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Lim DW, Yoon TS, Han KH, Sajjad S, Shin HS, Kang S. Improved Separation in Horizontal Protein SDS-PAGE with Double-Deck Flat Electrodes and a Field Inversion Gel Electrophoresis Module. Methods Protoc 2023; 6:106. [PMID: 37987353 PMCID: PMC10660703 DOI: 10.3390/mps6060106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The horizontal flatbed electrophoresis method is employed to separate protein samples, providing greater flexibility for various electrophoretic applications and easier sample loading compared to its vertical counterpart. In the currently available equipment setup, cathode and anode electrodes are positioned on top of a gel at each end. Since an electric field enters the gel from the top, its strength gradually weakens from the top to the bottom of the gel. When examining the interior of gels following electrophoretic separation, the uneven electric field causes the protein bands to lie down forward in the direction of migration, leading to an increase in bandwidth. This issue has remained unaddressed for several decades. To address this problem, new clamp-shaped and double-deck electrodes were developed to apply an electric field simultaneously from both the top and bottom of the gel. Both of these new electrodes facilitated the formation of perpendicular protein band shapes and enhanced resolution at a comparable level. Due to their ease of use, double-deck electrodes are recommended. By combining these new electrodes with the field inversion gel electrophoresis (FIGE) technique, the protein bands could be focused and aligned nearly vertically, resulting in the highest level of electrophoretic resolution. Our electrodes are compatible with polyacrylamide gels of varying sizes, buffer systems, and sample well formats. They can be easily manufactured and seamlessly integrated into existing laboratory instruments for practical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Woo Lim
- T-MAC Co., Ltd., Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; (D.W.L.); (H.-S.S.)
| | - Tae-Sung Yoon
- Critical Diseases Diagnostics Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; (T.-S.Y.); (S.S.)
| | - Kyung Ho Han
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Hannam University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea;
| | - Saba Sajjad
- Critical Diseases Diagnostics Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; (T.-S.Y.); (S.S.)
| | - Heung-Seon Shin
- T-MAC Co., Ltd., Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; (D.W.L.); (H.-S.S.)
| | - Sunghyun Kang
- T-MAC Co., Ltd., Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; (D.W.L.); (H.-S.S.)
- Critical Diseases Diagnostics Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; (T.-S.Y.); (S.S.)
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2
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Sena-Torralba A, Banguera-Ordoñez YD, Mira-Pascual L, Maquieira Á, Morais S. Exploring the potential of paper-based electrokinetic phenomena in PoC biosensing. Trends Biotechnol 2023; 41:1299-1313. [PMID: 37150668 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2023.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In order to decentralize health care, the development of point-of-care (PoC) assays has gained significant attention in recent decades. The lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) has emerged as a promising bioanalytical method due to its low cost and single-step detection process. However, its limited sensitivity and inability to detect disease biomarkers at clinically relevant levels have hindered its application for early diagnosis. This review explores the potential of merging different electrokinetic phenomena into paper-based assays to enhance their analytical performance, offering a versatile and affordable approach for PoC testing. The review exposes the challenges faced in integrating electrokinetic phenomena with paper-based biosensing and concludes by discussing the issues that need to be improved to maximize the potential of this technology for early diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amadeo Sena-Torralba
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Yulieth D Banguera-Ordoñez
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Laia Mira-Pascual
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ángel Maquieira
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain; Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sergi Morais
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain; Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
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3
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Xue J, Zhang Q, Cao J, Tian Y, Zha G, Liu X, Liu W, Wang Y, Gui D, Cao C. Gel Electrophoresis Chip Using Joule Heat Self-Dissipation, Short Run Time, and Online Dynamic Imaging. Anal Chem 2021; 94:2007-2015. [PMID: 34958211 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gel electrophoresis (GE) is one of the most general tools in biomedicine. However, it suffers from low resolution, and its mechanism has not been fully revealed yet. Herein, we presented the dispersion model of w2 (t) ∝ Tt, showing the band dispersion (w) via temperature (T) and running time (t) control. Second, we designed an efficient GE chip via the time control and rapid Joule heat self-dissipation by thermal conductive plastic (TCP) and electrode buffer. Third, we conducted the simulations on TCP and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) chips, unveiling that (i) the temperature of TCP was lower than the PMMA one, (ii) the temperature uniformity of TCP was better than the PMMA one, and (iii) the resolution of TCP was superior to the PMMA one. Fourth, we designed both TCP and PMMA chips for experimentally validating the dispersion model, TCP chip, and simulations. Finally, we applied the TCP chip to thalassemia and model urine protein assays. The TCP chip has merits of high resolution, rapid run of 6-10 min, and low cost. This work paves the way for greatly improving electrophoretic techniques in gel, chip, and capillary via temperature and time control for biologic study, biopharma quality control, clinical diagnosis, and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Xue
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China.,School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Jun Cao
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Youli Tian
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China.,School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Genhan Zha
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoping Liu
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Weiwen Liu
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Yuxing Wang
- School of Physics and Astronomies, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Dingkun Gui
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, P. R. China
| | - Chengxi Cao
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China.,Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, P. R. China.,School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
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4
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Abstract
A hydrogel is a solid form of polymer network absorbed in a substantial amount of aqueous solution. In electrophoresis, hydrogels play versatile roles including as support media, sieving matrixes, affinity scaffolds, and compositions of molecularly imprinting polymers. Recently, the study of hydrogels has been advancing with unprecedented speed, and the application of hydrogels in separation science has brought new opportunities and possible breakthroughs. A good understanding about the roles and effects of the material is essential for hydrogel applications. This review summarizes the hydrogels that has been described in various modes of electrophoretic separations, including isoelectric focusing gel electrophoresis (IEFGE), isotachophoresis (ITP), gel electrophoresis and affinity gel electrophoresis (AGE). As microchip electrophoresis (ME) is one of the future trends in electrophoresis, thought provoking studies related to hydrogels in ME are also introduced. Novel hydrogels and methods that improve separation performance, facilitate the experimental operation process, allow for rapid analysis, and promote the integration to microfluidic devices are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Liu
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
| | - Takuya Kubo
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
| | - Koji Otsuka
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
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5
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Sena-Torralba A, Alvarez-Diduk R, Parolo C, Torné-Morató H, Müller A, Merkoçi A. Paper-Based Electrophoretic Bioassay: Biosensing in Whole Blood Operating via Smartphone. Anal Chem 2021; 93:3112-3121. [PMID: 33534544 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Point-of-care (PoC) tests are practical and effective diagnostic solutions for major clinical problems, ranging from the monitoring of a pandemic to recurrent or simple measurements. Although, in recent years, a great improvement in the analytical performance of such sensors has been observed, there is still a major issue that has not been properly solved: the ability to perform adequate sample treatments. The main reason is that normally sample treatments require complicated or long procedures not adequate for deployment at the PoC. In response, a sensing platform, called paper-based electrophoretic bioassay (PEB), that combines the key characteristics of a lateral flow assay (LFA) with the sample treatment capabilities of electrophoresis is developed. In particular, the ability of PEB to separate different types of particles and to detect human antibodies in untreated spiked whole blood is demonstrated. Finally, to make the platform suitable for PoC, PEB is coupled with a smartphone that controls the electrophoresis and reads the optical signal generated. It is believed that the PEB platform represents a much-needed solution for the detection of low target concentrations in complex media, solving one of the major limitations of LFA and opening opportunities for point-of-care sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amadeo Sena-Torralba
- Nanobioelectronics & Biosensors Group, Institut Català de Nanociència I Nanotecnologia (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ruslan Alvarez-Diduk
- Nanobioelectronics & Biosensors Group, Institut Català de Nanociència I Nanotecnologia (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claudio Parolo
- Nanobioelectronics & Biosensors Group, Institut Català de Nanociència I Nanotecnologia (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Helena Torné-Morató
- Nanobioelectronics & Biosensors Group, Institut Català de Nanociència I Nanotecnologia (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alexander Müller
- Nanobioelectronics & Biosensors Group, Institut Català de Nanociència I Nanotecnologia (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arben Merkoçi
- Nanobioelectronics & Biosensors Group, Institut Català de Nanociència I Nanotecnologia (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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6
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Use of electrical field-flow fractionation for gold nanoparticles after improving separation efficiency by carrier liquid optimization. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1144:102-110. [PMID: 33453786 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electrical field-flow fractionation (ElFFF) is a useful separation technique for nanoparticles, however, it has been limited by polarization/electrical double layer formation which reduces an effective field for separation. With an appropriate direct current (DC) applied voltage, sodium carbonate, FL-70, Triton X-100 and acetonitrile were explored as additive substances for preparation of carrier liquid used in normal ElFFF to enhance an amplitude of effective field by their ionic redox-active species, ionic and nonionic surfactant and wide electrochemical potential window nonionic organic solvent properties, respectively. Effective field was indirectly measured in each carrier liquid by investigating retention behavior of polystyrene latex nanoparticles and gold nanoparticles. Effective field improvement was observed in all carrier liquid types (except FL-70) by which the highest effective field existed in 16 μM sodium carbonate at 1.70 V and 0.01% (V/V) Triton X-100 and 50% (V/V) acetonitrile at 1.90 V as compared to deionized water at 1.90 V. In addition, those carrier liquids were applied for separation of 5 nm and 15 nm gold nanoparticles mixture by which Triton X-100 exhibited the best separation resolution (Rs = 1.11).
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7
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Sajjadi SH, Ahmadzadeh H, Goharshadi EK. Enhanced electrophoretic separation of proteins by tethered SiO 2 nanoparticles in an SDS-polyacrylamide gel network. Analyst 2020; 145:415-423. [PMID: 31789322 DOI: 10.1039/c9an01759c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) are able to improve the separation efficiency of proteins in SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) due to their capability of enhancing heat dissipation during electrophoresis. However, the intrinsic surface charges of NPs (at buffer pH or charge induced due to the SDS coating) make them acquire electrophoretic mobility and movement in the gel. Such a movement leads to viscosity and temperature gradients in the gel and deteriorates the separation. In this work, we proposed a novel method by using tethered NPs in the gel. Silica NPs, as the model NPs, were prepared and their surfaces were modified using 3-[(methacryloxy)propyl] trimethoxysilane (MPS) which locks the NPs in the gel via covalent bonds (M-SiO2/PA (polyacrylamide)). SiO2 NPs were embedded into the gel (SiO2/PA) as the positive control, while pure PA gel was chosen as the negative control. The results showed that at a relatively high voltage of 250 V, although the Joule heat generated during electrophoresis disturbed the separation in the pure gel, the SiO2/PA and M-SiO2/PA nanocomposite gels showed better performances. In comparison with the pure PA gel, the resolution increased by 3 and 32% for SiO2/PA and M-SiO2/PA, respectively, in a relatively short separation time of 35 min. The gel with tethered NPs presented a more efficient separation in terms of band broadening and resolution compared with the gel with free NPs probably due to the movement of free charged particles in the gel. Evidently, the migration speed of protein bands in the gels decreased especially for larger proteins in the presence of the NPs compared to the pristine gel due to the steric hindrance of the NPs. Finally, we separated E. coli proteins, as a real sample. Among the three gels (pure PA, SiO2/PA, and M-SiO2/PA), the gel containing M-SiO2 showed the best performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayyed Hashem Sajjadi
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran.
| | - Hossein Ahmadzadeh
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran.
| | - Elaheh K Goharshadi
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran. and Nano Research Centre, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran
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8
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Sajjadi SH, Goharshadi EK, Ahmadzadeh H. Heat dissipation in slab gel electrophoresis: The effect of embedded TiO 2 nanoparticles on the thermal profiles. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1118-1119:63-69. [PMID: 31029035 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite the fast development of novel and high-resolution electrophoresis techniques such as capillary-based methods and microfluidic devices, the slab gel electrophoresis is still a popular method for the separation of biomolecules in medicine and biology. It is a low cost and simple method and offers high throughput. However, this technique is limited to low voltages leading to slow separations. Producing the heat during the electrophoresis known as Joule heating inevitably leads to a rise in the gel temperature. For the first time, this work offers a whole gel temperature measurement by using a thermal camera which presents accurate temperature profiles in the gel with a resolution of more than 10 pixel/mm2 and a precision of 0.1 °C. Titania, TiO2, nanoparticles (NPs) were embedded into the polyacrylamide (PA) gel to improve the electrophoretic separation of proteins. By embedding 0.025% w/v TiO2 NPs, heat dissipation increases by 16.5% at applied voltage of 200 V compared with that of PA gel with no embedded TiO2 NPs. The thermal images showed that the composite gel was 2.5 °C in average cooler than PA gel after 15 min of electrophoresis run at 200 V. The maximum separation voltage increased by 30 V in the composite PA/TiO2 gel compared with the pure PA gel. Moreover, the average number of theoretical plates over the 10 protein peaks, as a criterion of separation performance, increased by about 63% at 180 V when TiO2 NPs were included into the gel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayyed Hashem Sajjadi
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran
| | - Elaheh K Goharshadi
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran; Nano Research Center, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran.
| | - Hossein Ahmadzadeh
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran
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9
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Davardoostmanesh M, Goharshadi EK, Ahmadzadeh H. Electrophoretic size fractionation of graphene oxide nanosheets. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj06411c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Size fractionation of polydispersed graphene oxide (GO) into highly monodispersed fractions by electrophoresis is reported. The smallest fraction with nanosheets of approximately the same size shows photoluminescence properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Davardoostmanesh
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
- Mashhad 9177948974
- Iran
| | - Elaheh K. Goharshadi
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
- Mashhad 9177948974
- Iran
| | - Hossein Ahmadzadeh
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
- Mashhad 9177948974
- Iran
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Pan Q, Yamauchi KA, Herr AE. Controlling Dispersion during Single-Cell Polyacrylamide-Gel Electrophoresis in Open Microfluidic Devices. Anal Chem 2018; 90:13419-13426. [PMID: 30346747 PMCID: PMC6777840 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
New tools for measuring protein expression in individual cells complement single-cell genomics and transcriptomics. To characterize a population of individual mammalian cells, hundreds to thousands of microwells are arrayed on a polyacrylamide-gel-coated glass microscope slide. In this "open" fluidic device format, we explore the feasibility of mitigating diffusional losses during lysis and polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis (PAGE) through spatial control of the pore-size of the gel layer. To reduce in-plane diffusion-driven dilution of each single-cell lysate during in-microwell chemical lysis, we photopattern and characterize microwells with small-pore-size sidewalls ringing the microwell except at the injection region. To reduce out-of-plane-diffusion-driven-dilution-caused signal loss during both lysis and single-cell PAGE, we scrutinize a selectively permeable agarose lid layer. To reduce injection dispersion, we photopattern and study a stacking-gel feature at the head of each <1 mm separation axis. Lastly, we explore a semienclosed device design that reduces the cross-sectional area of the chip, thus reducing Joule-heating-induced dispersion during single-cell PAGE. As a result, we observed a 3-fold increase in separation resolution during a 30 s separation and a >2-fold enhancement of the signal-to-noise ratio. We present well-integrated strategies for enhancing overall single-cell-PAGE performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Pan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kevin A. Yamauchi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Amy E. Herr
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Profiling of nanoparticle–protein interactions by electrophoresis techniques. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 411:79-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1401-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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12
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Experimental investigation of oil-in-water microfiltration assisted by Dielectrophoresis: Operational condition optimization. Chem Eng Res Des 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Pan Q, Herr AE. Geometry-induced injection dispersion in single-cell protein electrophoresis. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 1000:214-222. [PMID: 29289313 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Arrays of microwells are widely used to isolate individual cells, facilitate high throughput cytometry assays, and ensure compatibility of those assays with whole-cell imaging. Microwell geometries have recently been utilized for handling and preparation of single-cell lysate, prior to single-cell protein electrophoresis. It is in the context of single-cell electrophoresis that we investigate the interplay of microwell geometry (circular, rectangular, triangular) and transport (diffusion, electromigration) on the subsequent performance of single-cell polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) for protein targets. We define and measure injector-induced dispersion during PAGE, and develop a numerical model of band broadening sources, experimentally validate the numerical model, and then identify operating conditions (characterized through the Peclet number, Pe) that lead to microwell-geometry induced losses in separation performance. With analysis of mammalian cells as a case study, we sought to understand at what Pe is the PAGE separation performance adversely sensitized to the microwell geometry. In developing design rules, we find that for the microwell geometries that are the most suitable for isolation of mammalian cells and moderate mass protein targets, the Pe is usually small enough (Pe < ∼20) to mitigate the effect of the microwell geometry on protein PAGE of single-cell lysate. In extreme cases where the largest mammalian cells are analyzed (Pe > ∼20), consideration of Pe suggests using a rectangular - and not the widely used circular - microwell geometry to maximize protein PAGE separation performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Pan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Amy E Herr
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States.
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14
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Monfared MA, Kasiri N, Mohammadi T. A CFD model for prediction of critical electric potential preventing membrane fouling in oily waste water treatment. J Memb Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2017.05.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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15
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Application of nanocomposite polymer hydrogels for ultra-sensitive fluorescence detection of proteins in gel electrophoresis. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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16
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