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Rada S, Pintea A, Opre R, Unguresan M, Popa A. Recycled and Nickel- or Cobalt-Doped Lead Materials from Lead Acid Battery: Voltammetric and Spectroscopic Studies. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4507. [PMID: 37444821 DOI: 10.3390/ma16134507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The active mass of the plates of aspent car battery with higher wear after an efficient desulfatization can be used as sources of a new electrode. This paper proposes the recycling of spent electrodes from a lead acid battery and the incorporation of NiO or Co3O4 contents by the melt-quenching method in order to enrich the electrochemical properties. The analysis of X-ray diffractograms indicates the gradual decrease in the sulfated crystalline phases, respectively, 4PbO·PbSO4 and PbO·PbSO4 phases, until their disappearance for higher dopant concentrations. Infrared (IR) spectra show a decreasing trend in the intensity of the bands corresponding to the sulfate ions and a conversion of [PbO3] pyramidal units into [PbO4] tetrahedral units by doping with high dopant levels, yielding to the apparition of the PbO2 crystalline phase. The observed electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra confirm three signals located on the gyromagnetic factor, g~2, 2.2 and 8 assigned to the nickel ions in higher oxidation states as well as the metallic nickel nanoparticles. This compositional evolution can be explained by considering a process of the drastic reduction in nickel ions from the superior oxidation states to metallic nickel. The linewidth and the intensity of the resonance lines situated at about g~2, 2.17, 4.22 and 7.8 are attributed to the Co+2 ions from the EPR data. The best reversibility of the cyclic voltammograms was highlighted for the samples with x = 10 mol% of NiO and 15 mol% of Co3O4, which are recommended as suitable in applications as new electrodes for the lead acid battery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Rada
- Physics and Chemistry Department, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400020 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Andrei Pintea
- Physics and Chemistry Department, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400020 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Razvan Opre
- Physics and Chemistry Department, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400020 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mihaela Unguresan
- Physics and Chemistry Department, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400020 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Adriana Popa
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Chang C, Yang S, Li Y, Xiang C, Wang H, Liu S, Luo T, Chen Y. Green hydrometallurgical extraction of metallic lead from spent lead paste in the methanesulfonic acid system. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Recycling of Lead Pastes from Spent Lead–Acid Batteries: Thermodynamic Constraints for Desulphurization. RECYCLING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/recycling7040045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lead–acid batteries are important to modern society because of their wide usage and low cost. The primary source for production of new lead–acid batteries is from recycling spent lead–acid batteries. In spent lead–acid batteries, lead is primarily present as lead pastes. In lead pastes, the dominant component is lead sulfate (PbSO4, mineral name anglesite) and lead oxide sulfate (PbO•PbSO4, mineral name lanarkite), which accounts for more than 60% of lead pastes. In the recycling process for lead–acid batteries, the desulphurization of lead sulfate is the key part to the overall process. In this work, the thermodynamic constraints for desulphurization via the hydrometallurgical route for recycling lead pastes are presented. The thermodynamic constraints are established according to the thermodynamic model that is applicable and important to recycling of lead pastes via hydrometallurgical routes in high ionic strength solutions that are expected to be in industrial processes. The thermodynamic database is based on the Pitzer equations for calculations of activity coefficients of aqueous species. The desulphurization of lead sulfates represented by PbSO4 can be achieved through the following routes. (1) conversion to lead oxalate in oxalate-bearing solutions; (2) conversion to lead monoxide in alkaline solutions; and (3) conversion to lead carbonate in carbonate solutions. Among the above three routes, the conversion to lead oxalate is environmentally friendly and has a strong thermodynamic driving force. Oxalate-bearing solutions such as oxalic acid and potassium oxalate solutions will provide high activities of oxalate that are many orders of magnitude higher than those required for conversion of anglesite or lanarkite to lead oxalate, in accordance with the thermodynamic model established for the oxalate system. An additional advantage of the oxalate conversion route is that no additional reductant is needed to reduce lead dioxide to lead oxide or lead sulfate, as there is a strong thermodynamic force to convert lead dioxide directly to lead oxalate. As lanarkite is an important sulfate-bearing phase in lead pastes, this study evaluates the solubility constant for lanarkite regarding the following reaction, based on the solubility data, PbO•PbSO4 + 2H+ ⇌ 2Pb2+ + SO42− + H2O(l).
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Calborean A, Murariu T, Morari C. Optimized lead-acid grid architectures for automotive lead-acid batteries: An electrochemical analysis. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.137880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Zhong F, Yang M, Ding M, Jia C. Organic Electroactive Molecule-Based Electrolytes for Redox Flow Batteries: Status and Challenges of Molecular Design. Front Chem 2020; 8:451. [PMID: 32637392 PMCID: PMC7317337 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This is a critical review of the advances in the molecular design of organic electroactive molecules, which are the key components for redox flow batteries (RFBs). As a large-scale energy storage system with great potential, the redox flow battery has been attracting increasing attention in the last few decades. The redox molecules, which bridge the interconversion between chemical energy and electric energy for RFBs, have generated wide interest in many fields such as energy storage, functional materials, and synthetic chemistry. The most widely used electroactive molecules are inorganic metal ions, most of which are scarce and expensive, hindering the broad deployment of RFBs. Thus, there is an urgent motivation to exploit novel cost-effective electroactive molecules for the commercialization of RFBs. RFBs based on organic electroactive molecules such as quinones and nitroxide radical derivatives have been studied and have been a hot topic of research due to their inherent merits in the last decade. However, few comprehensive summaries regarding the molecular design of organic electroactive molecules have been published. Herein, the latest progress and challenges of organic electroactive molecules in both non-aqueous and aqueous RFBs are reviewed, and future perspectives are put forward for further developments of RFBs as well as other electrochemical energy storage systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Zhong
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Minghui Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Mei Ding
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, China.,National Engineering Laboratory of Highway Maintenance Technology, School of Traffic & Transportation Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Chuankun Jia
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, China.,National Engineering Laboratory of Highway Maintenance Technology, School of Traffic & Transportation Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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6
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Simultaneous Removal of Residual Sulfate and Heavy Metals from Spent Electrolyte of Lead-Acid Battery after Precipitation and Carbonation. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12031263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Spent electrolyte from lead-acid battery contains high concentrations of sulfate acid and heavy metals; therefore without proper handling, they might cause severe environmental pollution. A relatively high concentration of sulfate ions (approximately 3000 mg/L) and heavy metals still exists in the effluent even after precipitation with slaked lime and carbonation process, which need to be further processed to lower both the concentrations of sulfate and heavy metals for direct discharge. A process that involves the reduction of sulfate to sulfide with sulfate-reducing bacteria and precipitation of the excessive sulfide with Fe(OH)2 was adopted to dispose of the effluent after precipitation and carbonation for direct discharge. Thermodynamic calculations were adopted to narrow down the optimum experimental range and understand the precipitation mechanism. In the whole process, no new impurities nor ions were introduced and 99.2% of sulfate, 99.9% of sulfide, 99.1% of Ca and more than 94.6% of Pb and 99.8% of Cd were removed and the obtained effluent was safe to discharge.
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Rasel S, Bhatkar O, Smith D, Kowal MD, Anderson M, Rizvi R, Kaner RB. Self-Assembled Functionally Graded Graphene Films with Tunable Compositions and Their Applications in Transient Electronics and Actuation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:23463-23473. [PMID: 31252496 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b05236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The facile fabrication of functionally graded all-graphene films using a single-step casting process is reported. The films consist of a self-assembled graphene oxide (GO) precursor that can be reduced to different levels on an active metal substrate. Control of processing conditions such as the underlying substrate metal and the film-drying environment results in an ability to tailor the internal architecture of the films as well as to functionally grade the reduction of GO. A gradient arrangement within each film, where one side is electrically conductive reduced GO (rGO) and the other side is insulating GO, was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy, Raman, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterization studies. All-graphene-based freestanding films with selectively reduced GO were used in transient electronic applications such as flexible circuitry and RFID tag antennas, where their decommissioning is easily achieved by capitalizing on GO's ability to readily dissociate and create a stable suspension in water. Furthermore, the functionally graded structure was found to exhibit differential swelling behavior, and its potential applications in graphene-based actuators are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh Rasel
- Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering , University of Toledo , 2801 W. Bancroft Str., MS312 , Toledo , Ohio 43606-3390 , United States
| | - Omkar Bhatkar
- Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering , University of Toledo , 2801 W. Bancroft Str., MS312 , Toledo , Ohio 43606-3390 , United States
| | - David Smith
- Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering , University of Toledo , 2801 W. Bancroft Str., MS312 , Toledo , Ohio 43606-3390 , United States
| | - Matt D Kowal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute , University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) , Los Angeles , California 90095-1569 , United States
| | - Mackenzie Anderson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute , University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) , Los Angeles , California 90095-1569 , United States
| | - Reza Rizvi
- Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering , University of Toledo , 2801 W. Bancroft Str., MS312 , Toledo , Ohio 43606-3390 , United States
| | - Richard B Kaner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute , University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) , Los Angeles , California 90095-1569 , United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , UCLA , Los Angeles , California 90095-1595 , United States
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Zhang X, Li L, Fan E, Xue Q, Bian Y, Wu F, Chen R. Toward sustainable and systematic recycling of spent rechargeable batteries. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:7239-7302. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00297e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive and novel view on battery recycling is provided in terms of the science and technology, engineering, and policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Li Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Ersha Fan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Qing Xue
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Yifan Bian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Feng Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Renjie Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
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Sun Z, Cao H, Zhang X, Lin X, Zheng W, Cao G, Sun Y, Zhang Y. Spent lead-acid battery recycling in China - A review and sustainable analyses on mass flow of lead. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 64:190-201. [PMID: 28318961 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Lead is classified to be one of the top heavy metal pollutants in China. The corresponding environmental issues especially during the management of spent lead-acid battery have already caused significant public awareness and concern. This research gives a brief overview on the recycling situation based on an investigation of the lead industry in China and also the development of technologies for spent lead-acid batteries. The main principles and research focuses of different technologies including pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy and greener technologies are summarized and compared. Subsequently, the circulability of lead based on the entire life cycle analyses of lead-acid battery is calculated. By considering different recycling schemes, the recycling situation of spent lead-acid battery in China can be understood semi-quantitatively. According to this research, 30% of the primary lead production can be shut down that the lead production can still ensure consecutive life cycle operation of lead-acid battery, if proper management of the spent lead-acid battery is implemented according to current lead industry situation in China. This research provides a methodology on the view of lead circulability in the whole life cycle of a specific product and is aiming to contribute more quantitative guidelines for efficient organization of lead industry in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Hongbin Cao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Xihua Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; Solid Waste and Chemicals Management Center, Ministry of Environmental Protection of China, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiao Lin
- National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Wenwen Zheng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Guoqing Cao
- China Battery Industry Association, Beijing 100740, China
| | - Yong Sun
- Edith Cowan University School of Engineering, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
| | - Yi Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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Liu W, Ma B, Li F, Fu Y, Tai J, Zhou Y, Lei L. Reduction of lead dioxide with oxalic acid to prepare lead oxide as the positive electrode material for lead acid batteries. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra23671e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sponge-like lead oxides prepared from PbO2can discharge a capacity of 115.2 mA h g−1after 50 cycles at 100 mA g−1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - Beibei Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - Fajun Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - Yan Fu
- Office of Academic Affairs
- Southeast University
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - Jian Tai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - Yanqing Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - Lixu Lei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
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Ma C, Shu Y, Chen H. Preparation of high-purity lead oxide from spent lead paste by low temperature burning and hydrometallurgical processing with ammonium acetate solution. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra23559f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lead sulfate, lead dioxide and lead oxide are the main components of lead paste in a spent lead-acid battery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Ma
- School of Chemistry and Environment
- South China Normal University
- Guangzhou
- PR China
| | - Yuehong Shu
- School of Chemistry and Environment
- South China Normal University
- Guangzhou
- PR China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- School of Chemistry and Environment
- South China Normal University
- Guangzhou
- PR China
- Production
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