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Ali I, Chemen ME, Piccini LE, Mukherjee S, Jana S, Damonte EB, Ray B, Garcia CC, Ray S. Chemically modified galactans of Grateloupia indica: From production to in vitro antiviral activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:128824. [PMID: 38103665 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) have an affinity for heparan sulfate proteoglycans on cell surfaces, which is a determinant for virus entry. Herein, several sulfated galactans that mimic the active domain of the entry receptor were employed to prevent HSV infection. They were produced from Grateloupia indica using chlorosulfonic acid-pyridine (ClSO3H.Py)/N,N-dimethylformamide reagent (fraction G-402), SO3.Py/DMF reagent (G-403), or by aqueous extraction (G-401). These galactans contained varied molecular masses (33-55 kDa), and sulfate contents (12-20 %), and have different antiviral activities. Especially, the galactan (G-402) generated by using ClSO3H.Py/DMF, a novel reagent, exhibited the highest level of antiviral activity (EC50 = 0.36 μg/mL) compared to G-403 (EC50 = 15.6 μg/mL) and G-401 (EC50 = 17.9 μg/mL). This most active sulfated galactan possessed a linear chain containing β-(1 → 3)- and α-(1 → 4)-linked Galp units with sulfate group at the O-2/4/6 and O-2/3/6 positions, respectively. The HSV-1 and HSV-2 strains were specifically inhibited by this novel 33 ± 15 kDa galactan, which also blocked the virus from entering the host cell. These results highlight the significant potential of this sulfated galactan for antiviral research and drug development. Additionally, the reagent used for the effective conversion of galactan hydroxy groups to sulfate during extraction may also be useful for the chemical transformation of other natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ali
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, West Bengal, India
| | - Mathias E Chemen
- Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales UBA, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), UBA-CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2 Piso, 4, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luana E Piccini
- Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales UBA, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), UBA-CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2 Piso, 4, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Shuvam Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, West Bengal, India
| | - Subrata Jana
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, West Bengal, India
| | - Elsa B Damonte
- Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales UBA, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), UBA-CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2 Piso, 4, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Bimalendu Ray
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, West Bengal, India
| | - Cybele C Garcia
- Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales UBA, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), UBA-CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2 Piso, 4, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sayani Ray
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, West Bengal, India.
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2
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Gazquez Casals A, Berkowitz AJ, Yu AJ, Waters HE, Schiavone DV, Kapkayeva DM, Morrison LA, Murelli RP. Antiviral activity of amide-appended α-hydroxytropolones against herpes simplex virus-1 and -2. RSC Adv 2023; 13:8743-8752. [PMID: 36936842 PMCID: PMC10016935 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06749h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
α-Hydroxytropolones (αHTs) have potent antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus-1 and -2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) in cell culture, including against acyclovir-resistant mutants, and as a result have the potential to be developed as antiviral drugs targeting these viruses. We recently described a convenient final-step amidation strategy to their synthesis, and this was used to generate 57 amide-substituted αHTs that were tested against hepatitis B virus. The following manuscript describes the evaluation of this library against HSV-1, as well as a subset against HSV-2. The structure-function analysis obtained from these studies demonstrates the importance of lipophilicity and rigidity to αHT-based anti-HSV potency, consistent with our prior work on smaller libraries. We used this information to synthesize and test a targeted library of 4 additional amide-appended αHTs. The most potent of this new series had a 50% effective concentration (EC50) for viral inhibition of 72 nM, on par with the most potent αHT antivirals we have found to date. Given the ease of synthesis of amide-appended αHTs, this new class of antiviral compounds and the chemistry to make them should be highly valuable in future anti-HSV drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreu Gazquez Casals
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine St. Louis MO USA
| | - Alex J Berkowitz
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York Brooklyn NY USA
- PhD Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York New York NY USA
| | - Alice J Yu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine St. Louis MO USA
| | - Hope E Waters
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine St. Louis MO USA
| | - Daniel V Schiavone
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York Brooklyn NY USA
- PhD Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York New York NY USA
| | - Diana M Kapkayeva
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York Brooklyn NY USA
| | - Lynda A Morrison
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine St. Louis MO USA
| | - Ryan P Murelli
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York Brooklyn NY USA
- PhD Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York New York NY USA
- PhD Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York New York NY USA
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3
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Pedrazini MC, da Silva MH, Groppo FC. L-lysine: its antagonism with L-arginine in controlling viral infection. Narrative Literature Review. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2022; 88:4708-4723. [PMID: 35723628 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge about viral characteristics, mechanisms of entry into the host cell and multiplication/dissemination can help in the control and treatment of viral pathologies. Several nutritional factors linked to the host may favor viral multiplication and their control, may lead to new prophylactic alternatives and/or antiviral therapies. The objective of this review is to discuss the relationship between the amino acid L-lysine and the control of viral infections, aiming at a possible therapeutic property. This research used databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Scielo, Medline and Google Scholar, as well as searching for references cited by journals. The time frame covered the period between 1964 and January 2022. The observed studies have shown that the usual antiviral therapies are not able to interfere with the viruses in their latent state, however, they can interfere with the adhesion and fusion of viral particles or the production of proteins, which play an important role in viral epidemiology and control, particularly in the initial moment and in the reactivation. Lysine is an amino acid that can interfere mainly in the formation of capsid proteins and DNA by a competitive antagonism with amino acid arginine, which is an essential amino acid for some viruses and also by promoting the increase of arginase, increasing the catabolism of arginine. Although there is evidence of the importance of L-lysine in viral control, more studies are needed, with a view to new antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Pedrazini
- Department of Biosciences, Piracicaba Dental School, FOP, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil.,Department of Dental Sciences, São Leopoldo Mandic Research Center Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Mariliza Henrique da Silva
- Department of Infectology Diagnosis, IST/AIDS State Program, ITD/AIDS Reference and Training Center, São Paulo, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Francisco Carlos Groppo
- Department of Biosciences, Piracicaba Dental School, FOP, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil
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Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Amidinourea Derivatives against Herpes Simplex Viruses. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26164927. [PMID: 34443515 PMCID: PMC8398393 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Current therapy against herpes simplex viruses (HSV) relies on the use of a few nucleoside antivirals such as acyclovir, famciclovir and valacyclovir. However, the current drugs are ineffective against latent and drug-resistant HSV infections. A series of amidinourea compounds, designed as analogues of the antiviral drug moroxydine, has been synthesized and evaluated as potential non-nucleoside anti-HSV agents. Three compounds showed micromolar activity against HSV-1 and low cytotoxicity, turning to be promising candidates for future optimization. Preliminary mode of action studies revealed that the new compounds act in an early stage of the HSV replication cycle, just after the viral attachment and the entry phase of the infection.
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Jana S, Mukherjee S, Ribelato EV, Darido ML, Faccin-Galhardi LC, Ray B, Ray S. The heparin-mimicking arabinogalactan sulfates from Anogeissus latifolia gum: Production, structures, and anti-herpes simplex virus activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 183:1419-1426. [PMID: 34022307 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1(HSV-1) attaches to cell surface heparan sulfate aiming to enter into susceptible cells. In this work, we utilized a sulfur trioxide-pyridine in N,N-dimethylformamide (SO3·Pyr/DMF) based amalgamated extraction-sulfation procedure for producing arabinogalactan sulfates from Anogeissus latifolia gum. Chemical, chromatographic, spectroscopic and chemical data revealed that the derived polymers contained varying molecular masses (31-69 kDa) and degrees of sulfation (0.1-0.5), but similar saccharide compositions. The highly active polymer (HSV-1: IC50 and SI, respectively, of 127 μg/mL and 15.7) was a 69 kDa arabinogalactan holding sulfates at O-5 of arabinofuranosyl residues and showed no cytotoxicity as far as 2 mg/mL concentration. This chemically sulfated macromolecule acted by obstructing viral attachment and entry. Thus, SO3·Pyr/DMF is suitable for producing new molecules with varied structures and altered pharmacological activities from plant sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Jana
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, West Bengal, India
| | - Shuvam Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, West Bengal, India
| | - Elisa Vicente Ribelato
- Departamento de Microbiologia, CCB, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Caixa Postal 6001, 86057-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Maria Laura Darido
- Departamento de Microbiologia, CCB, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Caixa Postal 6001, 86057-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Ligia Carla Faccin-Galhardi
- Departamento de Microbiologia, CCB, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Caixa Postal 6001, 86057-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Bimalendu Ray
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, West Bengal, India
| | - Sayani Ray
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, West Bengal, India.
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6
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Chemically sulfated arabinoxylans from Plantago ovata seed husk: Synthesis, characterization and antiviral activity. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 256:117555. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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7
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Draganova EB, Heldwein EE. Virus-derived peptide inhibitors of the herpes simplex virus type 1 nuclear egress complex. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4206. [PMID: 33603021 PMCID: PMC7893173 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83402-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses infect a majority of the human population, establishing lifelong latent infections for which there is no cure. Periodic viral reactivation spreads infection to new hosts while causing various disease states particularly detrimental in the immunocompromised. Efficient viral replication, and ultimately the spread of infection, is dependent on the nuclear egress complex (NEC), a conserved viral heterodimer that helps translocate viral capsids from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where they mature into infectious virions. Here, we have identified peptides, derived from the capsid protein UL25, that are capable of inhibiting the membrane-budding activity of the NEC from herpes simplex virus type 1 in vitro. We show that the inhibitory ability of the peptides depends on their length and the propensity to form an α-helix but not on the exact amino acid sequence. Current therapeutics that target viral DNA replication machinery are rendered ineffective by drug resistance due to viral mutations. Our results establish a basis for the development of an alternative class of inhibitors against nuclear egress, an essential step in herpesvirus replication, potentially expanding the current repertoire of available therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth B Draganova
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Ekaterina E Heldwein
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
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Kłysik K, Pietraszek A, Karewicz A, Nowakowska M. Acyclovir in the Treatment of Herpes Viruses – A Review. Curr Med Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180309105519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Herpes Simplex (HSV) viruses are widely spread, highly contagious
human pathogens. The statistics indicate that 50-90% of adults worldwide are seropositive for
these viruses, mainly HSV-1 and HSV-2. The primary infection results in the appearance of
watery blisters (cold sores) on the skin, lips, tongue, buccal mucosa or genitals. The ocular
infection is the major cause of corneal blindness in the Western World. Once the HSV virus
enters human body, it cannot be completely eradicated because HSV viruses are able to
change into their latent form which can survive the treatment. The viron resides in trigeminal
ganglia of the host, who becomes vulnerable to the reoccurrence of the disease during the
whole lifespan. The neurotropic and neuro-invasive properties of HSV are responsible for
neurodegenerative illnesses, such as Alzheimer's disease. Acyclovir and its analogues, being
the inhibitors of the viral DNA replication, are the only approved medicines for HSV infection
therapies.
Objective:
The current paper presents the up-to-date overview of the important pharmacological
features of acyclovir, its analogues and their delivery systems including the mechanism of
action, routes of administration, absorption and metabolism, as well as side effects of the therapy.
Conclusion:
Acyclovir remains the gold standard in the treatment of herpes virus infections,
mainly due to the emerging of the new delivery systems improving considerably its bioavailability.
The analogues of acyclovir, especially their esters, characterized by significantly
higher bioavailability and safety, may gradually replace acyclovir in selected applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kłysik
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Aneta Pietraszek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Karewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Maria Nowakowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
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9
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Wang W, Xu C, Zhang J, Wang J, Yu R, Wang D, Yin R, Li W, Jiang T. Guanidine modifications enhance the anti-herpes simplex virus activity of (E,E)-4,6-bis(styryl)-pyrimidine derivatives in vitro and in vivo. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:1568-1588. [PMID: 31709511 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The worldwide prevalence of herpes simplex virus (HSV) and shortage of efficient therapeutic strategies to counteract it are global concerns. In terms of treatment, the widely utilized anti-HSV drugs such as acyclovir have serious limitations, for example, drug resistance and side effects. Here, we have identified the guanidine-modified (E,E)-4,6-bis(styryl)-pyrimidine (BS-pyrimidine) derivative compound 5d as an inhibitor of HSV and further elucidated the anti-HSV mechanisms of compound 5d both in vitro and in vivo. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Cytopathic effect inhibition assay, plaque assay, and immunofluorescence assay were used to evaluate the anti-HSV effects of compound 5d in vitro. Membrane fusion assays, immunofluorescence assays, Western blotting assays, and pull-down assays were used to explore the anti-HSV mechanisms of compound 5d. HSV-1-infected mice, combined with haematoxylin-eosin staining and quantitative RT-PCR, were used to study the anti-HSV effects of compound 5d in vivo. KEY RESULTS The guanidine-modified compound 5d rather than the un-modified compound 3a effectively inhibited both HSV-1 and HSV-2 multiplication in different cell lines, more effectively than acyclovir. Compound 5d may block virus binding and post-binding processes such as membrane fusion, by targeting virus gB protein. In addition, compound 5d may also down-regulate the cellular PI3K/Akt signalling pathway to interfere with HSV replication. Treatment with compound 5d also markedly improved survival and decreased viral titres in HSV-infected mice. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Thus, the guanidine-modified BS-pyrimidine derivatives have the potential to be developed into novel anti-HSV agents targeting both virus gB protein and cellular PI3K/Akt signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Cuijing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Jianqiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Jinpeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Rilei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Dongping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Ruijuan Yin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenmiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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10
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Tengdelius M, Cheung KY, Griffith M, Påhlsson P, Konradsson P. Improved antiviral properties of chain end lipophilic fucoidan-mimetic glycopolymers synthesized by RAFT polymerization. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Pachota M, Klysik K, Synowiec A, Ciejka J, Szczubiałka K, Pyrć K, Nowakowska M. Inhibition of Herpes Simplex Viruses by Cationic Dextran Derivatives. J Med Chem 2017; 60:8620-8630. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Pachota
- Microbiology
Department, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
- Malopolska
Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Klysik
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Synowiec
- Microbiology
Department, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Justyna Ciejka
- Malopolska
Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Szczubiałka
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Pyrć
- Microbiology
Department, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
- Malopolska
Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Maria Nowakowska
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
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12
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Discovery of potent antiviral (HSV-1) quinazolinones and initial structure-activity relationship studies. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:4601-4605. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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