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Wang Q, Chen YX, Ji SH, Zhou JM, Li RH, Cai YR. Electrochemical Synthesis of Phenothiazinone as Fluorophore and Its Application in Bioimaging. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302124. [PMID: 37658481 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Phenothiazinone is a promising yet underutilized fluorophore, possibly due to the lack of a general accessibility. This study reports a robust and scalable TEMPO-mediated electrochemical method to access a variety of phenothiazinones from 2-aminothiophenols and quinones. The electrosynthesis proceeds in a simple cell architecture under mild condition, and notably carbon-halogen bond in quinones remains compared to conventional methods, enabling orthogonal downstream functionalization. Mechanistic studies corroborate that TEMPO exerts a protective effect in avoiding product decomposition at the cathode. In particular, benzophenothiazinones show intriguing luminescence in both solid and solution state, and thus their photophysical properties are scrutinized in detail. Further bio-imaging of the lipid droplets in living cells highlights the considerable promise of benzophenothiazinones as fluorescent dye in the biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Yue-Xi Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Su-Hui Ji
- School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Min Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Ren-Hao Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Yun-Rui Cai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, P. R. China
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2
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Ji SH, Wang Q, Cai YR. A facile approach to phenothiazinones via catalytic aerobic oxidation: discovery of an antiproliferative agent. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:8197-8200. [PMID: 37789759 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01111a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
The production of bioactive pharmaceutical ingredients in a sustainable manner has become essential in the modern academic and industrial community. Herein, we report a chemically robust and sustainable aerobic oxidation for the synthesis of the phenothiazinone framework, using the commercially available TEMPO/HBF4/NaNO2 co-catalytic system under an ambient atmosphere. The reaction is highly efficient with broad scopes and excellent scalability. Preliminary activity screening led to the discovery of compound 3 as a potent antiproliferative agent. The green synthesis of a variety of sulfur containing heterocycles might encourage the pursuit of biologically valuable molecules in the medicinal field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Hui Ji
- School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yun-Rui Cai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Sahoo SS, Murmu M, Banerjee P, Pathan HM, Salunke-Gawali S. Tailoring benzo[ α]phenoxazine moiety for efficient photosensitizers in dye sensitized solar cells via the DFT/TD-DFT method. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj02589b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Three benzo[α]phenoxazine-based dyes were designed by tailoring donor (D) and anchoring (A) moiety to benzo[α]phenoxazinetemplate via DFT and TD-DFT method for dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suprabha S. Sahoo
- Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
- Department of Physics, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Manilal Murmu
- Surface Engineering & Tribology Group, CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, M.G. Avenue, Durgapur 713209, West Bengal, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), AcSIR Headquarters CSIR-HRDC Campus, Sector-19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Priyabrata Banerjee
- Surface Engineering & Tribology Group, CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, M.G. Avenue, Durgapur 713209, West Bengal, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), AcSIR Headquarters CSIR-HRDC Campus, Sector-19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Habib M. Pathan
- Department of Physics, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
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4
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Sakthivel P, Adarsh Krishna TP, Ilangovan A. Photocatalyzed Chemo‐Selective Alkylation of Quinones and Phenothiazinones with Alkyl Amides: Photophysical and Cytotoxic Activity Studies. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202100054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pandaram Sakthivel
- School of Chemistry Bharathidasan University Tiruchirappalli 620024 India
| | | | - Andivelu Ilangovan
- School of Chemistry Bharathidasan University Tiruchirappalli 620024 India
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5
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Hornum M, Mulberg MW, Szomek M, Reinholdt P, Brewer JR, Wüstner D, Kongsted J, Nielsen P. Substituted 9-Diethylaminobenzo[ a]phenoxazin-5-ones (Nile Red Analogues): Synthesis and Photophysical Properties. J Org Chem 2021; 86:1471-1488. [PMID: 33370098 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nile Red is a benzo[a]phenoxazone dye containing a diethylamino substituent at the 9-position. In recent years, it has become a popular histological stain for cellular membranes and lipid droplets due to its unrivaled fluorescent properties in lipophilic environments. This makes it an attractive lead for chemical decoration to tweak its attributes and optimize it for more specialized microscopy techniques, e.g., fluorescence lifetime imaging or two-photon excited fluorescence microscopy, to which Nile Red has never been optimized. Herein, we present synthesis approaches to a series of monosubstituted Nile Red derivatives (9-diethylbenzo[a]phenoxazin-5-ones) starting from 1-naphthols or 1,3-naphthalenediols. The solvatochromic responsiveness of these fluorophores is reported with focus on how the substituents affect the absorption and emission spectra, luminosity, fluorescence lifetimes, and two-photon absorptivity. Several of the analogues emerge as strong candidates for reporting the polarity of their local environment. Specifically, the one- and two-photon excited fluorescence of Nile Red turns out to be very responsive to substitution, and the spectroscopic features can be finely tuned by judiciously introducing substituents of distinct electronic character at specific positions. This new toolkit of 9-diethylbenzo[a]phenoxazine-5-ones constitutes a step toward the next generation of optical molecular probes for advancing the understanding of lipid structures and cellular processes.
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6
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Chadar D, Lande DN, Gejji SP, Nikalje MD, Chakravarty D, Salunke-Gawali S. Trimerization of Vitamin K3: Molecular structure and density functional theoretic investigations. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.03.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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7
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Onoabedje EA, Egu SA, Ezeokonkwo MA, Okoro UC. Highlights of molecular structures and applications of phenothiazine & phenoxazine polycycles. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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8
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Choudhari D, Lande DN, Chakravarty D, Gejji SP, Das P, Pardesi KR, Satpute S, Salunke-Gawali S. Reactions of 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone with aminophenols: evidence for hydroxy benzophenoxazine intermediate and antibacterial activity. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.08.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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9
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Mondal S, Bera S, Maity S, Ghosh P. Orthometalated N-(Benzophenoxazine)- o-aminophenol: Phenolato versus Phenoxyl States. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:13323-13334. [PMID: 31458047 PMCID: PMC6645054 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The molecular and electronic structures of the orthometalated ruthenium(III) and osmium(III) complexes of N-(benzophenoxazine)-o-aminophenol (OXLH2) that exhibits versatile redox activities are reported. The redox chemistry of OXLH2 is remarkably different from that of N-(aryl)-o-aminophenol (APLH2). The study established that OXLH2 is redox noninnocent and is a precursor of a phenoxyl radical. One of the C-H bonds of OXLH2 is activated by ions, and OXLH2 reveals three different redox states as dianionic phenolato (OXL2-), monoanionic phenoxyl radical (OXL•-), and zwitterionic phenoxium cation (OXL±) states. The reaction of OXLH2 with [RuII(PPh3)3Cl2] in boiling toluene in air affords an orthometalated OXL2- complex of ruthenium(III), trans-[(OXL2-)RuIII(PPh3)2(Cl)] (1), whereas the similar reaction with [OsII(PPh3)3Br2] yields an orthometalated OXL•- complex, cis-[(OXL•-)OsIII(PPh3)Br2] (2). 1 and 2 exhibit ligand-based reversible redox waves due to OXL•-/OXL2-, OXL±/OXL•-, and MIII/MII couples. The 1 + ion is a OXL•- complex of ruthenium(III). 2 - exhibits temperature-dependent valence tautomerism due to [OsII(OXL•-) ↔ OsIII(OXL2-)] equilibrium. 2 2- is a OXL2- complex of osmium(II), while 1 2+ and 2 + are OXL± complexes of metal(III). 2 is an oxidant and effective catalyst for oxidation of 3,5-di-tert-butylcatechol to the corresponding quinone, and the turnover number is 119.7 h-1. The UV-vis-NIR absorption spectrum of 1 displays an NIR band at 800 nm due to an intra-ligand-charge-transfer transition, which is absent in 2 incorporating a OXL•- radical. The molecular and electronic structures of 1 and 2 and their oxidized and reduced analogues were confirmed by single-crystal X-ray crystallography, variable-temperature electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, spectroelectrochemical measurements, and density functional theory calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Prasanta Ghosh
- E-mail: . Phone: +91-33-2428-7347. Fax: +91-33-2477-3597
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10
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Müller L, Hübner EG, Burzlaff N. Reinvestigation of the Synthesis of Hydroxy-Functionalized Diazapentacene: Unexpected Formation of a Phenoxazinone. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201701115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Müller
- Inorganic Chemistry; Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy; Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); Egerlandstraße 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Eike G. Hübner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Clausthal University of Technology; Leibnizstraße 6 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Nicolai Burzlaff
- Inorganic Chemistry; Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy; Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); Egerlandstraße 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
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11
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12
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Raju BR, Gonçalves MST, Coutinho PJG. Fluorescent probes based on side-chain chlorinated benzo[a]phenoxazinium chlorides: Studies of interaction with DNA. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 171:1-9. [PMID: 27450866 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2016.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of DNA with six water soluble benzo[a]phenoxazinium chlorides mono- or di-substituted with 3-chloropropyl groups at the O and N of 2- and 9-positions, along with methyl, hydroxyl and amine terminal groups at 5-positions, was investigated by photophysical techniques. The results indicated that almost all compounds intercalated in DNA base pairs at phosphate to dye ratio higher than 5. At lower values of this ratio, electrostatic binding mode with DNA was observed. Groove binding was detected mainly for the benzo[a]phenoxazinium dye with NH2·HBr terminal. The set of six benzo[a]phenoxazinium chlorides proved successful to label the migrating DNA in agarose gel electrophoresis assays. These finding proves the ability of these benzo[a]phenoxazinium dyes to strongly interact with DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Rama Raju
- Centre of Chemistry, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; Centre of Physics, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - M Sameiro T Gonçalves
- Centre of Chemistry, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Paulo J G Coutinho
- Centre of Physics, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
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13
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Polymorphism in chloro derivatives of 1,4-naphthoquinone: Experiment and density functional theoretic investigations. J Mol Struct 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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14
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De Nisco M, Bolognese A, Sala M, Pedatella S, Manfra M. Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Pyridophenoxazinones, a Class of Antiproliferative Compounds. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201600316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mauro De Nisco
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata; Viale dell'Ateneo Lucano 10 I-85100 Potenza Italy
| | - Adele Bolognese
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Napoli Federico II; Via Cintia 4 I-80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Marina Sala
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Biomediche; University of Salerno; Via Ponte Don Melillo I-84084 Fisciano (SA) Italy
| | - Silvana Pedatella
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Napoli Federico II; Via Cintia 4 I-80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Michele Manfra
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata; Viale dell'Ateneo Lucano 10 I-85100 Potenza Italy
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15
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Agarwal G, Lande DN, Chakrovarty D, Gejji SP, Gosavi-Mirkute P, Patil A, Salunke-Gawali S. Bromine substituted aminonaphthoquinones: synthesis, characterization, DFT and metal ion binding studies. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra20970j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Bromine substituted aminonaphthoquinones – chemosensors for metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunjan Agarwal
- Department of Chemistry
- Savitribai Phule Pune University
- Pune 411007
- India
| | - Dipali N. Lande
- Department of Chemistry
- Savitribai Phule Pune University
- Pune 411007
- India
| | | | - Shridhar P. Gejji
- Department of Chemistry
- Savitribai Phule Pune University
- Pune 411007
- India
| | | | - Amit Patil
- Department of Chemistry
- Savitribai Phule Pune University
- Pune 411007
- India
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16
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Chadar D, Rao SS, Gejji SP, Ugale B, Nagaraja CM, Nikalje M, Salunke-Gawali S. Regioselective synthesis of a vitamin K3 based dihydrobenzophenazine derivative: its novel crystal structure and DFT studies. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra13169c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel regioselective synthesis of vitamin K3 based dihydrobenzophenazine is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dattatray Chadar
- Department of Chemistry
- Savitribai Phule Pune University
- Pune 411007
- India
| | - Soniya S. Rao
- Department of Chemistry
- Savitribai Phule Pune University
- Pune 411007
- India
| | - Shridhar P. Gejji
- Department of Chemistry
- Savitribai Phule Pune University
- Pune 411007
- India
| | - Bharat Ugale
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Rupnagar-140001
- India
| | - C. M. Nagaraja
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Rupnagar-140001
- India
| | - Milind Nikalje
- Department of Chemistry
- Savitribai Phule Pune University
- Pune 411007
- India
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17
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Pal S, Konkimalla VB, Kathawate L, Rao SS, Gejji SP, Puranik VG, Weyhermüller T, Salunke-Gawali S. Targeting a chemorefractory COLO205 (BRAF V600E) cell line using substituted benzo[α]phenoxazines. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra14949e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzo[α]phenoxazine derivatives specifically toxic to a malignant COLO205 cell line with a BRAF mutation (V600E) and nontoxic to a non-malignant wild-type BRAF HEK293T cell line are studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjima Pal
- School of Biological Sciences
- National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER)
- Bhubaneswar 751005
- India
| | - V. Badireenath Konkimalla
- School of Biological Sciences
- National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER)
- Bhubaneswar 751005
- India
| | - Laxmi Kathawate
- Department of Chemistry
- Savitribai Phule Pune University
- Pune 411007
- India
| | - Soniya S. Rao
- Department of Chemistry
- Savitribai Phule Pune University
- Pune 411007
- India
| | - Shridhar P. Gejji
- Department of Chemistry
- Savitribai Phule Pune University
- Pune 411007
- India
| | - Vedavati G. Puranik
- Center for Material Characterization
- National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune 411008
- India
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