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Klepacz-Smolka A, Shah MR, Jiang Y, Zhong Y, Chen P, Pietrzyk D, Szelag R, Ledakowicz S, Daroch M. Microalgae are not an umbrella solution for power industry waste abatement but could play a role in their valorization. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2023:1-29. [PMID: 38105487 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2023.2284644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae have long been regarded as a promising solution for biological carbon abatement from the power industry, offering renewable biomass without competing for land or water resources used for food crops. In this study, we extensively examined the application of photosynthetic microorganisms for closing carbon, nitrogen, and micronutrient loops in the power industry. Subsequently, we explored the bottom-up integration of algal biorefineries into power industry waste streams for increased economic benefits and reduced environmental impacts. Analysis of the available data indicated that microalgae integration with the power industry is primarily performed using flue-gas-assisted cultivation. This approach allows for carbon sequestration typically below one gram per liter per day, too low to significantly impact carbon abatement at achievable scales of microalgae cultivation. Alternative approaches are also being explored. For example, soluble bicarbonate platforms allow for higher biomass productivity and temporary carbon storage. Meanwhile, the use of ashes and waste heat and thermophilic strains can result in lower cultivation costs and better control of cultivation conditions. These approaches offer further incremental improvement to microalgae-based carbon abatement systems in the power industry but are unlikely to be an umbrella solution for carbon reduction. Consequently, in the near term, microalgae-based carbon valorization systems are likely to be limited to niche applications involving the synthesis of high-value products. For microalgae to truly transform carbon abatement processes radical improvements in both biology and engineering approaches are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Klepacz-Smolka
- Faculty of Process Engineering and Environmental Protection, Technical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Mahfuzur R Shah
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ying Jiang
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuqing Zhong
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Pengyu Chen
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Damian Pietrzyk
- Faculty of Process Engineering and Environmental Protection, Technical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Rafal Szelag
- Faculty of Process Engineering and Environmental Protection, Technical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Stanislaw Ledakowicz
- Faculty of Process Engineering and Environmental Protection, Technical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Maurycy Daroch
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
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2
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Kadri MS, Singhania RR, Anisha GS, Gohil N, Singh V, Patel AK, Patel AK. Microalgal lutein: Advancements in production, extraction, market potential, and applications. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 389:129808. [PMID: 37806362 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Lutein, a bioactive xanthophyll, has recently attracted significant attention for numerous health benefits, e.g., protection of eye health, macular degeneration, and acute and chronic syndromes etc. Microalgae have emerged as the best platform for high-value lutein production with high productivity, lutein content, and scale-up potential. Algal lutein possesses numerous bioactivities, hence widely used in pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, aquaculture, cosmetics, etc. This review highlights advances in upstream lutein production enhancement and feasible downstream extraction and cell disruption techniques for a large-scale lutein biorefinery. Besides bioprocess-related advances, possible solutions for existing production challenges in microalgae-based lutein biorefinery, market potential, and emerging commercial scopes of lutein and its potential health applications are also discussed. The key enzymes involved in the lutein biosynthesizing Methyl-Erythritol-phosphate (MEP) pathway have been briefly described. This review provides a comprehensive updates on lutein research advancements covering scalable upstream and downstream production strategies and potential applications for researchers and industrialists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sibtain Kadri
- Department of Education and Human Potential Development, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, 974301, Taiwan
| | - Reeta Rani Singhania
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, 81157, Taiwan; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow, 226 029, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Grace Sathyanesan Anisha
- Post-graduate and Research Department of Zoology, Government College for Women, Thiruvananthapuram, 695014, Kerala, India
| | - Nisarg Gohil
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana, 382715, Gujarat, India
| | - Vijai Singh
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana, 382715, Gujarat, India
| | - Alok Kumar Patel
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Anil Kumar Patel
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, 81157, Taiwan; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow, 226 029, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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3
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Kuo CM, Yang YC, Zhang WX, Wu JX, Chen YT, Lin CH, Lin MW, Lin CS. A Low-Cost Fertilizer Medium Supplemented with Urea for the Lutein Production of Chlorella sp. and the Ability of the Lutein to Protect Cells against Blue Light Irradiation. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10050594. [PMID: 37237664 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10050594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the use of organic fertilizers instead of modified f/2 medium for Chlorella sp. cultivation, and the extracted lutein of the microalga to protect mammal cells against blue-light irradiation. The biomass productivity and lutein content of Chlorella sp. cultured in 20 g/L fertilizer medium for 6 days were 1.04 g/L/d and 4.41 mg/g, respectively. These values are approximately 1.3- and 1.4-fold higher than those achieved with the modified f/2 medium, respectively. The cost of medium per gram of microalgal biomass reduced by about 97%. The microalgal lutein content was further increased to 6.03 mg/g in 20 g/L fertilizer medium when supplemented with 20 mM urea, and the cost of medium per gram lutein reduced by about 96%. When doses of ≥1 μM microalgal lutein were used to protect mammal NIH/3T3 cells, there was a significant reduction in the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by the cells in the following blue-light irradiation treatments. The results show that microalgal lutein produced by fertilizers with urea supplements has the potential to develop anti-blue-light oxidation products and reduce the economic challenges of microalgal biomass applied to carbon biofixation and biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiu-Mei Kuo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan City 320314, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chun Yang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Xin Zhang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Xun Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan City 320314, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tso Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan City 320314, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Han Lin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Wei Lin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Sheng Lin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan
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4
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Fu Y, Wang Y, Yi L, Liu J, Yang S, Liu B, Chen F, Sun H. Lutein production from microalgae: A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 376:128875. [PMID: 36921637 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Lutein production from microalgae is a sustainable and economical strategy to offer the increasing global demands, but is still challenged with low lutein content at the high-cell density for commercial production. This review summarizes the suitable conditions for cell growth and lutein accumulation, and presents recent cultivation strategies to further improve lutein productivity. Light and nitrogen play critical roles in lutein biosynthesis that lead to the efficient multi-stage cultivation by increasing lutein content at the later stage. In addition, metabolic and genetic designs for carbon regulation and lutein biosynthesis are discussed at the molecule level. The in-situ lutein accumulation in fermenters by regulating carbon metabolism is considered as a cost-effective direction. Then, downstream processes are summarized for the efficient lutein recovery. Finally, challenges of current lutein production from microalgae are discussed. Meanwhile, potential solutions are proposed to improve lutein content and drive down costs of microalgal biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlei Fu
- Institute for Food and Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yinan Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Lanbo Yi
- Institute for Food and Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Institute for Food and Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shufang Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Han Sun
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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5
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Li J, Zhao X, Chang JS, Miao X. A Two-Stage Culture Strategy for Scenedesmus sp. FSP3 for CO 2 Fixation and the Simultaneous Production of Lutein under Light and Salt Stress. Molecules 2022. [PMID: 36364324 DOI: 10.3390/molecules2721749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, Scenedesmus sp. FSP3 was cultured using a two-stage culture strategy for CO2 fixation and lutein production. During the first stage, propylene carbonate was added to the medium, with 5% CO2 introduced to promote the rapid growth and CO2 fixation of the microalgae. During the second stage of cultivation, a NaCl concentration of 156 mmol L-1 and a light intensity of 160 μmol m-2 s-1 were used to stimulate the accumulation of lutein in the microalgal cells. By using this culture method, high lutein production and CO2 fixation were simultaneously achieved. The biomass productivity and carbon fixation rate of Scenedesmus sp. FSP3 reached 0.58 g L-1 d-1 and 1.09 g L-1 d-1, with a lutein content and yield as high as 6.45 mg g-1 and 2.30 mg L-1 d-1, respectively. The results reveal a commercially feasible way to integrate microalgal lutein production with CO2 fixation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Biomass Energy Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xinqing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan
- Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan
| | - Xiaoling Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Biomass Energy Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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6
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Li J, Zhao X, Chang JS, Miao X. A Two-Stage Culture Strategy for Scenedesmus sp. FSP3 for CO 2 Fixation and the Simultaneous Production of Lutein under Light and Salt Stress. Molecules 2022; 27:7497. [PMID: 36364324 PMCID: PMC9655217 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, Scenedesmus sp. FSP3 was cultured using a two-stage culture strategy for CO2 fixation and lutein production. During the first stage, propylene carbonate was added to the medium, with 5% CO2 introduced to promote the rapid growth and CO2 fixation of the microalgae. During the second stage of cultivation, a NaCl concentration of 156 mmol L-1 and a light intensity of 160 μmol m-2 s-1 were used to stimulate the accumulation of lutein in the microalgal cells. By using this culture method, high lutein production and CO2 fixation were simultaneously achieved. The biomass productivity and carbon fixation rate of Scenedesmus sp. FSP3 reached 0.58 g L-1 d-1 and 1.09 g L-1 d-1, with a lutein content and yield as high as 6.45 mg g-1 and 2.30 mg L-1 d-1, respectively. The results reveal a commercially feasible way to integrate microalgal lutein production with CO2 fixation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Biomass Energy Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xinqing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan
- Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan
| | - Xiaoling Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Biomass Energy Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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7
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Mary Leema JT, Persia Jothy T, Dharani G. Rapid green microwave assisted extraction of lutein from Chlorella sorokiniana (NIOT-2) - Process optimization. Food Chem 2022; 372:131151. [PMID: 34601422 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chloropycean microalgae are looked up as a prospective alternate source for the production of xanthophyll carotenoid lutein. Despite, the market significance and multitude of nutraceutical applications of lutein commercial production from microalgae still remains a challenge due to the prohibitive downstream cost. This necessitates innovative less energy intensive, high lutein yielding green processes. The present work presents a comprehensive study on the rapid green microwave assisted extraction (MAE) of lutein from marine chlorophycean microalgae Chlorella sorokiniana (NIOT-2). The process parameters of microwave assisted alkali pre-treatment like exposure time (ET), alkali concentration (AC) and solid (biomass): liquid (aqueous Potassium hydroxide-KOH) ratio (S: L ratio) were optimized using single factor and response surface method (RSM) experiments. The optimized conditions for microwave assisted alkali pre-treatment (ET:1.47 min; AC: 8.16 M KOH and S:L ratio of 36.8:1 (mg/mL) augmented the lutein yield (20.69 ± 1.2 mg/g) 3.26 fold when compared to conventional extraction (6.35 ± 0.44 mg/g). Lutein extracted using optimized MAE conditions was purified and characterized. Visualization of the MAE extracted algal biomass using Scanning electron microscope confirmed the effective cell disruption. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of microwave assisted alkali treated biomass (83.85%) revealed a significantly higher crystallinity index when compared to untreated control (17.28%). MAE pre-treatment can thus be propounded as a suitable process for lutein extraction from marine microalgae due to its amalgamated rapidity, homogenous heating, less energy intensiveness and high extraction yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Mary Leema
- Marine Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Ocean Technology, (Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India), Velachery - Tambaram Main Road, Pallikaranai, Chennai 600 100, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - T Persia Jothy
- Marine Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Ocean Technology, (Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India), Velachery - Tambaram Main Road, Pallikaranai, Chennai 600 100, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - G Dharani
- Marine Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Ocean Technology, (Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India), Velachery - Tambaram Main Road, Pallikaranai, Chennai 600 100, Tamil Nadu, India.
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8
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Ren Y, Deng J, Lin Y, Huang J, Chen F. Developing a Chromochloris zofingiensis Mutant for Enhanced Production of Lutein under CO2 Aeration. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20030194. [PMID: 35323493 PMCID: PMC8950978 DOI: 10.3390/md20030194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae are competitive and commercial sources for health-benefit carotenoids. In this study, a Chromochloris zofingiensis mutant (Cz-pkg), which does not shut off its photosystem and stays green upon glucose treatment, was generated and characterized. Cz-pkg was developed by treating the algal cells with a chemical mutagen as N-methyl-N’-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and followed by a color-based colony screening approach. Cz-pkg was found to contain a dysfunctional cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG). By cultivated with CO2 aeration under mixotrophy, the mutant accumulated lutein up to 31.93 ± 1.91 mg L−1 with a productivity of 10.57 ± 0.73 mg L−1 day−1, which were about 2.5- and 8.5-fold of its mother strain. Besides, the lutein content of Cz-pkg could reach 7.73 ± 0.52 mg g−1 of dry weight, which is much higher than that of marigold flower, the most common commercial source of lutein. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that in the mutant Cz-pkg, most of the genes involved in the biosynthesis of lutein and chlorophylls were not down-regulated upon glucose addition, suggesting that PKG may regulate the metabolisms of photosynthetic pigments. This study demonstrated that Cz-pkg could serve as a promising strain for both lutein production and glucose sensing study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Ren
- Institute for Food and Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (J.D.); (Y.L.)
- Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jinquan Deng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (J.D.); (Y.L.)
- Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (J.D.); (Y.L.)
- Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Junchao Huang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (J.D.); (Y.L.)
- Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (F.C.)
| | - Feng Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (J.D.); (Y.L.)
- Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (F.C.)
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9
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Van T Do C, Dinh CT, Dang MT, Dang Tran T, Giang Le T. A novel flat-panel photobioreactor for simultaneous production of lutein and carbon sequestration by Chlorella sorokiniana TH01. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 345:126552. [PMID: 34906709 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide is the major cause of global warming. However, it is a carbon source for phototrophic production of chemicals from microalgae. In this work, a novel flat-panel photobioreactor (FPP) was used for maximization of biomass and lutein production and CO2 fixation by a lutein-rich C. sorokiniana TH01. CO2 concentration, light intensity and aeration rate were optimized as 5%, 150 µmol/m2/s and 1 L/min, respectively. The highest biomass productivity, lutein productivity and CO2 fixation efficiency were measured for indoor single and sequential FPPs were 284 - 469 mg/L/d, 2.57 - 4.57 mg/L/d, and 63 - 100%, respectively. In a climatic condition of 25.5 - 33 °C and 86 - 600 µmol/m2/s, C. sorokiniana TH01 achieved lutein productivity and CO2 fixation efficiency of 2.1 - 3.03 mg/L/d and 56 - 81%, respectively, while the comparable biomass productivity of 284 - 419 mg/L/d was maintained. This pioneered FPP system was efficiently demonstrated for production of algal lutein from CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cam Van T Do
- HaUI Institute of Technology, Hanoi University of Industry, 298 Cau Dien Street, Bac Tu Liem, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Cuc T Dinh
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Mai T Dang
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thuan Dang Tran
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Truong Giang Le
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
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10
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Venkata Subhash G, Rajvanshi M, Raja Krishna Kumar G, Shankar Sagaram U, Prasad V, Govindachary S, Dasgupta S. Challenges in microalgal biofuel production: A perspective on techno economic feasibility under biorefinery stratagem. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 343:126155. [PMID: 34673195 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Rapidly exhausting fossil fuels combined with the ever-increasing demand for energy led to an ongoing search for alternative energy sources to meet the transportation, manufacturing, domestic and other energy demands of the grown population. Microalgae are at the forefront of alternative energy research due to their significant potential as a renewable feedstock for biofuels. However, microalgae platforms have not found a way into industrial-scale bioenergy production due to various technical and economic constraints. The present review provides a detailed overview of the challenges in microalgae production processes for bioenergy purposes with supporting techno-economic assessments related to microalgae cultivation, harvesting and downstream processes required for crude oil or biofuel production. In addition, biorefinery approaches that can valorize the by-products or co-products in microalgae production and enhance the techno-economics of the production process are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Venkata Subhash
- Reliance Research and Development Centre, Reliance Corporate Park, Thane-Belapur Road, NaviMumbai 400701, India.
| | - Meghna Rajvanshi
- Reliance Research and Development Centre, Reliance Corporate Park, Thane-Belapur Road, NaviMumbai 400701, India
| | - G Raja Krishna Kumar
- Reliance Research and Development Centre, Reliance Corporate Park, Thane-Belapur Road, NaviMumbai 400701, India
| | - Uma Shankar Sagaram
- Reliance Research and Development Centre, Reliance Corporate Park, Thane-Belapur Road, NaviMumbai 400701, India
| | - Venkatesh Prasad
- Reliance Research and Development Centre, Reliance Corporate Park, Thane-Belapur Road, NaviMumbai 400701, India
| | - Sridharan Govindachary
- Reliance Research and Development Centre, Reliance Corporate Park, Thane-Belapur Road, NaviMumbai 400701, India
| | - Santanu Dasgupta
- Reliance Research and Development Centre, Reliance Corporate Park, Thane-Belapur Road, NaviMumbai 400701, India
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Mehariya S, Goswami RK, Karthikeysan OP, Verma P. Microalgae for high-value products: A way towards green nutraceutical and pharmaceutical compounds. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 280:130553. [PMID: 33940454 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae is a renewable bioresource with the potential to replace the conventional fossil-based industrial production of organic chemicals and pharmaceuticals. Moreover, the microalgal biomass contains carotenoids, vitamins, and other biomolecules that are widely used as food supplements. However, the microalgal biomass production, their composition variations, energy-intensive harvesting methods, optimized bio-refinery routes, and lack of techno-economic analysis are the major bottleneck for the life-sized commercialization of this nascent bio-industry. This review discusses the microalgae-derived key bioactive compounds and their applications in different sectors for human health. Furthermore, this review proposes advanced strategies to enhance the productivity of bioactive compounds and highlight the key challenges associated with a safety issue for use of microalgae biomass. It also provides a detailed global scenario and market demand of microalgal bioproducts. In conclusion, this review will provide the concept of microalgal biorefinery to produce bioactive compounds at industrial scale platform for their application in the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical sector considering their current and future market trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeet Mehariya
- Department of Engineering, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Real Casa Dell'Annunziata, Via Roma 29, 81031, Aversa, CE, Italy; Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Rahul Kumar Goswami
- Bioprocess and Bioenergy Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, 305817, Rajasthan, India
| | - Obulisamy Parthiba Karthikeysan
- Department of Engineering Technology, College of Technology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA; Civil and Environmental Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD, USA.
| | - Pradeep Verma
- Bioprocess and Bioenergy Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, 305817, Rajasthan, India.
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12
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Banerjee S, Ray A, Das D. Optimization of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cultivation with simultaneous CO 2 sequestration and biofuels production in a biorefinery framework. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 762:143080. [PMID: 33162147 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Algal biomass is regarded as a sustainable energy feedstock for the future. Enhancement of the biomass and metabolite production of microalgae increases the economic feasibility of the biofuel production process. The present study encompasses on bioethanol production from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii through a biorefinery approach. The biomass and carbohydrate productivity of C. reinhardtii UTEX 90 and CC 2656 were enhanced by optimizing the physico-chemical parameters. The following conditions were found suitable for the improvement of biomass and metabolite content of C. reinhardtii: pH 6.5-7.0, incubation temperature 30 °C, initial acetate and ammonium chloride concentration of 1.56 g L-1 and 100-200 mg L-1, respectively. Under the optimized operational condition biomass and carbohydrate productivity of C. reinhardtii UTEX 90 and CC 2656 were 512 mg L-1 d-1 & 266.24 mg L-1 d-1 and 364 mg L-1 d -1 & 163.80 mg L-1 d-1, respectively. The amount of CO2 sequestered during the cultivation process by UTEX 90 and CC 2656 were 113 mg L-1 d-1 and 74.95 mg L-1 d-1, respectively. The depigmented and defatted carbohydrate rich biomass was considered as raw material for bioethanol production. The bioethanol yield range was 90-94% of the theoretical yield using Saccharomyces cerevisiae INVSC-1 in a double jacket reactor. To improve the viability of the process, the spent media after ethanol fermentation was subsequently used for methane production using mixed microbial consortium. The energy recovery from the process was 40.39% and 39.7% for UTEX 90 and CC 2656, respectively when C. reinhardtii biomass was used as substrate for biofuel production. The present investigation concedes with the potentiality of algae as a favourable 3rd generation feedstock to address the existing challenges of clean energy production with concomitant CO2 sequestration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjukta Banerjee
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Ayusmita Ray
- P K Sinha Centre for Bioenergy and Renewables, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Debabrata Das
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India.
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13
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Comparison of photosynthetic carbon fixation of Nannochloropsis oceanica cultivated with carbon suppliers: CO2, NaHCO3 and CH3OH. J CO2 UTIL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2020.101235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Teng SY, Yew GY, Sukačová K, Show PL, Máša V, Chang JS. Microalgae with artificial intelligence: A digitalized perspective on genetics, systems and products. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 44:107631. [PMID: 32931875 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
With recent advances in novel gene-editing tools such as RNAi, ZFNs, TALENs, and CRISPR-Cas9, the possibility of altering microalgae toward designed properties for various application is becoming a reality. Alteration of microalgae genomes can modify metabolic pathways to give elevated yields in lipids, biomass, and other components. The potential of such genetically optimized microalgae can give a "domino effect" in further providing optimization leverages down the supply chain, in aspects such as cultivation, processing, system design, process integration, and revolutionary products. However, the current level of understanding the functional information of various microalgae gene sequences is still primitive and insufficient as microalgae genome sequences are long and complex. From this perspective, this work proposes to link up this knowledge gap between microalgae genetic information and optimized bioproducts using Artificial Intelligence (AI). With the recent acceleration of AI research, large and complex data from microalgae research can be properly analyzed by combining the cutting-edge of both fields. In this work, the most suitable class of AI algorithms (such as active learning, semi-supervised learning, and meta-learning) are discussed for different cases of microalgae applications. This work concisely reviews the current state of the research milestones and highlight some of the state-of-art that has been carried out, providing insightful future pathways. The utilization of AI algorithms in microalgae cultivation, system optimization, and other aspects of the supply chain is also discussed. This work opens the pathway to a digitalized future for microalgae research and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sin Yong Teng
- Brno University of Technology, Institute of Process Engineering, Technická 2896/2, 616 69, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Guo Yong Yew
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Kateřina Sukačová
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, Brno 603 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Vítězslav Máša
- Brno University of Technology, Institute of Process Engineering, Technická 2896/2, 616 69, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan.
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15
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Ma R, Zhao X, Ho SH, Shi X, Liu L, Xie Y, Chen J, Lu Y. Co-production of lutein and fatty acid in microalga Chlamydomonas sp. JSC4 in response to different temperatures with gene expression profiles. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.101821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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16
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Molino A, Mehariya S, Iovine A, Casella P, Marino T, Karatza D, Chianese S, Musmarra D. Enhancing Biomass and Lutein Production From Scenedesmus almeriensis: Effect of Carbon Dioxide Concentration and Culture Medium Reuse. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:415. [PMID: 32373140 PMCID: PMC7186383 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of operative parameters and bioprocess strategies on the photo-autotrophic cultivation of the microalgae Scenedesmus almeriensis for lutein production. S. almeriensis was cultivated in a vertical bubble column photobioreactor (VBC-PBR) in batch mode and the bioactive compounds were extracted by accelerated solvent extraction with ethanol at 67°C and 10 MPa. The cultivation with a volume fraction of CO2 in the range 0-3.0%v/v showed that the highest biomass and lutein concentrations - 3.7 g/L and 5.71 mg/g, respectively - were measured at the highest CO2 concentration and using fresh growth medium. Recycling the cultivation medium from harvested microalgae resulted in decreased biomass and lutein content. The nutrient chemical composition analysis showed the highest consumption rates for nitrogen and phosphorus, with values higher than 80%, while sulfate and chloride were less consumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Molino
- Department of Sustainability-CR Portici, ENEA Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Portici, Italy
| | - Sanjeet Mehariya
- Department of Sustainability-CR Portici, ENEA Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Portici, Italy
- Department of Engineering, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Aversa, Italy
| | - Angela Iovine
- Department of Sustainability-CR Portici, ENEA Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Portici, Italy
- Department of Engineering, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Aversa, Italy
| | - Patrizia Casella
- Department of Sustainability-CR Portici, ENEA Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Portici, Italy
| | - Tiziana Marino
- Department of Engineering, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Aversa, Italy
| | - Despina Karatza
- Department of Engineering, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Aversa, Italy
| | - Simeone Chianese
- Department of Engineering, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Aversa, Italy
- *Correspondence: Simeone Chianese,
| | - Dino Musmarra
- Department of Engineering, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Aversa, Italy
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17
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Di Caprio F, Altimari P, Pagnanelli F. New strategies enhancing feasibility of microalgal cultivations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64337-7.00016-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
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18
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De Bhowmick G, Sen R, Sarmah AK. Consolidated bioprocessing of wastewater cocktail in an algal biorefinery for enhanced biomass, lipid and lutein production coupled with efficient CO 2 capture: An advanced optimization approach. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 252:109696. [PMID: 31629179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We present a holistic approach in establishing a successful green integrated bio-refinery system with improved biomass, lipid and lutein productivity, while remediating wastewater and sequestering CO2 with potential biodiesel and healthcare applications. To achieve this we evaluated the effect of four process parameters: CO2% supply; acetate concentration; poultry litter waste (PLW) concentration; and light intensity on cultivation of Chlorella minutissma following the Taguchi's design of experimental technique. A four factors, three levels orthogonal array was adopted to cultivate Chlorella minutissma in specially developed waste water medium. Effect of the process parameters on biomass productivity, CO2 fixation rate, lipid content, lutein productivity and bioremediation capacity were determined. Results obtained from individual parametric combinations and Signal/Noise (S/N) ratio responses indicated S3 (5% CO2, 100 mg L-1 of acetate, 10 g L-1 of poultry litter, and 15, 000 lux of light intensity) combination as the optimum cultivation condition. Following the S3 combination a significant enhancement in biomass productivity (292 mg L-1 d-1) with exceedingly high CO2 fixation rate and photosynthetic efficiency (51.51 g L-1 d-1 of CO2; P.E: 15.81%) was achieved. A maximum of 169.29 mg L-1 d-1 of lipid with a balanced distribution of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids conformed to the international standard for biodiesel was achieved. Additionally, 7.21 mg L-1 d-1 of lutein productivity was also accomplished within 7 day of cultivation, while remediating up to 93-90% of nitrogenous and phosphate substrates. Statistically, the results reinforced our findings with the S/N responses and experimental observations for a particular property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goldy De Bhowmick
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Ramkrishna Sen
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
| | - Ajit K Sarmah
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
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19
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De Bhowmick G, Sen R, Sarmah AK. Analysis of growth and intracellular product synthesis dynamics of a microalga cultivated in wastewater cocktail as medium. Biochem Eng J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2019.107253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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20
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Singh HM, Kothari R, Gupta R, Tyagi VV. Bio-fixation of flue gas from thermal power plants with algal biomass: Overview and research perspectives. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 245:519-539. [PMID: 30803750 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Rate of energy production is reflecting growth of nations and most of energy produced from the coal and natural gas-based thermal power plants (TPPs). Flue gas (point sources of emission) are main exhaustible form of gases that come from thermal power plants and are continuously promoting climate change and various environmental problems in global scenario. The present available technologies of flue gas treatment are energy and cost-intensive process. Among the available techniques for fixation of flue-gases at sustainable part, microalgal bio-fixation of flue gas is an alternative promising and competent technology with assurance of eco-friendly path of low energy and low-cost solution for pollution abetment with production of value added products. According to mechanism involves during photosynthetic process of microalgae, it utilizes atmospheric CO2 and CO2 from flue gases for their growth. Past, present and future treatment technologies for flue gas with their challenges are discussed. Recent experimental studies and commercially available bioreactors are very particular for bio-fixation of flue gas from thermal power plants are also reviewed with their future perspectives. The commercial viability of process with specific microalgal strains and utilized biomass for further value-added products are suggested with future limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Har Mohan Singh
- School of Energy Management, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra, 182320, (J&K), India
| | - Richa Kothari
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jammu, Samba, 181143, (J&K), India; Department of Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, 226025, UP, India.
| | - Rakesh Gupta
- School of Energy Management, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra, 182320, (J&K), India
| | - V V Tyagi
- School of Energy Management, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra, 182320, (J&K), India.
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21
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Bench-Scale Cultivation of Microalgae Scenedesmus almeriensis for CO2 Capture and Lutein Production. ENERGIES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/en12142806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, Scenedesmus almeriensis as green microalga was cultivated on bench-scale for carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and lutein production. The autotrophic cultivation of S. almeriensis was carried out by using a vertical bubble column photo-bioreactor (VBC-PBR) with a continuous flow of a gaseous mixture of oxygen (O2), nitrogen (N2), and CO2, the latter in content of 0.0–3.0 %v/v. The liquid phase was batch. S. almeriensis growth was optimized. In addition, lutein extraction was carried out by using accelerated solvent extraction with ethanol as Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) solvent at 67 °C and 10 MPa. Upon optimization of CO2 concentration, the maximum biomass productivity, equal to 129.24 mg·L−1·d−1, was achieved during the cultivation by using a content of CO2 equal to 3.0 %v/v and it allowed to obtain a lutein content of 8.54 mg·g−1, which was 5.6-fold higher in comparison to the analogous process carried out without CO2 addition. The ion chemical analysis in the growth medium showed that by gradually increasing CO2 content, the nutrient consumption during the growth phase also increased. This study may be of potential interest for lutein extraction at industrial scale, since it is focused on pigment production from a natural source with a concomitantly CO2 capture.
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22
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De Bhowmick G, Sarmah AK, Sen R. Performance evaluation of an outdoor algal biorefinery for sustainable production of biomass, lipid and lutein valorizing flue-gas carbon dioxide and wastewater cocktail. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 283:198-206. [PMID: 30908984 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.03.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated wastewater remediation and CO2 utilization potential of Chlorella minutissima from flue gas in a raceway pond, while synthesizing lutein and lipid for potential healthcare and biofuel application. A mix of 20% kitchen waste, 10 g L-1 of poultry litter waste and 5% flue gas was maintained while cultivating the microalga. Complete removal of nitrate, nitrite and ammonium, 85% carbon and 91% phosphorus was observed. An average areal biomass productivity of 4.06 ± 0.12 g m-2 day-1 with a specific growth rate of 0.34 ± 0.03 day-1 was observed within 9 days. Biomass productivity of 6.21 ± 0.16 g m-2 day-1 with a specific growth rate of 0.34 ± 0.03 day-1 was achieved during winter. Furthermore, lipid content with appropriate fatty acid composition 1.04:1 (saturation:unsaturation) increased from 25% to 58%. Additionally, lutein productivity of 1.2 ± 0.08 mgL-1 day-1, while utilizing 80.74 ± 0.07 mg L-1 day-1 of CO2 from 5% flue gas was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goldy De Bhowmick
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Ajit K Sarmah
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Ramkrishna Sen
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
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23
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Ma R, Zhao X, Xie Y, Ho SH, Chen J. Enhancing lutein productivity of Chlamydomonas sp. via high-intensity light exposure with corresponding carotenogenic genes expression profiles. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 275:416-420. [PMID: 30626542 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.12.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The marine microalga Chlamydomonas sp. JSC4 is a potential lutein source with high light tolerance. In this study, light intensity was manipulated to enhance cell growth and lutein production of this microalga. High lutein productivity (5.08 mg/L/d) was achieved under high light irradiation of 625 μmol/m2/s. Further increase in light intensity to 750 μmol/m2/s enhanced the biomass productivity to 1821.5 mg/L/d, but led to a decrease in lutein content. Under high light conditions, most carotenoids and chlorophyll contents decreased, while zeaxanthin and antheraxanthin contents increased. Inspection of gene expression profile shows that the lut1 and zep genes, responsible for lutein synthesis and flow of zeaxanthin into violaxanthin, respectively, were downregulated, while zeaxanthin biosynthesis gene crtZ was upregulated when the microalga was exposed to a high light intensity. This is consistent with the decrease in lutein content and increase in zeaxanthin content under high light exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijuan Ma
- Fujian Engineering and Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Products Waste, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Xurui Zhao
- Fujian Engineering and Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Products Waste, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Youping Xie
- Fujian Engineering and Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Products Waste, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| | - Shih-Hsin Ho
- Fujian Engineering and Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Products Waste, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jianfeng Chen
- Fujian Engineering and Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Products Waste, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
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24
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Xie Y, Lu K, Zhao X, Ma R, Chen J, Ho S. Manipulating Nutritional Conditions and Salinity‐Gradient Stress for Enhanced Lutein Production in Marine Microalga
Chlamydomonas
sp. Biotechnol J 2019; 14:e1800380. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Youping Xie
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou UniversityFuzhou 350108China
- Fujian Engineering and Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Products Waste, Fuzhou UniversityFuzhou 350108China
| | - Kongyong Lu
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou UniversityFuzhou 350108China
| | - Xurui Zhao
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou UniversityFuzhou 350108China
| | - Ruijuan Ma
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou UniversityFuzhou 350108China
| | - Jianfeng Chen
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou UniversityFuzhou 350108China
- Fujian Engineering and Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Products Waste, Fuzhou UniversityFuzhou 350108China
| | - Shih‐Hsin Ho
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou UniversityFuzhou 350108China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin 150090China
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25
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Mousavi S, Najafpour GD, Mohammadi M. CO 2 bio-fixation and biofuel production in an airlift photobioreactor by an isolated strain of microalgae Coelastrum sp. SM under high CO 2 concentrations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:30139-30150. [PMID: 30151786 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3037-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae cultivation is a promising approach to remove ambient CO2 via photosynthesis process. This paper investigates the impact of high CO2 concentrations (6, 12, and 16%) on algae growth, CO2 biofixation, lipid and carbohydrate contents, and nutrient removal of newly isolated microalgae, Coelastrum sp. SM. In addition, the ability of microalgae to produce biodiesel at optimal condition was studied. The microalgae were cultivated in wastewater using an airlift photobioreactor. Under 12% CO2, the maximum biomass productivity and CO2 fixation rate were 0.267 g L-1 day-1 and 0.302 g L-1 h-1, respectively. Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), total phosphorous (TP), nitrate, and sCOD removal efficiency were 84.01, 100, 86.811, and 73.084%, respectively. Under 12% CO2 and at the same condition for cell growth, the highest lipid and carbohydrate contents were 3 7.91 and 58.45%, respectively. The composition of fatty acids methyl ester (FAME) of the microalga lipid was defined. Based on the obtained results and FAME profile, Coelastrum sp. SM was a suitable feedstock for biodiesel production and also, the organism had a great potential for CO2 biofixation, which is also more suitable than any other reported strains in other related studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shokouh Mousavi
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran
| | - Ghasem D Najafpour
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran.
| | - Maedeh Mohammadi
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran
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26
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Quorum sensing inhibitory activity of the metabolome from endophytic Kwoniella sp. PY016: characterization and hybrid model-based optimization. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:7389-7406. [PMID: 29934653 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9168-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Quorum sensing, the microbial communication system, is gaining importance as a therapeutic target against pathogens. The two key reasons for the rising demand of quorum sensing (QS) inhibitory molecules are low selective pressure to develop resistance by pathogens and possibility of more species-specific effects. Due to complex interactions in a unique niche of live plant tissues, endophytes, as a survival mechanism, potentially produce various bioactive compounds such as QS inhibitors. We report the isolation of an endophytic fungus Kwoniella sp. PY016 from the medicinal plant "Bahera" (Terminalia bellirica), which exhibits substantial quorum sensing inhibition and anti-biofilm activities against the standard test organism, Chromobacterium violaceum. Sugar, sugar alcohol, carboxylic acid, lipid, and phenolic classes of metabolites (predominantly xylitol) are responsible components of the metabolome for the desired bioactivity. A judicious combination of single-factor-at-a-time strategy and artificial neural network modeling combined with genetic algorithm was employed for the selection and optimization of the critical process and medium parameters. Through this newly adopted hybrid model-based optimization, the quorum sensing inhibitory activity of the endophytic metabolome was increased by ~ 30%. This is the first report on optimization of QS inhibitory activity from any fungal endophyte using such a hybrid advanced approach.
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Process optimization involving critical evaluation of oxygen transfer, oxygen uptake and nitrogen limitation for enhanced biomass and lipid production by oleaginous yeast for biofuel application. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2018; 41:1103-1113. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-018-1939-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Xie Y, Zhao X, Chen J, Yang X, Ho SH, Wang B, Chang JS, Shen Y. Enhancing cell growth and lutein productivity of Desmodesmus sp. F51 by optimal utilization of inorganic carbon sources and ammonium salt. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 244:664-671. [PMID: 28813692 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The type and concentration of inorganic carbon and nitrogen sources were manipulated to improve cell growth and lutein productivity of Desmodesmus sp. F51. Using nitrate as nitrogen source, the better cell growth and lutein accumulation were obtained under 2.5% CO2 supply when compared to the addition of NaHCO3 or Na2CO3. To solve the pH variation problem of ammonium consumption, the strategy of using dual carbon sources (NaHCO3 and CO2) was explored. A lower bicarbonate-C: ammonium-N ratio led to a lower culture pH as well as lower lutein productivity, but significantly enhanced the auto-flocculation efficiency of the microalgal cells. The highest biomass productivity (939mg/L/d) and lutein productivity (5.22mg/L/d) were obtained when the bicarbonate-C/ammonium-N ratio and ammonium-N concentration were 1:1 and 150mg/L, respectively. The lutein productivity of 5.22mg/L/d is the highest value ever reported in the literature using batch phototrophic cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youping Xie
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Xurui Zhao
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Jianfeng Chen
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Xuqiu Yang
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Shih-Hsin Ho
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Baobei Wang
- College of Oceanography and Food Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou 362000, China
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Research Center for Energy Technology and Strategy, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Ying Shen
- College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
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Gong M, Wang Y, Bassi A. Process analysis and modeling of a single-step lutein extraction method for wet microalgae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:8089-8099. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8496-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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30
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Carotenoids from microalgae: A review of recent developments. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 34:1396-1412. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 369] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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31
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Kuo CM, Jian JF, Lin TH, Chang YB, Wan XH, Lai JT, Chang JS, Lin CS. Simultaneous microalgal biomass production and CO 2 fixation by cultivating Chlorella sp. GD with aquaculture wastewater and boiler flue gas. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 221:241-250. [PMID: 27643732 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A microalgal strain, Chlorella sp. GD, cultivated in aquaculture wastewater (AW) aerated with boiler flue gas, was investigated. When AW from a grouper fish farm was supplemented with additional nutrients, the microalgal biomass productivity after 7days of culture was 0.794gL-1d-1. CO2 fixation efficiencies of the microalgal strains aerated with 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3vvm of boiler flue gas (containing approximately 8% CO2) were 53, 51, 38, and 30%, respectively. When the microalgal strain was cultured with boiler flue gas in nutrient-added AW, biomass productivity increased to 0.892gL-1d-1. In semi-continuous cultures, average biomass productivities of the microalgal strain in 2-day, 3-day, and 4-day replacement cultures were 1.296, 0.985, and 0.944gL-1d-1, respectively. These results demonstrate the potential of using Chlorella sp. GD cultivations in AW aerated with boiler flue gas for reusing water resources, reducing CO2 emission, and producing microalgal biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiu-Mei Kuo
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Jhong-Fu Jian
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Hsien Lin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Bin Chang
- Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Xin-Hua Wan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Jinn-Tsyy Lai
- Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Research Center for Energy Technology and Strategy, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Sheng Lin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
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Dineshkumar R, Subramanian G, Dash SK, Sen R. Development of an optimal light-feeding strategy coupled with semi-continuous reactor operation for simultaneous improvement of microalgal photosynthetic efficiency, lutein production and CO2 sequestration. Biochem Eng J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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33
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Chopra J, Dineshkumar R, Bhaumik M, Dhanarajan G, Kumar R, Sen R. Integrated in situ transesterification for improved biodiesel production from oleaginous yeast: a value proposition for possible industrial implication. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra14003c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An integrated in situ transesterification process was developed in this study for energy and cost-efficient biodiesel production from oleaginous yeast biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayita Chopra
- Department of Biotechnology
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- India
- P.K. Sinha Center for Bioenergy
- IIT Kharagpur
| | | | - Moumita Bhaumik
- Department of Biotechnology
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- India
| | | | - RaviRanjan Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- India
| | - Ramkrishna Sen
- Department of Biotechnology
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- India
- P.K. Sinha Center for Bioenergy
- IIT Kharagpur
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34
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Subramanian G, Dineshkumar R, Sen R. Modelling of oxygen-evolving-complex ionization dynamics for energy-efficient production of microalgal biomass, pigment and lipid with carbon capture: an engineering vision for a biorefinery. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra08900c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of an algal growth kinetics model, incorporating oxygen-evolving-complex ionization dynamics, for sustainable production of algal biomass, lipid, and chlorophyll (with associated carbon dioxide capture) in an algal biorefinery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ramkrishna Sen
- Department of Biotechnology
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Kharagpur
- India
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35
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Subramanian G, Yadav G, Sen R. Rationally leveraging mixotrophic growth of microalgae in different photobioreactor configurations for reducing the carbon footprint of an algal biorefinery: a techno-economic perspective. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra14611b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental set-up to study mixotrophy in Chlorella vulgaris.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Geetanjali Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- India
| | - Ramkrishna Sen
- Department of Biotechnology
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- India
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36
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Satpati GG, Chandra Gorain P, Paul I, Pal R. An integrated salinity-driven workflow for rapid lipid enhancement in green microalgae for biodiesel application. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra23933a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A laboratory based integrated approach was undertaken for improvement of lipid accumulation in green microalgae under sodium chloride (NaCl) stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gour Gopal Satpati
- Phycology Laboratory
- Department of Botany
- University of Calcutta
- Kolkata-700019
- India
| | | | - Ishita Paul
- Agricultural and Food Engineering Department
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Kharagpur-721302
- India
| | - Ruma Pal
- Phycology Laboratory
- Department of Botany
- University of Calcutta
- Kolkata-700019
- India
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37
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Jung JH, Lee KS, Im S, Destgeer G, Ha BH, Park J, Sung HJ. Photosynthesis of cyanobacteria in a miniaturized optofluidic waveguide platform. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra24344k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effect of increasing the optical penetration length, inside polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based photobioreactors (PBRs), upon the photosynthetic cell growth of cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ho Jung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- KAIST
- Daejeon 34141
- Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Soo Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- KAIST
- Daejeon 34141
- Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghyuk Im
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- KAIST
- Daejeon 34141
- Republic of Korea
| | - Ghulam Destgeer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- KAIST
- Daejeon 34141
- Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Hang Ha
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- KAIST
- Daejeon 34141
- Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsoo Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- KAIST
- Daejeon 34141
- Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Jin Sung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- KAIST
- Daejeon 34141
- Republic of Korea
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38
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Nayak M, Karemore A, Sen R. Sustainable valorization of flue gas CO2and wastewater for the production of microalgal biomass as a biofuel feedstock in closed and open reactor systems. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra17899e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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