1
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Martincic M, Tobías-Rossell G. UV-Vis quantification of the iron content in iteratively steam and HCl purified single-walled carbon nanotubes. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0303359. [PMID: 38728321 PMCID: PMC11086872 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
As-produced carbon nanotubes contain impurities which can dominate the properties of the material and are thus undesired. Herein we present a multi-step purification treatment that combines the use of steam and hydrochloric acid in an iterative manner. This allows the reduction of the iron content down to 0.2 wt. % in samples of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). Remarkably, Raman spectroscopy analysis reveals that this purification strategy does not introduce structural defects into the SWCNTs' backbone. To complete the study, we also report on a simplified approach for the quantitative assessment of iron using UV-Vis spectroscopy. The amount of metal in SWCNTs is assessed by dissolving in HCl the residue obtained after the complete combustion of the sample. This leads to the creation of hexaaquairon(III) chloride which allows the determination of the amount of iron, from the catalyst, by UV-Vis spectroscopy. The main advantage of the proposed strategy is that it does not require the use of additional complexing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Martincic
- Institut de Ciència de Materiales de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gerard Tobías-Rossell
- Institut de Ciència de Materiales de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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2
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Morla-Folch J, Ranzenigo A, Fayad ZA, Teunissen AJP. Nanotherapeutic Heterogeneity: Sources, Effects, and Solutions. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2307502. [PMID: 38050951 PMCID: PMC11045328 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202307502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials have revolutionized medicine by enabling control over drugs' pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and biocompatibility. However, most nanotherapeutic batches are highly heterogeneous, meaning they comprise nanoparticles that vary in size, shape, charge, composition, and ligand functionalization. Similarly, individual nanotherapeutics often have heterogeneously distributed components, ligands, and charges. This review discusses nanotherapeutic heterogeneity's sources and effects on experimental readouts and therapeutic efficacy. Among other topics, it demonstrates that heterogeneity exists in nearly all nanotherapeutic types, examines how nanotherapeutic heterogeneity arises, and discusses how heterogeneity impacts nanomaterials' in vitro and in vivo behavior. How nanotherapeutic heterogeneity skews experimental readouts and complicates their optimization and clinical translation is also shown. Lastly, strategies for limiting nanotherapeutic heterogeneity are reviewed and recommendations for developing more reproducible and effective nanotherapeutics provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Morla-Folch
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Anna Ranzenigo
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Zahi Adel Fayad
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Abraham Jozef Petrus Teunissen
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
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3
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Mostafavi E, Iravani S, Varma RS, Khatami M, Rahbarizadeh F. Eco-friendly synthesis of carbon nanotubes and their cancer theranostic applications. MATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 3:4765-4782. [PMID: 35812837 PMCID: PMC9207599 DOI: 10.1039/d2ma00341d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with attractive physicochemical characteristics such as high surface area, mechanical strength, functionality, and electrical/thermal conductivity have been widely studied in different fields of science. However, the preparation of these nanostructures on a large scale is either expensive or sometimes ecologically unfriendly. In this context, plenty of studies have been conducted to discover innovative methods to fabricate CNTs in an eco-friendly and inexpensive manner. CNTs have been synthesized using various natural hydrocarbon precursors, including plant extracts (e.g., tea-tree extract), essential oils (e.g., eucalyptus and sunflower oil), biodiesel, milk, honey, and eggs, among others. Additionally, agricultural bio-wastes have been widely studied for synthesizing CNTs. Researchers should embrace the usage of natural and renewable precursors as well as greener methods to produce various types of CNTs in large quantities with the advantages of cost-effectiveness and environmentally benign features. In addition, multifunctionalized CNTs with improved biocompatibility and targeting features are promising candidates for cancer theranostic applications owing to their attractive optical, chemical, thermal, and electrical properties. This perspective discusses the recent developments in eco-friendly synthesis of CNTs using green chemistry-based techniques, natural renewable resources, and sustainable catalysts, with emphasis on important challenges and future perspectives and highlighting techniques for the functionalization or modification of CNTs. Significant and promising cancer theranostic applications as well as their biocompatibility and cytotoxicity issues are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Mostafavi
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine CA 94305 USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Siavash Iravani
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences 81746-73461 Isfahan Iran
| | - Rajender S Varma
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacky University in Olomouc Slechtitelu 27 783 71 Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Mehrdad Khatami
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Bam University of Medical Sciences Bam Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rahbarizadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran
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4
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Bulmer JS, Kaniyoor A, Elliott JA. A Meta-Analysis of Conductive and Strong Carbon Nanotube Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2008432. [PMID: 34278614 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202008432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A study of 1304 data points collated over 266 papers statistically evaluates the relationships between carbon nanotube (CNT) material characteristics, including: electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties; ampacity; density; purity; microstructure alignment; molecular dimensions and graphitic perfection; and doping. Compared to conductive polymers and graphitic intercalation compounds, which have exceeded the electrical conductivity of copper, CNT materials are currently one-sixth of copper's conductivity, mechanically on-par with synthetic or carbon fibers, and exceed all the other materials in terms of a multifunctional metric. Doped, aligned few-wall CNTs (FWCNTs) are the most superior CNT category; from this, the acid-spun fiber subset are the most conductive, and the subset of fibers directly spun from floating catalyst chemical vapor deposition are strongest on a weight basis. The thermal conductivity of multiwall CNT material rivals that of FWCNT materials. Ampacity follows a diameter-dependent power-law from nanometer to millimeter scales. Undoped, aligned FWCNT material reaches the intrinsic conductivity of CNT bundles and single-crystal graphite, illustrating an intrinsic limit requiring doping for copper-level conductivities. Comparing an assembly of CNTs (forming mesoscopic bundles, then macroscopic material) to an assembly of graphene (forming single-crystal graphite crystallites, then carbon fiber), the ≈1 µm room-temperature, phonon-limited mean-free-path shared between graphene, metallic CNTs, and activated semiconducting CNTs is highlighted, deemphasizing all metallic helicities for CNT power transmission applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Bulmer
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Adarsh Kaniyoor
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
| | - James A Elliott
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
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5
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Alzanam AA, Ishtiaq U, Muhsan AS, Mohamed NM. A Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube-Based Polyurethane Nanocomposite-Coated Sand/Proppant for Improved Mechanical Strength and Flowback Control in Hydraulic Fracturing Applications. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:20768-20778. [PMID: 34423185 PMCID: PMC8374904 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A novel resin-based nanocomposite-coated sand proppant is introduced to address the issue of proppant flowback in post-fracturing fluid flowback treatments and hydrocarbon production. Self-aggregation in the water environment is the most attractive aspect of these developed proppants. In this work, sand was sieve-coated with 0.1% multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) followed by optimized thin and uniform resin (polyurethane) spray coating in the concentration range of 2 to 10%. Quantitative and qualitative evaluations have been carried out to assess the self-aggregation capabilities of the proposed sand proppants where no flowback was witnessed at 4% polyurethane coating containing 0.1% MWCNTs. This applied resin incorporating MWCNT coating was characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy depicted the dispersed presence of MWCNTs into polyurethane resin corroborated by the presence of 38% elemental carbon on the sand substrate. Proppant crushing resistance tests were conducted, including proppant pack stress-strain response, compaction, and fines production. It was found that the proposed sand proppant decreased the proppant pack compaction by ∼25% compared to commonly used silica sand with the ability to withstand high closure stress as high as 55 MPa with less than 10 wt % fines production. The surface wettability was determined by the sessile drop method. The application of resin incorporating MWCNT coating layers changed the sand proppant wetting behavior to oil-wet with a contact angle of ∼124°. Thermogravimetric analyses revealed a significant increment in thermal stability, which reached up to 280 °C due to the addition of MWCNTs as reinforcing nanofillers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Aref
Ali Alzanam
- Petroleum
Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi
PETRONAS, 32610 Bandar Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Umair Ishtiaq
- Petroleum
Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi
PETRONAS, 32610 Bandar Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Ali Samer Muhsan
- Petroleum
Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi
PETRONAS, 32610 Bandar Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
- Mechanical
Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi
PETRONAS, 32610 Bandar Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Norani Muti Mohamed
- Centre
of Innovative Nanostructures and Nanodevices (COINN), Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
- Department
of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti
Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
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6
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Barnett CJ, Gowenlock CE, Orbaek White A, Barron AR. Pressure dependent conduction of individual multi-walled carbon nanotubes: the effect of mechanical distortions. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:643-646. [PMID: 36133837 PMCID: PMC9418891 DOI: 10.1039/d0na01021a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) show an oscillation in electrical resistance (from I-V measurements) during mechanical distortion in which peak separation is inversely correlated with the diameter of the MWCNTs. These results provide the first experimental support of the theoretical prediction that distortion causes Van Hove singularities and Dirac cones in MWCNTs to misalign and cause the opening of the band gap, and suggest that when fabricating contacts for CNTs for device applications, the pressure caused by the contact deposition method must be taken into account for manufacturing devices with consistent properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris J Barnett
- Energy Safety Research Institute, Swansea University Bay Campus Swansea SA1 8EN Wales UK
| | - Cathren E Gowenlock
- Energy Safety Research Institute, Swansea University Bay Campus Swansea SA1 8EN Wales UK
| | - Alvin Orbaek White
- Energy Safety Research Institute, Swansea University Bay Campus Swansea SA1 8EN Wales UK
| | - Andrew R Barron
- Energy Safety Research Institute, Swansea University Bay Campus Swansea SA1 8EN Wales UK
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University Houston Texas 77007 USA
- Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong BE1410 Brunei Darussalam
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7
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Hammadi AH, Jasim AM, Abdulrazzak FH, Al-Sammarraie AMA, Cherifi Y, Boukherroub R, Hussein FH. Purification for Carbon Nanotubes Synthesized by Flame Fragments Deposition via Hydrogen Peroxide and Acetone. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13102342. [PMID: 32443661 PMCID: PMC7288177 DOI: 10.3390/ma13102342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are synthesized by the flame fragment deposition (FFD) technique using Iraqi liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) as a source of carbon in a hand-made reactor at a low temperature (160 °C) without using a catalyst. Purification of the multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) is carried out using a two-step process consisting of sonication in 30 wt.% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) solution at room temperature to remove amorphous impurities adhering to the walls of the CNTs and carbon nanoparticles (CNPs), followed by sonication in an acetone bath to remove the polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) formed during the LPG gas burning. Comprehensive characterizations such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were conducted to verify the efficiency of the purification process. The results clearly demonstrated that this process is promising for the purification of the synthesized CNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmed M. Jasim
- Department of Biomedical, Biological and Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
| | - Firas H. Abdulrazzak
- Chemistry Department, College of Education for Pure Sciences, Diyala University, Baqubah 32001, Iraq;
| | | | - Yacine Cherifi
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ISEN, Univ. Valenciennes, UMR 8520-IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France; (Y.C.); (R.B.)
| | - Rabah Boukherroub
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ISEN, Univ. Valenciennes, UMR 8520-IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France; (Y.C.); (R.B.)
| | - Falah H. Hussein
- College of Pharmacy, University of Babylon, Hilla 51002, Iraq;
- Pharmacy Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon 51002, Iraq
- Correspondence:
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8
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Barnett CJ, Evans C, McCormack JE, Gowenlock CE, Dunstan P, Orbaek White A, Barron AR. Experimental Measurement of Angular and Overlap Dependence of Conduction between Carbon Nanotubes of Identical Chirality and Diameter. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:4861-4865. [PMID: 31265785 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Measurement of the angular and overlap dependence of the conduction between two identical carbon nanotubes (CNTs), with the same diameter and chirality, has only been possible through theoretical calculations; however, our observation of increased resistance adjacent to the junction between two CNTs facilitates such measurements. Since electrical resistance was found to increase with increased diameter ratio, applying 10 V to one of dissimilar diameter CNTs results in cleavage at the junction. Manipulation of the resulting identical CNTs (created by cutting a single CNT) allows for the direct measurement of the angular and parallel overlap conduction. Angular (13° < θ < 63°) dependence shows two minima (22° and 44°) and a maximum at 30°, and conduction between parallel CNTs increases with overall tip separation but shows a sinusoidal relationship with contact length, consistent with the concept of atomic scale registry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris J Barnett
- Energy Safety Research Institute , Swansea University , Bay Campus , Swansea , SA1 8EN , Wales, U.K
| | - Christopher Evans
- Department of Physics, College of Science , Swansea University , Singleton Park , Swansea SA2 8PP , U.K
| | - James E McCormack
- Energy Safety Research Institute , Swansea University , Bay Campus , Swansea , SA1 8EN , Wales, U.K
| | - Cathren E Gowenlock
- Energy Safety Research Institute , Swansea University , Bay Campus , Swansea , SA1 8EN , Wales, U.K
| | - Peter Dunstan
- Department of Physics, College of Science , Swansea University , Singleton Park , Swansea SA2 8PP , U.K
| | - Alvin Orbaek White
- Energy Safety Research Institute , Swansea University , Bay Campus , Swansea , SA1 8EN , Wales, U.K
| | - Andrew R Barron
- Energy Safety Research Institute , Swansea University , Bay Campus , Swansea , SA1 8EN , Wales, U.K
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77007 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77007 , United States
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9
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Synthesis of Cu2O/multi-walled carbon nanotube hybrid material and its microwave absorption performance. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-018-3316-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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Barnett CJ, Gowenlock CE, Welsby K, Orbaek White A, Barron AR. Spatial and Contamination-Dependent Electrical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:695-700. [PMID: 29257695 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b03390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Two-point probe and Raman spectroscopy have been used to investigate the effects of vacuum annealing and argon bombardment on the conduction characteristics of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). Surface contamination has a large effect on the two-point probe conductivity measurements which results in inconsistent and nonreproducible contacts. The electric field under the contacts is enhanced which results in overlapping depletion regions when probe separations are small (<4 μm) causing very high resistances. Annealing at 200 and 500 °C reduced the surface contamination on the MWCNT, but high resistance contacts still did not allow intrinsic conductivity measurements of the MWCNT. The high resistance measured due to the overlapping depletion regions was not observed after annealing to 500 °C. Argon bombardment reduced the surface contamination more than vacuum annealing at 500 °C but caused a slight increase in the defects concentration, enabling the resistivity of the MWCNT to be calculated, which is found to be dependent on the CNT diameter. The observations have significant implications for future CNT-based devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris J Barnett
- Energy Safety Research Institute, Swansea University , Bay Campus, Swansea SA1 8EN, United Kingdom
| | - Cathren E Gowenlock
- Energy Safety Research Institute, Swansea University , Bay Campus, Swansea SA1 8EN, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn Welsby
- Department of Physics, Swansea University , Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Alvin Orbaek White
- Energy Safety Research Institute, Swansea University , Bay Campus, Swansea SA1 8EN, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew R Barron
- Energy Safety Research Institute, Swansea University , Bay Campus, Swansea SA1 8EN, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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11
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Zhang KS, Pham D, Lawal O, Ghosh S, Gangoli VS, Smalley P, Kennedy K, Brinson BE, Billups WE, Hauge RH, Adams WW, Barronβ AR. Overcoming Catalyst Residue Inhibition of the Functionalization of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes via the Billups-Birch Reduction. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:37972-37980. [PMID: 29058877 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b12857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Billups-Birch Reduction chemistry has been shown to functionalize single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) without damaging the sidewalls, but has challenges in scalability. Currently published work uses a large mole ratio of Li to carbon atoms in the SWCNT (Li:C) to account for lithium amide formation, however this increases the cost and hazard of the reaction. We report here the systematic understanding of the effect of various parameters on the extent of functionalization using resonant Raman spectroscopy. Addition of 1-iodododecane yielded alkyl-functionalized SWCNTs, which were isolated by solvent extraction and evaporation, and purified by a hydrocarbon wash. The presence of SWCNT growth catalyst residue (Fe) was shown to have a strong adverse effect on SWCNT functionalization. Chlorination-based SWCNT purification reduced the amount of residual Fe, and achieve a maximum ID/IG ratio using a Li:C ratio of 6:1 in a reaction time of 30 min. This result is consistent with published literature requiring 20-fold mole equivalents of Li per mole SWCNT with a reaction time of over 12 h. This new understanding of the factors influencing the functionalization chemistry will help cut down material and process costs, and also increase the selectivity of the reaction toward the desired product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin S Zhang
- Smalley-Curl nanoCarbon Center, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - David Pham
- Smalley-Curl nanoCarbon Center, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Olawale Lawal
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Saunab Ghosh
- Smalley-Curl nanoCarbon Center, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Varun Shenoy Gangoli
- Smalley-Curl nanoCarbon Center, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Preston Smalley
- Smalley-Curl nanoCarbon Center, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Katherine Kennedy
- Smalley-Curl nanoCarbon Center, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Bruce E Brinson
- Smalley-Curl nanoCarbon Center, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - W Edward Billups
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Robert H Hauge
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - W Wade Adams
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Andrew R Barronβ
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Energy Safety Research Institute (ESRI), Swansea University Bay Campus , Fabian Way, Swansea SA1 8EN, U.K
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12
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Sharma P, Jain K, Jain N, Mehra NK. Ex vivo and in vivo performance of anti-cancer drug loaded carbon nanotubes. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Wright KD, Gowenlock CE, Bear JC, Barron AR. Understanding the Effect of Functional Groups on the Seeded Growth of Copper on Carbon Nanotubes for Optimizing Electrical Transmission. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:27202-27212. [PMID: 28742321 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b10650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We present a study of the seeded growth of copper on the surface of two classes of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) in order to compare the effects of surface functional groups. Pyridine-functionalized HiPco SWNTs and ultrashort SWNTs (US-SWNTs) were synthesized (py-SWNTs and py-US-SWNTs, respectively), and the functionality was used as seed sites for copper, via an aqueous electroless deposition reaction, as a comparison to the carboxylic acid functionality present on piranha-etched SWNTs and the native US-SWNTs. UV-vis spectroscopy demonstrated the take-up of Cu(II) ions by the functionalized SWNTs. TEM showed that the SWNTs with pyridine functionality more rapidly produced a more even distribution of copper seeds with a narrower size distribution (3-12 nm for py-US-SWNTs) than those SWNTs with oxygen functional groups (ca. 30 nm), showing the adventitious role of the pyridine functional group in the seeding process. Seed composition was confirmed as Cu(0) by XPS and SAED. Copper growth rate and morphology were shown to be affected by degree of pyridine functionality, the length of the SWNT, and the electroless reaction solvent used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kourtney D Wright
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Cathren E Gowenlock
- Energy Safety Research Institute (ESRI), Swansea University Bay Campus , Fabian Way, Swansea SA1 8EN, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph C Bear
- Department of Chemistry, University College London , 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew R Barron
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Energy Safety Research Institute (ESRI), Swansea University Bay Campus , Fabian Way, Swansea SA1 8EN, United Kingdom
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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14
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Catalyst Residue and Oxygen Species Inhibition of the Formation of Hexahapto-Metal Complexes of Group 6 Metals on Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. C — JOURNAL OF CARBON RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/c3020017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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15
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Gomez V, Correas C, Barron AR. Effect of carbon nanotubes on calcium carbonate/calcium silicate phase and morphology. MAIN GROUP CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.3233/mgc-160225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Gomez
- Energy Safety Research Institute (ESRI), College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, UK
| | - Covadonga Correas
- Energy Safety Research Institute (ESRI), College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, UK
| | - Andrew R. Barron
- Energy Safety Research Institute (ESRI), College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, UK
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
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Proppant immobilization facilitated by carbon nanotube mediated microwave treatment of polymer-proppant structures. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Mittal G, Rhee KY, Park SJ. The Effects of Cryomilling CNTs on the Thermal and Electrical Properties of CNT/PMMA Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:polym8050169. [PMID: 30979262 PMCID: PMC6432189 DOI: 10.3390/polym8050169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the cryomilling of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was carried out to accomplish better dispersion without using any hazardous chemicals. Accordingly, different samples of CNTs were prepared by varying the milling speed (10, 20, and 25 Hz) and time (5, 10, and 15 min) and incorporated into the poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) matrix. The changes of the morphology were analyzed by utilizing a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and a high-resolution transmission electron microscope (TEM). Qualitative analysis of the cryomilled CNTs was carried out using Raman spectroscopy, and their surface area was determined via Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis. Subsequently, thermogravimetric analysis was conducted to evaluate the thermal properties, whereas the surface resistivity and electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness for the electrical conductivity were also examined. It was observed that the composite with Cr-20-10 showed better thermal stability and lower resistivity in comparison to the others because, as the cryomilling time and frequency increased the distribution, dispersion and surface area also increased. Consequently, a better interaction between CNTs and PMMA took place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Mittal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea.
| | - Kyong Yop Rhee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea.
| | - Soo Jin Park
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, Korea.
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