1
|
Emamian S, Soleymani M. Synthesis of tetrazoles through a domino reaction: A molecular electron density theory study of energetics, selectivities, and molecular mechanistic aspects. J Mol Graph Model 2023; 125:108596. [PMID: 37597310 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2023.108596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
This study corresponds to a molecular electron density theory (MEDT) investigation to shed light on the energetics, selectivities, and molecular mechanistic aspects of an experimental domino reaction. Theoretical evidences at the M06-2X/6-31G(d) level indicates that this domino reaction includes three different successive steps and is initialized by a stepwise HCl elimination from precursor chlorohydrazone NPCH to yield nitrile imine NI-2. A subsequent stepwise and highly regioselective [3 + 2] cycloaddition (32CA) reaction of NI-2 toward tetramethylguanidine TMG-3 affords corresponding formal [3 + 2] cycloadduct CA-1 as the sole product. Finally, a stepwise HNMe2 elimination experienced by CA-1 leads to amino triazole ATA as an aromatic five-membered target product. Computed rate constants reveal that the HCl elimination step should be considered as the bottleneck of this domino reaction. However, a topological analysis of electron localization function (ELF) of NI-2 demonstrates a zwitterionic type (zw-type) 32 C A reaction is expected between NI-2 and TMG-3. This 32CA reaction also displays an almost noticeable polar character arising from moderate electrophilicity and strong nucleophilicity of NI-2 and TMG-3, respectively. The regioselectivity of 32CA reaction can be explained via analysis of Parr functions values calculated at the reactive sites of reagents. The molecular mechanism of the 32CA reaction was explored through portraying bond forming/breaking patterns involved in this polar, stepwise, and zw-type reaction by means of the ELF analysis. Indeed, formation of both C-N single bonds along the first and second steps takes place through coupling of the corresponding pseudoradical centers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saeedreza Emamian
- Chemistry Department, Shahrood Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrood, Iran.
| | - Mousa Soleymani
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ayatollah Boroujerdi University, Boroujerd, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
A molecular electron density theory study of polar Diels-Alder reaction between 2,4–dimethyl–5–ethoxyoxazole and ethyl 4,4,4–trifluorocrotonate. Struct Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-020-01662-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
3
|
A computational study on the [3+2] cycloaddition of para-quinone methides with nitrile imines: a two-stage one-step mechanism. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-019-02531-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
4
|
Soleymani M, Kazemi Chegeni Z. A molecular electron density theory study on the [3+2] cycloaddition reaction of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide with 2-cyclopentenone. J Mol Graph Model 2019; 92:256-266. [PMID: 31422198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2019.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, the [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (Nit-5) and 2-cyclopentenone (CPN-6), experimentally reported by Tamura et al., was theoretically studied using the newly introduced molecular electron density theory (MEDT). Based on the experimental findings, this reaction takes place in an O3-C4 regio- and an exo-stereospecific fashion to give corresponding [3 + 2] exo cycloadduct as the sole product. The results of the potential energy surface analysis indicated that the experimentally reported product is more favorable both thermodynamically and kinetically relative to other possible adducts. In complete agreement with the experimental outcomes, the conceptual density functional theory reactivity indices explained the reactivity and regioselectivity of the reaction. Calculation of global electron density transfer of the energetically most preferred transition state indicated that the electron density fluxes from Nit-5 as a nucleophilic species toward CPN-6 as an electrophilic species. Analysis of the molecular electrostatic potential map of the most favorable transition state showed that approach of Nit-5 and CPN-6 locates the oppositely charged regions over each other leading to attractive forces between two reagents rationalizing the exo stereoselectivity predominance. The molecular mechanism of the reactions was specified using electron localization function analysis over some relevant points along the intrinsic reaction coordinate profile of the most favorable transition state and the results indicated that this zwitterionic-type [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction proceeds through a two-stage one-step mechanism. In fact, while the O3-C4 single bond is initialy formed between two fragments through donation of some electron density from the O3 oxygen lone electron-pairs of Nit-5 toward the C4 carbon atom of CPN-6, the delayed C1-C5 single bond begins to form via C1- to -C5 coupling of pseudodiracal centers created on theses atoms over the course of reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mousa Soleymani
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ayatollah Boroujerdi University, Boroujerd, Iran.
| | - Zeinab Kazemi Chegeni
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ayatollah Boroujerdi University, Boroujerd, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Elucidating the origin of selectivity of [3 + 2]-cycloaddition reactions between thioketone and carbohydrate-derived nitrones by the DFT. J Mol Model 2019; 25:209. [PMID: 31267310 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-019-4104-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism and origin of selectivity for [3 + 2]-cycloaddition (32CA) reactions between thioketone and carbohydrate-derived nitrones in THF were investigated by using the density functional theory (DFT) at the M06-2X/6-311+G(d,p)//M06-2X/6-31+G(d,p) level of theory combined with the solvation SMD model. The calculated results revealed that the 32CA reactions proceed through the asynchronous one-step manner. For the chemoselectivity in thioketone, the C=S bond as a dipolarophile attacking three-atom-component (TAC) nitrone in reactivity was more preferential than the C=O bond. The theoretical results also confirmed the stereoselectivity of two 32CA reactions of thioketone with carbohydrate-derived nitrones with the anti-form product being more favored than the syn-form product, and the predicted anti/syn product ratios are in agreement with the experimental ones in literature. Furthermore, the analysis of the conceptual density functional theory reactivity indices showed that the 32CA reactions have polar character. Weak noncovalent interaction and Parr function analyses are used to reveal the origin of the stereoselectivity. Graphical abstract [3 + 2]-cycloaddition reactions between thioketone and carbohydrate-derived nitrones.
Collapse
|
6
|
The Construction and Application of C=S Bonds. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2018; 376:31. [DOI: 10.1007/s41061-018-0209-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|
7
|
Asr A, Emamian S, Aghaie M, Aghaie H. [3+2] cycloaddition reaction between CF3-substituted thiocarbonyl ylides and thioketones: Exploration of regioselectivity and mechanistic aspects using Molecular Electron Density Theory. J Fluor Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
8
|
Emamian S, Lu T, Domingo LR, Heidarpoor Saremi L, Ríos-Gutiérrez M. A molecular electron density theory study of the chemo- and regioselective [3 + 2] cycloaddition reactions between trifluoroacetonitrile N-oxide and thioketones. Chem Phys 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2017.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
9
|
Asr A, Aghaie M, Emamian S, Aghaie H. A molecular electron density theory study on the [3+2] cycloaddition reaction of thiocarbonyl ylides with hetaryl thioketones. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj02021c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In situ generated TCY 2 is trapped with THK 3 over the course of a non-polar, entirely C1–C4 regioselective, pdr-type 32CA reaction passing through TS 1 in a non-concerted two-stage one-step molecular mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Afsaneh Asr
- Faculty of Chemistry
- North-Tehran Branch
- Islamic Azad University
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Mehran Aghaie
- Faculty of Chemistry
- North-Tehran Branch
- Islamic Azad University
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Saeedreza Emamian
- Chemistry Department
- Shahrood Branch
- Islamic Azad University
- Shahrood
- Iran
| | - Hossein Aghaie
- Chemistry Department
- Science and Research Branch
- Islamic Azad University
- Tehran
- Iran
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
A DFT computational study on the molecular mechanism of reaction between pyridinium salts and π-deficient ethylenes: Why furan derivatives are formed instead of feasible cyclopropane derivatives and [3 + 2] cycloadducts? COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2017.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
11
|
Jasiński R. One-step versus two-step mechanism of Diels-Alder reaction of 1-chloro-1-nitroethene with cyclopentadiene and furan. J Mol Graph Model 2017; 75:55-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
12
|
Emamian S. A Molecular Electron Density Theory Study of [3+2] Cycloaddition Reaction between Azomethine Ylides and Electron‐Deficient Nitroalkenes. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201700198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saeedreza Emamian
- Chemistry Department, Shahrood BranchIslamic Azad University, Shahrood, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mlostoń G, Grzelak P, Hamera-Fałdyga R, Jasiński M, Pipiak P, Urbaniak K, Albrecht Ł, Hejmanowska J, Heimgartner H. Aryl, hetaryl, and ferrocenyl thioketones as versatile building blocks for exploration in the organic chemistry of sulfur. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2016.1252368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Mlostoń
- Department of Organic and Applied Chemistry, University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - Paulina Grzelak
- Department of Organic and Applied Chemistry, University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - Róża Hamera-Fałdyga
- Department of Organic and Applied Chemistry, University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - Marcin Jasiński
- Department of Organic and Applied Chemistry, University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - Paulina Pipiak
- Department of Organic and Applied Chemistry, University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Urbaniak
- Department of Organic and Applied Chemistry, University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - Łukasz Albrecht
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Łódź, Poland
| | - Joanna Hejmanowska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Łódź, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cheng ZP, Wu QY, Liu YH, Lan JH, Wang CZ, Chai ZF, Shi WQ. The redox mechanism of Np VI with hydrazine: a DFT study. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra13339h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The probable reduction mechanisms of NpVI with N2H4 are investigated by proposing three probable pathways based on the results of theoretical calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Ping Cheng
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety
- Institute of High Energy Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
| | - Qun-Yan Wu
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety
- Institute of High Energy Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
| | - Yun-Hai Liu
- School of Chemistry
- Biological and Materials Sciences
- East China University of Technology
- Nanchang 330013
- China
| | - Jian-Hui Lan
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety
- Institute of High Energy Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
| | - Cong-Zhi Wang
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety
- Institute of High Energy Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
| | - Zhi-Fang Chai
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety
- Institute of High Energy Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
| | - Wei-Qun Shi
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety
- Institute of High Energy Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Emamian S. How the mechanism of a [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction involving a stabilized N-lithiated azomethine ylide toward a π-deficient alkene is changed to stepwise by solvent polarity? What is the origin of its regio- and endo stereospecificity? A DFT study using NBO, QTAIM, and NCI analyses. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra13913b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The regio- and endo stereospecific 32CA reaction of the stabilized N-lithiated azomethine ylide 2 toward the π-deficient alkene 3in THF occurs to afford cycloadduct 6via a stepwise mechanism, passing through the zwitterionic intermediate 4.
Collapse
|
16
|
Darù A, Roca-López D, Tejero T, Merino P. Revealing Stepwise Mechanisms in Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions: Computational Study of the Reaction between Nitrones and Isocyanates. J Org Chem 2015; 81:673-80. [PMID: 26682934 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b02645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of cycloaddition reactions of nitrones with isocyanates has been studied using density functional theory (DFT) methods at the M06-2X/cc-pVTZ level of theory. The exploration of the potential energy surfaces associated with two reactive channels leading to 1,2,4-oxadiazolidin-5-ones and 1,4,2-dioxazolidines revealed that the cycloaddition reaction takes place through a concerted mechanism in gas phase and in apolar solvents but a stepwise mechanism in polar solvents. In stepwise mechanisms, the first step of the reaction is a rare case in which the nitrone oxygen acts as a nucleophile by attacking the central carbon atom of the isocyanate (interacting with the π-system of the C═O bond) to give an intermediate. The corresponding transition structure is stabilized by an attractive electrostatic interaction favored in a polar medium. The second step of the reaction is the rate-limiting one in which the formation of 1,2,4-oxadiazolidin-5-ones or 1,4,2-dioxazolidines is decided. Calculations indicate that formation of 1,2,4-oxadiazolidin-5-ones is favored both kinetically and thermodynamically independently of the solvent, in agreement with experimental observations. Noncovalent interactions (NCI) and topological analysis of the gradient field of electron localization function (ELF) bonding confirmed the observed interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Darù
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Asimétrica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC , 50009 Zaragoza, Aragón, Spain
| | - David Roca-López
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Asimétrica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC , 50009 Zaragoza, Aragón, Spain
| | - Tomás Tejero
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Asimétrica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC , 50009 Zaragoza, Aragón, Spain
| | - Pedro Merino
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Asimétrica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC , 50009 Zaragoza, Aragón, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Jasiński R. In the searching for zwitterionic intermediates on reaction paths of [3 + 2] cycloaddition reactions between 2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-3-thiocyclobutanone S-methylide and polymerizable olefins. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra20747a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
DFT calculations show that the [3 + 2]-cycloaddition of 2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-3-thiocyclobutanone S-methylide with nitroethene takes place according to a polar, two-step mechanism with a zwitterionic intermediate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Radomir Jasiński
- Cracow University of Technology
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology
- 31-155 Cracow
- Poland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Emamian S, Hosseini SJ, Ravani KS. Ionic Diels–Alder reaction of 3-bromofuran toward the highly electron deficient cyclobuteniminium cation: a regio- and stereoselectivity, and molecular mechanism study using DFT. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra17778b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The ionic Diels–Alder reaction between 3-bromofuran and cyclobuteniminum cation in the presence of chloroform takes place in a complete regio- and stereoselective manner via a non-concerted two-stage one-step molecular mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saeedreza Emamian
- Chemistry Department
- Shahrood Branch
- Islamic Azad University
- Shahrood
- Iran
| | | | | |
Collapse
|