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Misin VM, Maltseva IE, Kazakov ME, Volkov VA. The Polymers of Diethynylarenes-Is Selective Polymerization at One Acetylene Bond Possible? A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051105. [PMID: 36904346 PMCID: PMC10006943 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, all available publications on the polymerization of all isomers of bifunctional diethynylarenes due to the opening of C≡C bonds were considered and analyzed. It has been shown that with the use of polymers of diethynylbenzene, heat-resistant and ablative materials, catalysts, sorbents, humidity sensors, and other materials can be obtained. Various catalytic systems and conditions of polymer synthesis are considered. For the convenience of comparison, the publications considered are grouped according to common features, including the types of initiating systems. Critical consideration is given to the features of the intramolecular structure of the synthesized polymers since it determines the entire complex of properties of this material and subsequent materials. Branched and/or insoluble polymers are formed as a result of solid-phase and liquid-phase homopolymerization. It is shown that the synthesis of a completely linear polymer was carried out for the first time by anionic polymerization. The review considers in sufficient detail publications from hard-to-reach sources, as well as publications that required a more thorough critical examination. The review does not consider the polymerization of diethynylarenes with substituted aromatic rings because of their steric restrictions; the diethynylarenes copolymers with complex intramolecular structure; and diethynylarenes polymers obtained by oxidative polycondensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vyacheslav M. Misin
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy Science, 4 Kosygina Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina E. Maltseva
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy Science, 4 Kosygina Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Mark E. Kazakov
- SPC UVICOM Ltd., 38A Olympic Avenue, 141009 Mytischi, Russia
| | - Vladimir A. Volkov
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy Science, 4 Kosygina Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia
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Anionic Polymerization of Para-Diethynylbenzene: Synthesis of a Strictly Linear Polymer. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14050900. [PMID: 35267720 PMCID: PMC8912582 DOI: 10.3390/polym14050900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Anionic homo- and copolymerization of p-diethynylbenzene in the presence of n-BuLi in polar solvents was carried out. The use of hexamethylphosphortriamide (HMPA) makes it possible to synthesize a completely linear soluble polymer that does not have branching and phenylene fragments. A copolymer of p-diethynylbenzene with diphenyldiacetylene was synthesized. Homo- and copolymers of p-diethynylbenzene have high thermo- and thermo-oxidative stability. By the interaction of side reactive ethynylphenylene groups with various reagents, it is proposed to synthesize clusters along the conducting chain of poly-p-diethynylbenzene. Due to presenting C≡CH side groups, boron, copper, and cobalt derivatives were synthesized. It is shown that not all theoretically possible stereoisomers can be formed as a result of the polymerization. The application of p-diethynylbenzene polymers for the modification of industrial samples of epoxy novolac resin, oligoester acrylates, and carbon fibers has been demonstrated.
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Misin VM, Maltseva IE, Maltsev AA. Synthesis of homo‐ and copolymers of para‐diethynylbenzene in the presence of the cobalt carbonyl ‐ diphenylbutadiyne complex. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vyacheslav M. Misin
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics RAS 4 Kosygin Street Moscow 119334 Russia
| | - Irina E. Maltseva
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics RAS 4 Kosygin Street Moscow 119334 Russia
| | - Alexander A. Maltsev
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics RAS 4 Kosygin Street Moscow 119334 Russia
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Song PN, Hong JL. Use of a Polymer Blend To Disperse Large Amounts of Carbon-Based Fillers To Result in Nanocomposites with Superior Mechanical Properties and Outstanding Conductivities. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c00989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Ni Song
- Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 80424, ROC
| | - Jin-Long Hong
- Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 80424, ROC
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Zhang Z, Liao M, Lou H, Hu Y, Sun X, Peng H. Conjugated Polymers for Flexible Energy Harvesting and Storage. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1704261. [PMID: 29399890 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201704261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of conjugated polymers in the 1970s, they have attracted considerable interest in light of their advantages of having a tunable bandgap, high electroactivity, high flexibility, and good processability compared to inorganic conducting materials. The above combined advantages make them promising for effective energy harvesting and storage, which have been widely studied in recent decades. Herein, the key advancements in the use of conjugated polymers for flexible energy harvesting and storage are reviewed. The synthesis, structure, and properties of conjugated polymers are first summarized. Then, their applications in flexible polymer solar cells, thermoelectric generators, supercapacitors, and lithium-ion batteries are described. The remaining challenges are then discussed to highlight the future direction in the development of conjugated polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhitao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Meng Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Huiqing Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yajie Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xuemei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Huisheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
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Liang J, Gu Y, Zhang Z, Wang S, Li M, Zhang Z. Densification of chlorine-doped continuous CNT sheet/polyvinylidene fluoride sandwich film and improvement of the mechanical and dielectric properties. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 29:035701. [PMID: 29148983 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa9b6c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The compact structure of a chlorine-doped continuous CNT sheet/polyvinylidene fluoride (Cl-CNT sheet/PVDF) was successfully optimized by means of a hot-press treatment to improve the mechanical and dielectric properties with a high densification degree. Then, the densified Cl-CNT sheet/PVDF dielectric layer was inserted between two PVDF insulating layers to fabricate a sandwich composite. It was found that the dielectric and mechanical properties were effectively enhanced, with a dielectric permittivity of 40.4 (@102 Hz), a dielectric loss of 0.16 (@102 Hz), a tensile strength of 139 MPa, and a tensile modulus of 4.4 GPa under a hot-pressing pressure of 20 MPa. Furthermore, the densified Cl-CNT sheet/PVDF was used as an electrode in a multilayer sandwich composite film, and good performance was obtained. The improvement mechanism was discussed and the studied CNT composite and other dielectric composites were compared. It demonstrates great potential for applications in dielectric and electrode materials to achieve structural and functional integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyong Liang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
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Zare Y, Rhee KY. A multistep methodology for calculation of the tensile modulus in polymer/carbon nanotube nanocomposites above the percolation threshold based on the modified rule of mixtures. RSC Adv 2018; 8:30986-30993. [PMID: 35548743 PMCID: PMC9085519 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra04992k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A multistep model is proposed for calculating the tensile modulus values of polymer/carbon nanotube (CNT) nanocomposites (PCNTs) based on the modified rule of mixtures, assuming a percolated network of nanoparticles. In the first step, the network of nanoparticles is considered as a new phase with a novel volume fraction and Young's modulus. Then, the volume fraction of the filler network in the PCNTs is correlated to the density of the network. Also, the percolation of the nanoparticles is related to the aspect ratio of the nanoparticles. Finally, a new model is proposed based on the modified rule of mixtures (the Riley model) of the properties of the filler network. The predictions of the proposed model are compared with experimental results and the roles of the nanoparticles and network properties in the modulus values of nanocomposites are determined. The proposed model presents acceptable predictions when compared with the experimental data. Moreover, the density and modulus of the filler network, as well as the aspect ratio and diameter of the nanoparticles was found to directly affect the moduli of the nanocomposites. A multistep model is proposed for calculating the tensile modulus values of polymer/carbon nanotube (CNT) nanocomposites (PCNTs) based on the modified rule of mixtures, assuming a percolated network of nanoparticles.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Zare
- Young Researchers and Elites Club
- Science and Research Branch
- Islamic Azad University
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Kyong Yop Rhee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- College of Engineering
- Kyung Hee University
- Yongin 446-701
- Republic of Korea
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Liu Z, Peng W, Zare Y, Hui D, Rhee KY. Predicting the electrical conductivity in polymer carbon nanotube nanocomposites based on the volume fractions and resistances of the nanoparticle, interphase, and tunneling regions in conductive networks. RSC Adv 2018; 8:19001-19010. [PMID: 35539634 PMCID: PMC9080624 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra00811f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Some limited models have been suggested to determine the conductivity of polymer carbon nanotube (CNT) nanocomposites (PCNTs). However, earlier models (e.g., the Kovacs model) cannot properly consider the roles of the interphase regions or tunneling properties on the percolation threshold and subsequent conductivity of PCNTs. In this paper, the Kovacs model is further developed by assuming that the CNT, interphase, and tunneling regions are separate phases. Also, some simple equations are provided to calculate the percolation threshold as well as the volume fractions and resistances of the CNT, interphase, and tunneling regions in conductive networks. The experimental conductivity results for several samples are compared with the predictions of the developed model. In addition, the calculations of the developed model at different parameter levels are explained and justified. The conductivity calculations show good agreement with the experimental data. Moreover, the developed model reasonably explains the roles of the different parameters on the conductivity. For example, long, thin, and straight CNTs efficiently improve the conductivity because they form large networks in the nanocomposites. Additionally, a thick interphase enlarges the conductive networks, resulting in a desirable conductivity. The conductivity of PCNTs only depends on the tunneling resistance; this is the case because the poor resistance/significant conductivity of the CNT and interphase regions do not influence the conductivity. The developed equations can replace conventional approaches for predicting the conductivity of nanocomposites. Some limited models have been suggested to determine the conductivity of polymer carbon nanotube (CNT) nanocomposites (PCNTs).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenling Liu
- School of Forestry
- Henan Agricultural University
- Zhengzhou
- China
| | - Wanxi Peng
- School of Forestry
- Henan Agricultural University
- Zhengzhou
- China
| | - Yasser Zare
- Young Researchers and Elites Club
- Science and Research Branch
- Islamic Azad University
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - David Hui
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- University of New Orleans
- USA
| | - Kyong Yop Rhee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- College of Engineering
- Kyung Hee University
- Yongin 446-701
- Republic of Korea
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