemistry Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai 400085
- India
| | - Atanu Barik
- Radiation and Photochemistry Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai 400085
- India
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