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Liu Y, Wen HK, Xu RX, Liu C, Li XH, Qin XD, Zhao YX, Jia YX, Luo DQ. Semisynthesis and antitumor activity of endertiin B and related triterpenoids from Ganoderma lucidum. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:4978-4986. [PMID: 38832762 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00641k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum, a fungus used in traditional Chinese medicine, is known for its medicinal value attributed to its active components called Ganoderma triterpenoids (GTs). However, the limited isolation rate of these GTs has hindered their potential as promising drug candidates. Therefore, it is imperative to achieve large-scale preparation of GTs. In this study, four GTs were effectively synthesised from lanosterol. The antitumor activity of these GTs was evaluated in vivo. Endertiin B exhibited potent inhibitory activity against breast cancer cells (9.85 ± 0.91 μM and 12.12 ± 0.95 μM). Further investigations demonstrated that endertiin B significantly upregulated p21 and p27 and downregulated cyclinD1 expression, arresting the cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase and inducing apoptosis by decreasing BCL-2 and increasing BAX and BAK levels. Additionally, endertiin B was found to reduce the expression of proteins associated with the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway. To summarize, endertiin B effectively inhibited cell proliferation by blocking the cell cycle and inducing apoptosis through the PI3K-AKT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding, China.
- Hebei Innovation Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Hong-Kai Wen
- College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding, China.
- Hebei Innovation Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Rui-Xuan Xu
- College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding, China.
- Hebei Innovation Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Chang Liu
- College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding, China.
- Hebei Innovation Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Xiao-Han Li
- College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding, China.
- Hebei Innovation Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Xiang-Dong Qin
- Hebei Innovation Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - You-Xing Zhao
- Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Xing Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemical Biology Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Dou-Qiang Luo
- College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding, China.
- Hebei Innovation Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Hebei University, Baoding, China
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Churchman LR, Salisbury LJ, De Voss JJ. Synthesis of obtusifoliol and analogues as CYP51 substrates. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:7316-7324. [PMID: 36069327 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01307j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sterol 14α-demethylases (CYP51s) are a ubiquitous superfamily of cytochrome P450 enzymes that play an essential role in sterol biosynthesis. As fungal CYP51s are the target of azole-based antifungal agents, which are facing the problem of increasing resistance, the substrate specificity of this enzyme subclass has recently garnered significant attention. Herein we report the first chemical synthesis of the final endogenous substrate of this enzyme class, obtusifoliol, in 1.3% yield across ten steps from a commercially available lanosterol mixture. Intermediates along this pathway provide a basis for further derivatisation of the sterol skeleton and future investigation into CYP51 inhibition to overcome pathogens' azole resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke R Churchman
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia.
| | - Lauren J Salisbury
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia.
| | - James J De Voss
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia.
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3
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Shao X, Wang X, Zhu K, Dang Y, Yu B. Synthesis of Sea Cucumber Saponins with Antitumor Activities. J Org Chem 2020; 85:12080-12096. [PMID: 32924489 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Holostane glycosides are characteristic metabolites of sea cucumbers, which possess various biological activities. Here, we report the synthesis of two representative congeners, namely, pervicoside B and C, starting from lanosterol with the longest linear sequence of both 34 steps and in 0.3% overall yields. The flexible synthetic approach has enabled us to expeditiously prepare 16 analogues for preliminary studies on the key structural features influencing their antiproliferative activities against tumor cells. A simplified disaccharide is found to be as potent as natural tetrasaccharides, which can be used as a lead for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, The Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Kaidi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yongjun Dang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, The Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Biao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.,School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-Lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou 310024, China
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4
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Abstract
Covering: 1989-2017 Saponins are characteristic metabolites of starfish and sea cucumbers, and occasionally are also found in sponges, soft coral, and small fish. These steroid or triterpenoid glycosides often show remarkable biological and pharmacological activities, such as antifungal, antifouling, shark repellent, antitumor and anti-inflammatory activities. Over one thousand marine saponins have been characterized; the majority of them can be categorized into three major structural types, i.e., asterosaponins, polyhydroxysteroid glycosides, and holostane glycosides. Thus far, only 12 marine saponins have been synthesized; those representing the major types were successfully synthesized recently. The syntheses involve preparation of the aglycones from the terrestrial steroid or triterpene materials, installation of the carbohydrate units, and manipulation of the protecting groups. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review on these syntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming 650201, China.
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5
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Xu X, Chu Z, Xia C. Transition-metal free oxidative C-H etherification of acylanilines with alcohols through a radical pathway. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:6346-6350. [PMID: 31210244 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01224a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A transition metal free approach for the synthesis of methyl/ethyl aryl ether via oxidative C-H etherification of acylanilines with alcohols has been developed. Various acylanilines are compatible under standard conditions, giving the corresponding products in moderate to good yields. This strategy avoids transition-metal catalyst and excessive alcohol, providing a simple and reliable alternative method for the synthesis of methyl/ethyl aryl ether. Control experiments reveal that a radical mechanism is involved in this transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Xu
- Shanghai Synmedia Chemical Co., Ltd, Shanghai 201201, China and Pharmacy College, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian 271000, China.
| | - Zhengzhou Chu
- Shanghai Synmedia Chemical Co., Ltd, Shanghai 201201, China
| | - Chengcai Xia
- Pharmacy College, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian 271000, China.
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Chen X, Shao X, Li W, Zhang X, Yu B. Total Synthesis of Echinoside A, a Representative Triterpene Glycoside of Sea Cucumbers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201703610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Xiaofei Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Xiaheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Biao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
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7
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Chen X, Shao X, Li W, Zhang X, Yu B. Total Synthesis of Echinoside A, a Representative Triterpene Glycoside of Sea Cucumbers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:7648-7652. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201703610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Xiaofei Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Xiaheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Biao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
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8
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Zhang L, Li L, Bai S, Zhou X, Wang P, Li M. Access to Diosgenyl Glycoconjugates via Gold(I)-Catalyzed Etherification of Diosgen-3-yl ortho-Hexynylbenzoate. Org Lett 2016; 18:6030-6033. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b02963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Marine Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, School
of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P. R. China
| | - Linfeng Li
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Colorda Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Shujin Bai
- Key
Laboratory of Marine Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, School
of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P. R. China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Key
Laboratory of Marine Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, School
of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P. R. China
| | - Peng Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Marine Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, School
of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P. R. China
| | - Ming Li
- Key
Laboratory of Marine Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, School
of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P. R. China
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