Modular and Diverse Synthesis of Acrylamides by Palladium-Catalyzed Hydroaminocarbonylation of Acetylene

The development of all kinds of covalent drugs had a major impact on the improvement of the human health system. Covalent binding to target proteins is achieved by so-called electrophilic warheads, which are incorporated in the respective drug molecule. In the last decade, specifically acrylamides emerged as attractive warheads in covalent drug design. Herein, a straightforward palladium-catalyzed hydroaminocarbonylation of acetylene has been developed, allowing a modular and diverse synthesis of bio-active acrylamides. This general protocol features high atom efficiency, wide functional group compatibility, high chemoselectivity and proceeds additive free under mild reaction conditions. The synthetic utility of this protocol is showcased in the synthesis of ibrutinib, osimertinib, and other bio-active compound derivatives.

Controlled Polymerization of Acrylamide via One-Pot and One-Step Aqueous Cu(0)-Mediated Reversible-Deactivation Radical Polymerization

Copper-catalyzed controlled polymerization of acrylamide (AM) has always been a challenge, which typically exhibits low monomer conversion and broad molecular weight distribution (MWD) or requires complex/multistep reaction procedures, due to the highly active nature of the AM radical and its side reactions. To overcome the above challenges, herein, we report the successful synthesis of well-defined polyacrylamide (PAM) via a facile one-pot and one-step aqueous Cu(0)-mediated reversible-deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP). The results of this strategy show that strong deactivation control is the key for the controllability of AM RDRPs, which depends on the equilibria of polymerization and mutual conversion of different copper species. With the fast-propagating monomer AM, extra addition of Cu^II into the reaction system is an effective way to enhance deactivation. Based on this kinetically controlled strategy, well-defined PAMs with narrow molecular weight distributions (MWDs) and varied molecular weights (M_ws) were successfully achieved.

A Thermal Thickening System Based on the Self-Assembly of a Zwitterionic Hydrophobic Association Polymer and Surfactant

The zwitterionic monomer, 1-(2-hydroxypropyl-sulfo)-acrylamide ethyl-N,N-dimethyl ammonium chloride (MeSA) was copolymerised with acrylamide (AM), acrylic acid (AA), and a hydrophobic monomer N,N-diallyl oleamide (DNDA) to obtain the zwitterionic hydrophobic association polymer AM/AA/DNDA/MeSA. The structure of the hydrophobic association polymer was characterised by 1H NMR, FT-IR, and intrinsic viscosity studies. The self-assembly system of the polymer and the surfactant Tween-40 was then formed, and the rheological properties and adsorptive performance of the self-assembly system were investigated. The result showed that the polymer–surfactant self-assembly system had good properties such as thickening, temperature resistance, salt resistance, and shear resistance. It is shown that the thermal thickening phenomenon, which allows the system to be used as a good petrochemical product in a high-temperature environment, provides a vital research foundation for the future application of this kind of self-assembly system.

Hyper-branched structure-an active carrier for copolymer with surface activity, anti-polyelectrolyte effect and hydrophobic association in enhanced oil recovery

Herein, a hyper-branched polymer h-PMAD with, simultaneously, surface activity, an anti-polyelectrolyte effect and a hydrophobic association was prepared via aqueous solution free radical polymerization, and characterized by IR, NMR, TG-DTG and SEM. The polymer h-PMAD provided excellent comprehensive properties in terms of surface activity, thickening, water solubility, rheology and aging, which were compared with studies of HPAM and the homologous linear polymer PMAD. Specifically, the IFT value was 55.40 mN m-1, 789.24 mPa s apparent viscosity with a dissolution time of 72 min, 97.72, 90.77 and 105.81 mPa s with Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ of 20 000, 2000 and 2000 mg L-1, respectively. Meanwhile, the non-Newtonian shear thinning behavior had a 96.33% viscosity retention while the shear rate went from 170 s-1 to 510 s-1 and then returned to 170 s-1 again and 0.12 Hz curve, with an intersection frequency of G' and G''. Also, it had 33.51% and 50.96% viscosity retention in formation and deionized water at 100 °C and a low viscosity loss in formation water at 80 °C over 4 weeks. Moreover, the h-PMAD had an EOR of 11.61%, was obviously higher than PMAD with 8.19% and HPAM with 5.88%. Most importantly, the better EOR of h-PMAD over that of PMAD testified that the hyper-branched structure provided an active carrier for copolymers with functionalized monomers to exert greater effects in displacement systems, which is of an extraordinary meaning.

Molecular Design of Zwitterionic Polymer Interfaces: Searching for the Difference

The widespread occurrence of zwitterionic compounds in nature has incited their frequent use in designing biomimetic materials. Therefore, zwitterionic polymers are a thriving field. A particular interest for this particular polymer class has currently focused on their use in establishing neutral, low-fouling surfaces. After highlighting strategies to prepare model zwitterionic surfaces as well as those that are more suitable for practical purposes relying strongly on radical polymerization methods, we present recent efforts to diversify the structure of the hitherto quite limited variety of zwitterionic monomers and of the derived polymers. We identify key structural variables, consider their influence on essential properties such as overall hydrophilicity and long-term stability, and discuss promising targets for the synthesis of new variants.

Thermo-Responsive Starch-g-(PAM-co-PNIPAM): Controlled Synthesis and Effect of Molecular Components on Solution Rheology

A series of highly branched random copolymers of acrylamide (AM) and N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) have been prepared from a waxy potato starch-based macroinitiator by aqueous Cu⁰-mediated living radical polymerization (Cu⁰-mediated LRP). The NIPAM intake in the copolymer was varied between 0% and 50 mol % to evaluate the influence of chain composition on the aqueous rheological properties as well as their low critical solution temperature (LCST). The viscosity of the copolymer was found to increase with the NIPAM intake and an LCST can be observed when the NIPAM content is high enough (e.g., 50 mol %). In addition, thermo-thickening behavior was observed at a low shear rate (γ ≤ 10 s-1) and higher NIPAM content was found to shift the onset of thermo-thickening behavior to a lower temperature. However, the absolute increase in viscosity values is reduced with the NIPAM intake. Besides this, an interesting significant thermo-thickening behavior was also observed on highly branched starch-g-polyacrylamide at high temperatures (>80 °C), which has not been previously reported. Rheology tests also revealed a good salt-resistant property in copolymers with low NIPAM content (e.g., <25 mol %). Considering the viscosity profile in saline as compared to that in pure water, this NIPAM intake seems to represent an optimum balance of viscosity and salt-resistance performance.

Comb-shaped polyzwitterion with surface-activity obtained via N-maleoyl chitosan-modified HPAM for displacement of residual oil

Comb-shaped polyzwitterions with surface-activity were successfully synthesized and displayed superior rheological properties to enhance the displacement of residual oil.

Stability, CO2 sensitivity, oil tolerance and displacement efficiency of polymer enhanced foam

This paper focuses on the benefits of polymers that contribute to foam flooding, such as foam stability, carbon dioxide (CO₂) sensitivity, oil tolerance and displacement efficiency.

Adsorption behavior of the copolymer AM/DMC/APEG/DMAAC-16 on a carbonate rock and its application for acidizing

The adsorption mechanism and adsorption behavior of a quadripolymer on the carbonate rock was researched.

Synthesis and characterization of hyperbranched associative polyacrylamide

HDPAM was synthesized by water free-radical copolymerization based on functional hyperbranched polyamide-modified ultrafine silica as functional monomer.

A water-soluble hyperbranched copolymer based on a dendritic structure for low-to-moderate permeability reservoirs

An excellent matching relationship in size exists between HPDA and the pore throat with a permeability reservoir of under 500–100 mD.

Synthesis and evaluation of β-cyclodextrin-functionalized hydrophobically associating polyacrylamide

Modified β-cyclodextrin and N-phenethyl-methacrylamide were utilized to react with acrylamide and acrylic acid to synthesize hydrophobically associating polyacrylamide (HMPAM) via photoinitiated free-radical micellar copolymerization.

Thermally stable imidazoline-based sulfonate copolymers for enhanced oil recovery

Novel water-soluble imidazoline-based sulfonate copolymers were synthesized; the copolymers possess excellent thermal stability and outstanding potential for application in high-temperature oil recovery.

Amphoteric hyperbranched polymers with multistimuli-responsive behavior in the application of polymer flooding

Amphoteric hyperbranched polymers (AMHPMs) that respond to shear rate, temperature, salt, and pH were synthesized using a water free radical polymerization technique.

An anti-biodegradable hydrophobic sulfonate-based acrylamide copolymer containing 2,4-dichlorophenoxy for enhanced oil recovery

We report the synthesis of a novel hydrophobic sulfonate-based acrylamide copolymer which exhibits remarkable water solubility, excellent resistance to biodegradability, and superior ability to enhance oil recovery.