Hydro-phosphorothiolation of Styrene and Cyclopropane with S-Hydrogen Phosphorothioates under Ambient Conditions

A metal-free hexafluoroisopropanol-mediated hydro-phosphorothiolation of styrenes and donor-acceptor cyclopropanes with S-hydrogen phosphorothioates in a Markovnikov fashion has been developed under ambient reaction conditions to afford a library of S-alkyl phosphorothioates. Notably, this strategy provides a simple and efficient way to produce biologically significant kitazin and iprobenfos derivatives. Mechanistic studies disclose that the reaction proceeds through a carbocation intermediate.

Photocatalyzed Aerobic Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling of Diarylphosphine Oxides with Alcohols and Phenols

A photocatalytic cross-dehydrogenative coupling of diarylphosphine oxides with alcohols and phenols has been developed. Using organic dye Rose Bengal as the photocatalyst and air as the oxidant, the reaction proceeded smoothly at room temperature. Both alcohols and phenols were feasible, affording various organophosphinates in high yields. The absence of a halogenating reagent, the absence of a transition-metal catalyst, a green oxidant, and mild conditions make this strategy environmentally benign and sustainable. Mechanistic studies indicated that the reaction is enabled by the cooperation of photoredox catalysis and photosensitization.

Lewis-acid-catalyzed phosphorylation of alcohols

An efficient method has been developed for reacting dialkyl H-phosphonates or diarylphosphine oxides with alcohols for constructing C-P bonds. This reaction was catalyzed by Lewis acid and involved nucleophilic substitution. A series of diphenylphosphonates and diphenylphosphine oxides were obtained, from the phosphorylation of alcohols, with good-to-excellent yields.

Low-Valent-Tungsten-Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling Reaction

A straightforward and convenient protocol was established for the synthesis of thiophosphates and 3-sulfenylated indoles via low-valent-tungsten-catalyzed aerobic oxidative cross-dehydrogenative coupling reactions. These reactions occur under mild conditions and simple operations with commercially available starting materials, processing the advantage of excellent atom and step economy, broad substrate scope, and good functional groups tolerance. Moreover, this transformation could be practiced on the gram scale, which exhibits great potential in the preparation of drug-derived or bioactive molecules.

Nickel-Catalyzed Sodium Hypophosphite-Participated Direct Hydrophosphonylation of Alkyne toward H-Phosphinates

The traditional methods for the synthesis of phosphinate esters use phosphorus trichloride (PCl₃) as the phosphorous source, resulting in procedures that are often highly polluting and energy intensive. The search for an alternative approach that is both mild and environmentally friendly is a challenging, yet highly rewarding task in modern chemistry. Herein, we use an inorganic phosphorous-containing species, NaH₂PO₂, to serve as the source of phosphorous that participates directly in the nickel-catalyzed selective alkyne hydrophosphonylation reaction. The transformation was achieved in a multicomponent fashion and at room temperature, and most importantly, the H-phosphinate product generated is an advanced intermediate which can be readily converted into diverse phosphinate derivatives, including those bearing new P-C, P-S, P-N, P-Se, and P-O bonds, thus providing a complimentary method to classic phosphinate ester synthesis techniques.

Visible-Light-Initiated Multicomponent Reactions of α-Diazoesters to Access Organophosphorus Compounds

A simple visible-light-initiated strategy has been established for the construction of organophosphorus compounds via aerobic multicomponent reaction of α-diazoesters, cyclic ethers, and P(O)H compounds under air. A number of phosphonates and phosphinates could be efficiently isolated in moderate to good yields without the use of photosensitizers and metal reagents. This multicomponent reaction has advantages of mild condition, simple operation, eco-friendly energy, good functional-group tolerance, and gram-scale synthesis.

Bromide ion promoted practical synthesis of phosphinothioates of sulfinic acid derivatives and H-phosphine oxides

Herein, a method for the practical synthesis of thiophosphinates under metal free and open flask conditions is reported.

Photoinduced Decarboxylative Phosphorothiolation of N-Hydroxyphthalimide Esters

A visible-light-induced protocol for the synthesis of phosphorothioates is developed by employing the Ir-catalyzed decarboxylative phosphorothiolation of N-hydroxyphthalimide esters. This novel synthesis method utilizes carboxylic acids as raw material, which is stable, cheap, and commercially available. Scope studies show that this reaction has good compatibility of functional groups. Notably, both the synthesis of steric hindrance phosphorothioates and the later modification of some bioactive compounds are successfully achieved.

Electrochemical phosphorylation of arenols and anilines leading to organophosphates and phosphoramidates

A practical phosphorylation for generating organophosphates and phosphoramidates via electrochemical dehydrogenative cross-coupling of P(O)H compounds with arenols and anilines is disclosed. This method involves using inorganic iodide salts as both redox catalysts and electrolytes in an undivided cell without the addition of oxidants or bases. A preliminary mechanistic study suggests that radicals are not involved in this process. This method is green and eco-friendly and has good functional group tolerance, high yields and broad substrate scope, with the potential for practical synthesis.

A phosphoryl radical-initiated Atherton–Todd-type reaction under open air

A phosphoryl radical-initiated Atherton–Todd-type reaction enables the phosphorylation of alcohols, phenols, and amines under mild reaction conditions.

Highly atom-economical, catalyst-free, and solvent-free phosphorylation of chalcogenides

Silica gel promoted, catalyst-free and solvent-free S-P, Se-P and Te-P bond formations are described. A variety of disulfides coupled with diarylphosphine oxides provide the corresponding phosphinothioates in excellent yields. For the first time, diselenides and ditellurides reacted with dialkyl phosphites under catalyst-free conditions to provide the corresponding phosphoroselenoates and phosphorotelluroates, respectively, in good to excellent yields.

Applications of H-phosphonates for C element bond formation

The readily accessible and inexpensive dialkyl H-phosphonates are important building blocks for organic synthesis. This review specifically covers our recent work on the application of H-phosphonates as reactants for C–P bond formation, and as promoters for quinoline N-oxides to synthesize 2-functionalized quinolines.

Metal- and base-free reductive coupling reaction of P(O)-H with aryl/alkyl sulfonyl chlorides: a novel protocol for the construction of P-S-C bonds

Novel and efficient synthesis of S-aryl/alkyl phosphinothioates from P(O)-H and aryl/alkyl sulfonyl chlorides under metal- and base-free conditions is described. This reaction provides an alternative strategy for the construction of P-S-C bonds in moderate to excellent yields. Moreover, this method can be readily applied to gram-scale preparation.

ATRA-like alkylation–peroxidation of alkenes with trichloromethyl derivatives by the combination of tBuOOH and NEt3

This protocol provides a unique and innovative approach to the construction of α-tert-butylperoxy-β-dichloromethyl alkanes, employing CHCl₃ as an alkylating reagent to provide a –CHCl₂ group, and TBHP as an oxidant to provide an α-^tBuOO group.

Metal-free electrophilic phosphination of electron-rich arenes, arenols and aromatic thiols with diarylphosphine oxides

A metal-free and mild route to aromatic organophosphorus compounds from stable phosphines.

Cs2 CO3 -Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling of Thiols with Phosphonates and Arenes

An efficient Cs₂ CO₃ -catalyzed oxidative coupling of thiols with phosphonates and arenes that uses molecular oxygen as the oxidant is described. These reactions provide not only a novel alkali metal salt catalyzed aerobic oxidation, but also an efficient approach to thiophosphates and sulfenylarenes, which are ubiquitously found in pharmaceuticals and pesticides. The reaction proceeds under simple and mild reaction conditions, tolerates a wide range of functional groups, and is applicable to the late-stage synthesis and modification of bioactive molecules.

K2CO3-promoted aerobic oxidative cross-coupling of trialkyl phosphites with thiophenols

Phosphorylation of thiols has been achieved via K₂CO₃-promoted aerobic oxidative cross-coupling of trialkyl phosphites with thiophenols.

Iron-catalyzed clean dehydrogenative coupling of alcohols with P(O)–H compounds: a new protocol for ROH phosphorylation

An efficient oxygen–phosphoryl bond-forming reactionviairon-catalyzed cross dehydrogenative coupling has been developed. The reaction proceeds efficiently under oxidant- and halide-free conditions with H₂liberation, and represents a straightforward method to prepare organophosphoryl compounds from alcohols and P(O)–H compounds.