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Smith DK. Supramolecular gels - a panorama of low-molecular-weight gelators from ancient origins to next-generation technologies. SOFT MATTER 2023; 20:10-70. [PMID: 38073497 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01301d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular gels, self-assembled from low-molecular-weight gelators (LMWGs), have a long history and a bright future. This review provides an overview of these materials, from their use in lubrication and personal care in the ancient world, through to next-generation technologies. In academic terms, colloid scientists in the 19th and early 20th centuries first understood such gels as being physically assembled as a result of weak interactions, combining a solid-like network having a degree of crystalline order with a highly mobile liquid-like phase. During the 20th century, industrial scientists began using these materials in new applications in the polymer, oil and food industries. The advent of supramolecular chemistry in the late 20th century, with its focus on non-covalent interactions and controlled self-assembly, saw the horizons for these materials shifted significantly beyond their historic rheological applications, expanding their potential. The ability to tune the LMWG chemical structure, manipulate hierarchical assembly, develop multi-component systems, and introduce new types of responsive and interactive behaviour, has been transformative. Furthermore, the dynamics of these materials are increasingly understood, creating metastable gels and transiently-fueled systems. New approaches to shaping and patterning gels are providing a unique opportunity for more sophisticated uses. These supramolecular advances are increasingly underpinning and informing next-generation applications - from drug delivery and regenerative medicine to environmental remediation and sustainable energy. In summary, this article presents a panorama over the field of supramolecular gels, emphasising how both academic and industrial scientists are building on the past, and engaging new fundamental insights and innovative concepts to open up exciting horizons for their future use.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
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2
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Recent update on the role of N-methyl glycine as a building block for the construction of N-heterocyclic frameworks. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.133096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Krüger R, Iepsen B, Larroza AME, Fronza MG, Silveira CH, Bevilacqua AC, Köhler MH, Piquini PC, Lenardão EJ, Savegnago L, Iglesias BA, Alves D. Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical 4,7-Bis-arylvinyl-benzo-2,1,3-chalcogenodiazoles: Synthesis, Photophysical and Electrochemical Properties and Biomolecular Interaction Studies. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Krüger
- LASOL-CCQFA; Universidade Federal de Pelotas UFPel; P.O. Box 354 - 96010-900 Pelotas RS Brazil
| | - Bruna Iepsen
- LASOL-CCQFA; Universidade Federal de Pelotas UFPel; P.O. Box 354 - 96010-900 Pelotas RS Brazil
| | - Allya M. E. Larroza
- LASOL-CCQFA; Universidade Federal de Pelotas UFPel; P.O. Box 354 - 96010-900 Pelotas RS Brazil
| | - Mariana G. Fronza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia (PPGB); Universidade Federal de Pelotas UFPel; Pelotas RS Brazil
| | - Carolina H. Silveira
- Departament of Chemistry; Laboratório de Bioinorgânica e Materiais Porfirínicos; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, UFSM; 97105-900 Santa Maria - RS Brazil
| | - Andressa C. Bevilacqua
- Departamento de Física; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria; 97105-900 Santa Maria RS Brazil
| | - Mateus H. Köhler
- Departamento de Física; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria; 97105-900 Santa Maria RS Brazil
| | - Paulo C. Piquini
- Departamento de Física; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria; 97105-900 Santa Maria RS Brazil
| | - Eder J. Lenardão
- LASOL-CCQFA; Universidade Federal de Pelotas UFPel; P.O. Box 354 - 96010-900 Pelotas RS Brazil
| | - Lucielli Savegnago
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia (PPGB); Universidade Federal de Pelotas UFPel; Pelotas RS Brazil
| | - Bernardo A. Iglesias
- Departament of Chemistry; Laboratório de Bioinorgânica e Materiais Porfirínicos; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, UFSM; 97105-900 Santa Maria - RS Brazil
| | - Diego Alves
- LASOL-CCQFA; Universidade Federal de Pelotas UFPel; P.O. Box 354 - 96010-900 Pelotas RS Brazil
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Nair VS, Vedhanarayanan B, Ajayaghosh A. Controlling the Supramolecular Polymerization of Donor‐Acceptor π‐Systems through Hydrogen Bond Intervention. Chempluschem 2019; 84:1405-1412. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201900276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu Sukumaran Nair
- Photosciences and Photonics Section Chemical Sciences and Technology DivisionCSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST) Thiruvananthapuram- 695019 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
| | - Balaraman Vedhanarayanan
- Photosciences and Photonics Section Chemical Sciences and Technology DivisionCSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST) Thiruvananthapuram- 695019 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
| | - Ayyappanpillai Ajayaghosh
- Photosciences and Photonics Section Chemical Sciences and Technology DivisionCSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST) Thiruvananthapuram- 695019 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
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Mi W, Qu Z, Sun J, Zhang F, Zhai L, Zhao J, Ye K. Pyrimidine-containing β-iminoenolate difluoroboron complexes acting as non-traditional π-gelators and mechanofluorochromic dyes. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj01508b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A xerogel-based film based on a mechanofluorochromic dye of a β-iminoenolate difluoroboron complex could detect TFA vapor with high performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Mi
- Sate Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Zhiyu Qu
- Sate Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Jingbo Sun
- Sate Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Fushuang Zhang
- Sate Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Lu Zhai
- Sate Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Jinyu Zhao
- Sate Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Kaiqi Ye
- Sate Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
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Castilla AM, Draper ER, Nolan MC, Brasnett C, Seddon A, Mears LLE, Cowieson N, Adams DJ. Self-sorted Oligophenylvinylene and Perylene Bisimide Hydrogels. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8380. [PMID: 28827598 PMCID: PMC5566499 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08644-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe two component hydrogels with networks composed of self-sorted fibres. The component gelators are based on 1,4-distyrylbenzene (OPV3) and perylene bisimide (PBI) units. Self-sorted gels can be formed by a slow decrease in pH, which leads to sequential assembly. We demonstrate self-sorting by NMR, rheology and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Photoconductive xerogels can be prepared by drying these gels. The wavelength response of the xerogel is different to that of the PBI alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Castilla
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Emily R Draper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK.,School of Chemistry, WestCHEM, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Michael C Nolan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK.,School of Chemistry, WestCHEM, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Christopher Brasnett
- School of Physics, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, Tyndall Avenue, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TL, UK
| | - Annela Seddon
- School of Physics, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, Tyndall Avenue, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TL, UK.,Bristol Centre for Functional Nanomaterials, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, Tyndall Avenue, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TL, UK
| | - Laura L E Mears
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Nathan Cowieson
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Dave J Adams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK. .,School of Chemistry, WestCHEM, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
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Wu Z, Sun J, Zhang Z, Yang H, Xue P, Lu R. Nontraditional π Gelators Based on β-Iminoenolate and Their Difluoroboron Complexes: Effect of Halogens on Gelation and Their Fluorescent Sensory Properties Towards Acids. Chemistry 2017; 23:1901-1909. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201604573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials; College of Chemistry; Jilin University; No. 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun P.R. China
| | - Jingbo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials; College of Chemistry; Jilin University; No. 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun P.R. China
| | - Zhenqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials; College of Chemistry; Jilin University; No. 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun P.R. China
| | - Hao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials; College of Chemistry; Jilin University; No. 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun P.R. China
| | - Pengchong Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials; College of Chemistry; Jilin University; No. 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun P.R. China
| | - Ran Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials; College of Chemistry; Jilin University; No. 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun P.R. China
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Nair VS, Mukhopadhyay RD, Saeki A, Seki S, Ajayaghosh A. A π-gel scaffold for assembling fullerene to photoconducting supramolecular rods. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1600142. [PMID: 27679815 PMCID: PMC5035126 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1600142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Nonequilibrium self-assembly of molecules holds a huge prospect as a tool for obtaining new-generation materials for future applications. Crystallization of neutral molecules within a supramolecular gel matrix is one example in which two nonequilibrium processes occur orthogonal to each other. On the other hand, electronically interacting donor-acceptor two-component systems are expected to form phase-miscible hybrid systems. Contrary to the expectation, we report the behavior of a π-gel, derived from oligo(p-phenylenevinylene), OPVA, as a scaffold for the phase separation and crystallization of fullerene (C60) to supramolecular rods with increased transient photoconductivity (φƩμmax = 2.4 × 10-4 cm2 V-1 s-1). The C60 supramolecular rods in the π-gel medium exhibited high photocurrent in comparison to C60 loaded in a non-π-gel medium. This finding provides an opportunity for large-scale preparation of micrometer-sized photoconducting rods of fullerenes for device application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu Sukumaran Nair
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research–National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-NIIST Campus, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India
| | - Rahul Dev Mukhopadhyay
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research–National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-NIIST Campus, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India
| | - Akinori Saeki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shu Seki
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Ayyappanpillai Ajayaghosh
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research–National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-NIIST Campus, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India
- Corresponding author.
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9
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Bhattacharya S, Samanta SK. Soft-Nanocomposites of Nanoparticles and Nanocarbons with Supramolecular and Polymer Gels and Their Applications. Chem Rev 2016; 116:11967-12028. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Bhattacharya
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
- Director’s
Research Unit, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Suman K. Samanta
- Director’s
Research Unit, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India
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10
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Wu Z, Sun J, Zhang Z, Gong P, Xue P, Lu R. Organogelation of cyanovinylcarbazole with terminal benzimidazole: AIE and response for gaseous acid. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra20910f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The intense emission of carbazole-modified benzimidazole in xerogel-based film can be quenched rapidly by gaseous acid due to protonation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Jingbo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Zhenqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Peng Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Pengcong Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Ran Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
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