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Barkus C, Bergmann C, Branco T, Carandini M, Chadderton PT, Galiñanes GL, Gilmour G, Huber D, Huxter JR, Khan AG, King AJ, Maravall M, O'Mahony T, Ragan CI, Robinson ESJ, Schaefer AT, Schultz SR, Sengpiel F, Prescott MJ. Refinements to rodent head fixation and fluid/food control for neuroscience. J Neurosci Methods 2022; 381:109705. [PMID: 36096238 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2022.109705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The use of head fixation in mice is increasingly common in research, its use having initially been restricted to the field of sensory neuroscience. Head restraint has often been combined with fluid control, rather than food restriction, to motivate behaviour, but this too is now in use for both restrained and non-restrained animals. Despite this, there is little guidance on how best to employ these techniques to optimise both scientific outcomes and animal welfare. This article summarises current practices and provides recommendations to improve animal wellbeing and data quality, based on a survey of the community, literature reviews, and the expert opinion and practical experience of an international working group convened by the UK's National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs). Topics covered include head fixation surgery and post-operative care, habituation to restraint, and the use of fluid/food control to motivate performance. We also discuss some recent developments that may offer alternative ways to collect data from large numbers of behavioural trials without the need for restraint. The aim is to provide support for researchers at all levels, animal care staff, and ethics committees to refine procedures and practices in line with the refinement principle of the 3Rs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Barkus
- National Centre for Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs), London, UK.
| | | | - Tiago Branco
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - Matteo Carandini
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Paul T Chadderton
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | | | - Daniel Huber
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Adil G Khan
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew J King
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Miguel Maravall
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Tina O'Mahony
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - C Ian Ragan
- National Centre for Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs), London, UK
| | - Emma S J Robinson
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Andreas T Schaefer
- Sensory Circuits and Neurotechnology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK; Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Simon R Schultz
- Centre for Neurotechnology and Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Mark J Prescott
- National Centre for Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs), London, UK
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Dumas SJ, Meta E, Borri M, Goveia J, Rohlenova K, Conchinha NV, Falkenberg K, Teuwen LA, de Rooij L, Kalucka J, Chen R, Khan S, Taverna F, Lu W, Parys M, De Legher C, Vinckier S, Karakach TK, Schoonjans L, Lin L, Bolund L, Dewerchin M, Eelen G, Rabelink TJ, Li X, Luo Y, Carmeliet P. Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Reveals Renal Endothelium Heterogeneity and Metabolic Adaptation to Water Deprivation. J Am Soc Nephrol 2019; 31:118-138. [PMID: 31818909 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2019080832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal endothelial cells from glomerular, cortical, and medullary kidney compartments are exposed to different microenvironmental conditions and support specific kidney processes. However, the heterogeneous phenotypes of these cells remain incompletely inventoried. Osmotic homeostasis is vitally important for regulating cell volume and function, and in mammals, osmotic equilibrium is regulated through the countercurrent system in the renal medulla, where water exchange through endothelium occurs against an osmotic pressure gradient. Dehydration exposes medullary renal endothelial cells to extreme hyperosmolarity, and how these cells adapt to and survive in this hypertonic milieu is unknown. METHODS We inventoried renal endothelial cell heterogeneity by single-cell RNA sequencing >40,000 mouse renal endothelial cells, and studied transcriptome changes during osmotic adaptation upon water deprivation. We validated our findings by immunostaining and functionally by targeting oxidative phosphorylation in a hyperosmolarity model in vitro and in dehydrated mice in vivo. RESULTS We identified 24 renal endothelial cell phenotypes (of which eight were novel), highlighting extensive heterogeneity of these cells between and within the cortex, glomeruli, and medulla. In response to dehydration and hypertonicity, medullary renal endothelial cells upregulated the expression of genes involved in the hypoxia response, glycolysis, and-surprisingly-oxidative phosphorylation. Endothelial cells increased oxygen consumption when exposed to hyperosmolarity, whereas blocking oxidative phosphorylation compromised endothelial cell viability during hyperosmotic stress and impaired urine concentration during dehydration. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a high-resolution atlas of the renal endothelium and highlights extensive renal endothelial cell phenotypic heterogeneity, as well as a previously unrecognized role of oxidative phosphorylation in the metabolic adaptation of medullary renal endothelial cells to water deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien J Dumas
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elda Meta
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mila Borri
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jermaine Goveia
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katerina Rohlenova
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nadine V Conchinha
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kim Falkenberg
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laure-Anne Teuwen
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laura de Rooij
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joanna Kalucka
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rongyuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shawez Khan
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Federico Taverna
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Weisi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Magdalena Parys
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carla De Legher
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefan Vinckier
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tobias K Karakach
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luc Schoonjans
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Leuven, Belgium.,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, China.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lars Bolund
- Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, China.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mieke Dewerchin
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy Eelen
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ton J Rabelink
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Xuri Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China;
| | - Yonglun Luo
- Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, China; .,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,China National GeneBank, Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China; and.,Qingdao-Europe Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Qingdao, Qingdao, China
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; .,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Leuven, Belgium.,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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