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Synthesis of Novel Key Chromophoric Intermediates via C-C Coupling Reactions. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12101292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The fundamentals of Pd-catalyzed Csp2−Csp2 Miyaura borylation, Suzuki cross-coupling, and Stille cross-coupling reactions for a variety of borylated precursors based on phenothiazine (PTZ), phenoxazine (POZ), carbazole (Cz), and quinoxaline (QX) units have been explored. Three palladium-based catalysts were chosen for this study: Pd(PPh3)4, Pd(PPh3)2Cl2, and Pd(dppf)Cl2, applying different reaction conditions. Around 16 desired chromophores were successfully designed and synthesized using C-C cross-coupling reactions in moderate to excellent yields, including PTZ, POZ, and Cz units coupled with QX, indolinium iodide, thienyl, phenyl, or triphenylamine moieties. Additionally, PTZ, POZ, and Cz have been employed in synthesizing various pinacol boronate ester derivatives in good to moderate yields. Interestingly, Pd(dppf)Cl2 was found to be the best catalyst for borylation, and C-C cross-coupling reactions occurred in as little as 30 min, with an excellent yield exceeding 98%. Pd(PPh3)4 and Pd(PPh3)2Cl2 catalyzed the reaction to obtain the desired products in moderate to good yields after a long time (20–24 h). On the other hand, the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling between N-(2-methyl)hexyl carbazole pinacol boronate ester derivative 10c and three halogenated quinoxaline derivatives—4-(3-(5-bromothiophen-2-yl)quinoxalin-2-yl)benzaldehyde (27), 4-(5-(3-(5-bromothiophen-2-yl)quinoxalin-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl)benzaldehyde (30), and 4-(3-chloroquinoxalin-2-yl)benzaldehyde (25) catalyzed by Pd(PPh3)4—afforded three carbazole-quinoxaline chromophores (28, 30, and 31, respectively) in 2–3 h, with good to excellent yields reaching 86%. The electron-deficient QX couplers proved to be coupled efficiently using the Stille coupling reaction, which involves the coupling between electron-rich orgaostannane and electron-deficient halide. The synthesized precursors and desired chromophores were characterized by FTIR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and HRMS.
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Gouda MA, Abu-Hashem AA, Abdelgawad AAM. Thieno[3,2-c] quinoline Heterocyclic Synthesis and Reactivity part (VI). MINI-REV ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1570193x18666211004102537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
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The biological and medicinal properties of thieno[3, 2-c] quinoline have prompted enormous research aimed at developing synthetic routes to these systems. This review focuses on the chemical properties associated with this system. The most-reported reactions are Bischler-Napieralski, Suzuki−Miyaura−Schlüter, Pictet-Spengler, Stille coupling. Friedlander and Beckmann rearrangement reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moustafa A. Gouda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Taibah University, Ulla, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ameen A. Abu-Hashem
- Photochemistry Department (Heterocyclic Unit), National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
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Zhang H, Ma Y, Sun Y, Liu J, Liu Y, Zhao G. The Effect of Donor Molecular Structure on Power Conversion Efficiency of Small-Molecule-Based Organic Solar Cells. MINI-REV ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1570193x15666180627145325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this review, small-molecule donors for application in organic solar cells reported in the last
three years are highlighted. Especially, the effect of donor molecular structure on power conversion efficiency
of organic solar cells is reported in detail. Furthermore, the mechanism is proposed and discussed
for explaining the relationship between structure and power conversion efficiency. These results
and discussions draw some rules for rational donor molecular design, which is very important for further
improving the power conversion efficiency of organic solar cells based on the small-molecule donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- College of Computer and Control Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Yibing Ma
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Functional Nanocomposites, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Youyi Sun
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Functional Nanocomposites, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Jialei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yaqing Liu
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Functional Nanocomposites, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Guizhe Zhao
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Functional Nanocomposites, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
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