Novel phenolate salts of bioactive agents: Cannabidiol phenolate salts

Bioactive phenolic compounds are commonly found in medications, with examples including apomorphine, estrone, thymol, estradiol, propofol, o-phenylphenol, l-Dopa, doxorubicin, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and cannabidiol (CBD). This study is the first to explore the creation and assessment of metal and ammonium phenolate salts using CBD as an example. CBD is used in medicine to treat anxiety, insomnia, chronic pain, and inflammation, but its bioavailability is limited due to poor water solubility. In this study exploit a synthetic route to convert CBD into anionic CBD-salts to enhance water solubility. Various CBD-salts with metal and ammonium counterions such as lithium (Li+), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), choline hydroxide ([(CH3)3NCH2CH2OH]+), and tetrabutylammonium ([N(C4H9)4]+) have been synthesized and characterized. These salts are obtained in high yields, ranging from 74 % to 88 %, through a straightforward dehydration reaction between CBD and alkali metal hydroxides (LiOH, NaOH, KOH) or ammonium hydroxides (choline hydroxide, tetrabutylammonium hydroxide). These reactions are conducted in either ethanol, methanol, or a methanol:water mixture, maintaining a 1:1 molar ratio between the reactants. Comprehensive characterization using Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and elemental (CHN) analysis confirms the formation of CBD-salts, as evidenced by the absence of aromatic hydroxyl resonances or stretching frequencies. The molecular formulas of CBD salts were determined based on CHN analysis, and CBD quantification from acid regeneration experiments. Characterization data confirms that each CBD phenolate in a specific CBD salt was electrostatically stabilized by one of the either alkali metal or ammonium ion. The CBD-salts are highly susceptible to acidic conditions, readily reverting back to the original CBD. The percentage and purity of CBD in the CBD-metal/ammonium salts have been studied using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Solubility studies indicate that the conversion of CBD into CBD salts significantly enhances its solubility in water, ranging from 110 to 1606 folds greater than pure CBD. Furthermore, the pharmacokinetic evaluation of oral administration of CBD-salts compared to CBD were determined in rats.

Antimicrobial dichloroisocyanurate-salts for controlled release of chlorine

Sodium dichloroisocyanurate (Na-DCC), a disinfectant known for rapid decomposition in water, loses its effectiveness with complete release of free available chlorine (FAC) in under an hour. To overcome this, a series of chlorine rich transition metal complexes/tetrabutylammonium (TBA) salts of DCC, including 2Na[Cu(DCC)₄], 2Na[Fe(DCC)₄], 2Na[Co(DCC)₄]·6H₂O, 2Na[Ni(DCC)₄]·6H₂O, and TBA[DCC]·4H₂O have been developed for extended chlorine release studies. The DCC-salts are synthesized based on the metathesis reaction process and are characterized using IR, NMR, CHN analyses, TGA,DSC, and Lovi bond colorimeter. The DCC-salts displayed poor water solubility and low decomposition chlorine release profile compared to Na-DCC. The water solubility of DCC-salts was reduced by a factor of 5.37 to 2500 compared to Na-DCC. The decomposition release of FAC from DCC-salts has been studied over time in comparison to Na-DCC in distilled water using a Lovi-bond colorimeter. DCC-salts displayed controlled FAC release profiles that varied from 1-13 days depending on the type of metal/TBA unit in them, whereas the parent Na-DCC displayed complete FAC release in about 0.91 h. For a proof of concept, the controlled release of metal from one of the DCC-metal complex salts, i.e., copper from the Cu-DCC is also investigated with a function of time in distilled water at RT. The 100% release of copper from Cu-DCC was identified over a period of 10 days. In addition, the applicability of DCC-salts as excellent antiviral agents against the bacteriophage T4 and antibacterial agents against Erwinia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA014 (Gram-negative), and Staphylococcus epidermidis (Gram-positive) compared to Na-DCC has been demonstrated.

Design and applications of metallo-vesicular structures using inorganic-organic hybrids

In advanced biomedical diagnosis, various supramolecular assemblies based on inorganic-organic hybrids have found great interest as functional materials. These assemblies describe a new field of metallovesicles where the introduction of metal ions enables the chemical manipulation of assemblies in terms of their structural stability, redox activity, and pH stability. Additionally, they mimic the elaborative architecture of natural liposomal assemblies and exhibit hierarchical morphologies, and promise novel functions. With the constant developments in this field, various supramolecular assemblies such as MCsomes, Polymersomes, and Metallosomes, etc. came into existence. These hybrid assemblies have been utilized for several applications such as drug delivery, MRI contrasting, DNA delivery, and catalytic activity. The key advantage of these assemblies is their ability to deliver therapeutics to specific locations due to their biomimetic properties and release their contents at the desired time. Hence, they provide a valuable platform for the treatment of a variety of diseases. Through the present article, we intend to provide insights into the latest developments made in this field. This modularity underscores the tremendous promise of supramolecular assemblies as an emerging interdisciplinary research branch at the interface of chemistry and biological sciences.

Carbazole-based bis-imidazole ligand-involved synthesis of inorganic–organic hybrid polyoxometalates as electrochemical sensors for detecting bromate and efficient catalysts for selective oxidation of thioether

Considering the potential application on preparing electrode and catalyst materials of inorganic–organic hybrid polyoxometalates, a bis-imidazole ligand with carbazole as a connector, 3,6-di(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-9H-carbazole (L), was used for preparing inorganic–organic hybrid polyoxometalates. As a result, three complexes formulated by [NiL₂(Mo₂O₇)] (1), [Cu(H₂O)₂(HL)₂ (β-Mo₈O₂₆)]·H₂O (2) and [Ni₂(H₂O)₄L₂ (CrMo₆(OH)₅O₁₉)]·6H₂O (3) were obtained successfully. Structural analysis indicated that the different polyoxoanions and metal ions showed important influences on the formation of structures. In the presence of Ni²⁺ ions and heptamolybdate, a 2D network constructed from Ni²⁺ ions and L ligands was formed in complex 1, in which the [Mo₄O₁₄]⁴⁻ polyoxoanions were encapsulated. But the use of Cu²⁺ ions led to a 1D chain of complex 2, which was composed of [β-Mo₈O₂₆]⁴⁻ polyoxoanions and mononuclear {CuL₂} units. By utilizing [CrMo₆(OH)₅O₁₉]⁴⁻ as the inorganic building block, complex 3 showed a 2D (4, 4)-connected layer. Complexes 1–3 could be employed as electrode materials for sensing bromate with the limits of detection of 0.315 μM for 1, 0.098 μM for 2 and 0.551 μM for 3. Moreover, these complexes showed efficient catalytic activity for the selective oxidation of thioethers.

Three inorganic–organic hybrid polyoxometalates were prepared using a bis-imidazole ligand featuring carbazole as a connector, exhibiting not only diverse structures, but also good electrochemical sensing activities for bromate, as well as efficient catalytic performances for oxidation of thioether.

Stepwise syntheses and supramolecular assemblies of a series of polyoxovanadate hybrids with various architectures

Inorganic–organic hybrids with carbon chains of different lengths at the terminus of the organic ligands exhibit supramolecular-assemblies in different dimensions.

Synthesis of novel bis(Triol)-functionalized Anderson clusters serving as potential synthons for forming organic–inorganic hybrid chains

Three novel bis(Triol)-functionalized Anderson cluster derivatives (POM–L–POM, POM–L, L–POM–L) were efficiently synthesized, which manifested interesting self-assembly and synergistic effect.