1
|
Coulter S, Pentlavalli S, An Y, Vora LK, Cross ER, Moore JV, Sun H, Schweins R, McCarthy HO, Laverty G. In Situ Forming, Enzyme-Responsive Peptoid-Peptide Hydrogels: An Advanced Long-Acting Injectable Drug Delivery System. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:21401-21416. [PMID: 38922296 PMCID: PMC11311241 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Long-acting drug delivery systems are promising platforms to improve patient adherence to medication by delivering drugs over sustained periods and removing the need for patients to comply with oral regimens. This research paper provides a proof-of-concept for the development of a new optimized in situ forming injectable depot based on a tetrabenzylamine-tetraglycine-d-lysine-O-phospho-d-tyrosine peptoid-D-peptide formulation ((NPhe)4GGGGk(AZT)y(p)-OH). The chemical versatility of the peptoid-peptide motif allows low-molecular-weight drugs to be precisely and covalently conjugated. After subcutaneous injection, a hydrogel depot forms from the solubilized peptoid-peptide-drug formulation in response to phosphatase enzymes present within the skin space. This system is able to deliver clinically relevant concentrations of a model drug, the antiretroviral zidovudine (AZT), for 35 days in Sprague-Dawley rats. Oscillatory rheology demonstrated that hydrogel formation began within ∼30 s, an important characteristic of in situ systems for reducing initial drug bursts. Gel formation continued for up to ∼90 min. Small-angle neutron scattering data reveal narrow-radius fibers (∼0.78-1.8 nm) that closely fit formation via a flexible cylinder elliptical model. The inclusion of non-native peptoid monomers and D-variant amino acids confers protease resistance, enabling enhanced biostability to be demonstrated in vitro. Drug release proceeds via hydrolysis of an ester linkage under physiological conditions, releasing the drug in an unmodified form and further reducing the initial drug burst. Subcutaneous administration of (NPhe)4GGGGk(AZT)y(p)-OH to Sprague-Dawley rats resulted in zidovudine blood plasma concentrations within the 90% maximal inhibitory concentration (IC90) range (30-130 ng mL-1) for 35 days.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie
M. Coulter
- Biofunctional
Nanomaterials Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, Co. Antrim BT9 7BL, N. Ireland
| | - Sreekanth Pentlavalli
- Biofunctional
Nanomaterials Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, Co. Antrim BT9 7BL, N. Ireland
| | - Yuming An
- Biofunctional
Nanomaterials Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, Co. Antrim BT9 7BL, N. Ireland
| | - Lalitkumar K. Vora
- Biofunctional
Nanomaterials Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, Co. Antrim BT9 7BL, N. Ireland
| | - Emily R. Cross
- Biofunctional
Nanomaterials Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, Co. Antrim BT9 7BL, N. Ireland
| | - Jessica V. Moore
- Biofunctional
Nanomaterials Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, Co. Antrim BT9 7BL, N. Ireland
| | - Han Sun
- Biofunctional
Nanomaterials Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, Co. Antrim BT9 7BL, N. Ireland
| | - Ralf Schweins
- Large
Scale Structures Group, Institut Laue −
Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 20156, Grenoble
Cedex 9, 38042, France
| | - Helen O. McCarthy
- Biofunctional
Nanomaterials Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, Co. Antrim BT9 7BL, N. Ireland
| | - Garry Laverty
- Biofunctional
Nanomaterials Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, Co. Antrim BT9 7BL, N. Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Coulter SM, Pentlavalli S, Vora LK, An Y, Cross ER, Peng K, McAulay K, Schweins R, Donnelly RF, McCarthy HO, Laverty G. Enzyme-Triggered l-α/d-Peptide Hydrogels as a Long-Acting Injectable Platform for Systemic Delivery of HIV/AIDS Drugs. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2203198. [PMID: 36880399 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202203198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Eradicating HIV/AIDS by 2030 is a central goal of the World Health Organization. Patient adherence to complicated dosage regimens remains a key barrier. There is a need for convenient long-acting formulations that deliver drugs over sustained periods. This paper presents an alternative platform, an injectable in situ forming hydrogel implant to deliver a model antiretroviral drug (zidovudine [AZT]) over 28 days. The formulation is a self-assembling ultrashort d or l-α peptide hydrogelator, namely phosphorylated (naphthalene-2-ly)-acetyl-diphenylalanine-lysine-tyrosine-OH (NapFFKY[p]-OH), covalently conjugated to zidovudine via an ester linkage. Rheological analysis demonstrates phosphatase enzyme instructed self-assembly, with hydrogels forming within minutes. Small angle neutron scattering data suggest hydrogels form narrow radius (≈2 nm), large length fibers closely fitting the flexible cylinder elliptical model. d-Peptides are particularly promising for long-acting delivery, displaying protease resistance for 28 days. Drug release, via hydrolysis of the ester linkage, progress under physiological conditions (37 °C, pH 7.4, H2 O). Subcutaneous administration of Napffk(AZT)Y[p]G-OH in Sprague Dawley rats demonstrate zidovudine blood plasma concentrations within the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50 ) range (30-130 ng mL-1 ) for 35 days. This work is a proof-of-concept for the development of a long-acting combined injectable in situ forming peptide hydrogel implant. These products are imperative given their potential impact on society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie M Coulter
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, Co. Antrim, Northern Ireland, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Sreekanth Pentlavalli
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, Co. Antrim, Northern Ireland, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Lalitkumar K Vora
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, Co. Antrim, Northern Ireland, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Yuming An
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, Co. Antrim, Northern Ireland, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Emily R Cross
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, Co. Antrim, Northern Ireland, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Ke Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, Co. Antrim, Northern Ireland, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Kate McAulay
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Joseph Black Building, Glasgow, Scotland, G12 8QQ, UK
- School of Computing, Engineering and Built Environment, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, Scotland, G4 0BA, UK
| | - Ralf Schweins
- Large Scale Structures Group, Institut Laue - Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 20156, Grenoble Cedex 9, 38042, France
| | - Ryan F Donnelly
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, Co. Antrim, Northern Ireland, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Helen O McCarthy
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, Co. Antrim, Northern Ireland, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Garry Laverty
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, Co. Antrim, Northern Ireland, BT9 7BL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Feng X, Luo Y, Li F, Jian X, Liu Y. Development of Natural-Drugs-Based Low-Molecular-Weight Supramolecular Gels. Gels 2021; 7:105. [PMID: 34449606 PMCID: PMC8395818 DOI: 10.3390/gels7030105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural small molecular drugs with excellent biocompatibility, diverse pharmacological activities, and wide sources play an increasingly important role in the development of new drug and disease treatment. In recent years, the utilization of paclitaxel, camptothecin, rhein, curcumin, and other natural small molecular drugs with unique rigid backbone structures and modifiable multiple sites as building blocks to form gels by self-assembly has attracted widespread attention. The obtained low-molecular-weight supramolecular gel not only retains the general characteristics of the gel but also overcomes the shortcomings of natural drugs, such as poor water solubility and low bioavailability. It has the advantages of high drug loading, low toxicity, and outstanding stimulus responsiveness, which is widely used in biomedical fields. Here, we provided a comprehensive review of natural-drugs-based low-molecular-weight supramolecular gels reported in recent years and summarized their assembly mechanism, gel structure, gel properties, and potential applications. It is expected to provide a reference for further research of natural-drugs-based supramolecular gels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yang Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, School of Pharmacology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China; (X.F.); (Y.L.); (F.L.); (X.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cui T, Li X, He S, Xu D, Yin L, Huang X, Deng S, Yue W, Zhong W. Instant Self-Assembly Peptide Hydrogel Encapsulation with Fibrous Alginate by Microfluidics for Infected Wound Healing. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:5001-5011. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiuping Li
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People’s Republic of China
| | - Suyun He
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People’s Republic of China
| | - Danhan Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoling Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People’s Republic of China
| | - Siwei Deng
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wanqing Yue
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenying Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Porter SL, Coulter SM, Pentlavalli S, Laverty G. Pharmaceutical Formulation and Characterization of Dipeptide Nanotubes for Drug Delivery Applications. Macromol Biosci 2020; 20:e2000115. [PMID: 32484299 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202000115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Peptide nanotubes are promising materials for a variety of biomedical applications with ultrashort (≤7 amino acids) forms providing particular promise for clinical translation. The manufacture of peptide nanotubes has, however, been associated with toxic organic solvents restricting clinical use. The purpose of this work is to formulate dipeptide nanotubes using mild techniques easily translated to industrial upscale and to characterize their physiochemical and biological properties. Phenylalanine-phenylalanine variants can be successfully formulated using distilled water as demonstrated here. Formulations are homogenous in shape (tubular), with apparent size (50-260 nm) and a zeta potential of up to +30 mV. L-(H2 N-FF-COOH), and D-enantiomers (H2 N-ff-COOH) demonstrate no toxicity against glioblastoma cells and are explored for ability to deliver a model hydrophilic molecule, sodium fluorescein, at pH 5.5 (tumor) and 7.4 (physiological). Peptide nanotubes loaded with >85% sodium fluorescein, demonstrate burst release characteristics, fitting the Weibull model of drug release. This research provides important data contributing to the pharmaceutical formulation of peptide nanotubes as drug delivery platforms for hydrophilic drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon L Porter
- Biofunctional Nanomaterials Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Co Antrim, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Sophie M Coulter
- Biofunctional Nanomaterials Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Co Antrim, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Sreekanth Pentlavalli
- Biofunctional Nanomaterials Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Co Antrim, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Garry Laverty
- Biofunctional Nanomaterials Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Co Antrim, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT9 7BL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yu S, He C, Chen X. Injectable Hydrogels as Unique Platforms for Local Chemotherapeutics-Based Combination Antitumor Therapy. Macromol Biosci 2018; 18:e1800240. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201800240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuangjiang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 China
| | - Chaoliang He
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 China
| | - Xuesi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Heber-Katz E, Messersmith P. Drug delivery and epimorphic salamander-type mouse regeneration: A full parts and labor plan. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018. [PMID: 29524586 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The capacity to regenerate entire body parts, tissues, and organs had generally been thought to be lost in evolution with very few exceptions (e.g. the liver) surviving in mammals. The discovery of the MRL mouse and the elucidation of the underlying molecular pathway centering around hypoxia inducible factor, HIF-1α, has allowed a drug and materials approach to regeneration in mice and hopefully humans. The HIF-1α pathway is ancient and permitted the transition from unicellular to multicellular organisms. Furthermore, HIF-1α and its regulation by PHDs, important oxygen sensors in the cell, provides a perfect drug target. We review the historical background of regeneration biology, the discovery of the MRL mouse, and its underlying biology, and novel approaches to drugs, targets, and delivery systems (see Fig. 1).
Collapse
|
8
|
Tao M, Xu K, He S, Li H, Zhang L, Luo X, Zhong W. Zinc-ion-mediated self-assembly of forky peptides for prostate cancer-specific drug delivery. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:4673-4676. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc00604k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A hexapeptide with a unique forky structure can form hydrogels triggered by zinc ions for prostate cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingtao Tao
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Keming Xu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Suyun He
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Hongmei Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- P. R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Xuefang Luo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Wenying Zhong
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
- China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wu C, Li R, Yin Y, Wang J, Zhang L, Zhong W. Redox-responsive supramolecular hydrogel based on 10-hydroxy camptothecin-peptide covalent conjugates with high loading capacity for drug delivery. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 76:196-202. [PMID: 28482517 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.03.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A redox-responsive supramolecular hydrogel system was developed for delivering 10-hydroxy camptothecin (HCPT). The hydrogel was formed by cleaving disulfide bond. The combination of hydrophobic HCPT with hydrogel was a simple and effective way to improve the solubility of HCPT and the drug loading capacity of delivery system. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image revealed the self-assembled hydrogel was long and thin nanofibers with a width of <10nm. Rheological test verified the hydrogel had fine physical properties. In vitro release experiment showed that the accumulative releasing percentages within 72h of HCPT-peptide hydrogels at 3.0%, 4.0%, 5.0% were 16.8%, 21.3%, and 26.8% respectively, which indicated the HCPT-peptide hydrogels had a significantly sustained-release characteristic. Besides, in vitro anticancer assay showed that HCPT-peptide hydrogels possessed a favorable anticancer efficacy. These results indicated that HCPT-peptide hydrogel had great potential for cancer treatment as a novel injectable drug delivery system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Can Wu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruixin Li
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajun Yin
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Junling Wang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenying Zhong
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ren X, Yang C, Li C, Gao J, Shi Y, Yang Z. Controlling the width of nanosheets by peptide length in peptoid–peptide biohybrid hydrogels. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra15291k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The width of self-assembling nanosheets could be controlled by the variation of peptide length.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinrui Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials
- Ministry of Education
- College of Life Sciences
- Nankai University
| | - Chengbiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials
- Ministry of Education
- College of Life Sciences
- Nankai University
| | - Can Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials
- Ministry of Education
- College of Life Sciences
- Nankai University
| | - Jie Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials
- Ministry of Education
- College of Life Sciences
- Nankai University
| | - Yang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials
- Ministry of Education
- College of Life Sciences
- Nankai University
| | - Zhimou Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials
- Ministry of Education
- College of Life Sciences
- Nankai University
| |
Collapse
|