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Yan X, Du M, Li J, Xue Y, Wu Y, Zhang H, Wang X, Xu D. A theoretical study of the mechanism of cationic polymerization of isobutylene catalysed by EtAlCl 2/ t-BuCl with bis(2-chloroethyl)ether in hexanes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:6763-6773. [PMID: 38323624 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05337g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
The mechanism of cationic polymerization of isobutylene catalyzed by t-BuCl/ethylaluminum dichloride (EADC) combined with bis(2-chloroethyl)ether (CEE) in n-hexane solvent has been investigated using ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) and metadynamics (MTD) simulations. The results indicated that the polyisobutylene (PIB) initiation stage involves a clear two-step mechanism. Calculation of the free energy landscapes of the other two ether reactions reveals that the energy barriers of diisopropyl ether (i-Pr2O) and 2-chloroethyl ethyl ether (CEEE) are much higher than those of CEE, which is consistent with the experimental results. During the chain propagation phase, the required free energy barrier gradually decreases and tends to reach equilibrium as the chain length increases. Finally, the oxonium mechanism during the chain initiation stage was investigated by calculating the 1H NMR spectra and MTD simulation. Our calculations can confirm that the existence of tert-butyloxonium ions during the reaction is possible. Their contribution to the whole reaction is further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrong Yan
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China.
| | - Meng Du
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China.
| | - Jiwei Li
- Chengdu Migersi Medical Technology Co., Ltd, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610219, P. R. China
| | - Ying Xue
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China.
| | - Yibo Wu
- The College of New Materials and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Key Lab of Special Elastomer Composite Materials, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing, 102617, P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Chengdu Migersi Medical Technology Co., Ltd, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610219, P. R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China.
| | - Dingguo Xu
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China.
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Nifant’ev IE, Korchagina SA, Chinova MS, Tavtorkin AN. Polyisobutylenes with Controlled Molecular Weight and Chain-End Structure: Synthesis and Actual Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3415. [PMID: 37631472 PMCID: PMC10460079 DOI: 10.3390/polym15163415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The polymerization of isobutylene allows us to obtain a wide spectrum of polyisobutylenes (PIBs) which differ in their molecular weight characteristics and the chemical structure of chain-end groups. The bulk of the PIBs manufactured worldwide are highly reactive polyisobutylenes (HRPIBs) with -C(Me)=CH2 end-groups and low-molecular weights (Mn < 5 kDa). HRPIBs are feedstocks that are in high demand in the manufacturing of additives for fuels and oils, adhesives, detergents, and other fine chemicals. In addition, HRPIBs and CMe2Cl-terminated PIBs are intensively studied with the aim of finding biomedical applications and for the purpose of developing new materials. Both chain control (molecular weight and dispersity) and chemoselectivity (formation of exo-olefinic or -CMe2Cl groups) should be achieved during polymerization. This review highlights the fundamental issues in the mechanisms of isobutylene polymerization and PIB analysis, examines actual catalytic approaches to PIBs, and describes recent studies on the functionalization and applications of HRPIBs and halogen-terminated PIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya E. Nifant’ev
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis RAS, 29 Leninsky Pr., 119991 Moscow, Russia; (S.A.K.); (M.S.C.); (A.N.T.)
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Vasilenko IV, Kostjuk SV. Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts for the synthesis of highly reactive polyisobutylene: discovery, development and perspectives. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2021.1956332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irina V. Vasilenko
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems of the Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Sergei V. Kostjuk
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems of the Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus
- Department of Chemistry, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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Berezianko IA, Nikishau PA, Vasilenko IV, Kostjuk SV. Liquid coordination complexes as a new class of catalysts for the synthesis of highly reactive polyisobutylene. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Rajasekhar T, Singh G, Kapur GS, Ramakumar SSV. Recent advances in catalytic chain transfer polymerization of isobutylene: a review. RSC Adv 2020; 10:18180-18191. [PMID: 35517218 PMCID: PMC9053765 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra01945c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This review presents the development of highly reactive polyisobutylene (HRPIB), a major commercial intermediate toward fuel and lubricant additives. Recent years have witnessed very substantial advances in the catalytic chain transfer polymerization (CCTP) of isobutylene/industrial Raffinate-1 (C4 Raffinate) to produce HRPIB, particularly in nonpolar solvents at elevated temperatures. The main subjects of this review are cationic polymerization of isobutylene, progress in HRPIB research and existing challenges, and recent advances of CCTP. New initiating/catalyst systems based on ionic liquids with Lewis acids are detailed, and this approach may open new views in the synthesis of HRPIB. Some current developments in CCTP of industrial Raffinate-1 and mechanistic studies are also described. This review strongly supports that the hydrocarbon soluble Lewis acid·ether (LA·ether) complex catalyzed CCTP will become the most popular technique for preparing HRPIB and could replace the traditional BF3 catalyzed industrial method. This review presents the development of highly reactive polyisobutylene (HRPIB), a major commercial intermediate toward fuel and lubricant additives.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Tota Rajasekhar
- R&D Center, Indian Oil Corporation Limited Sector-13 Faridabad-121007 Haryana India
| | - Gurmeet Singh
- R&D Center, Indian Oil Corporation Limited Sector-13 Faridabad-121007 Haryana India
| | - Gurpreet Singh Kapur
- R&D Center, Indian Oil Corporation Limited Sector-13 Faridabad-121007 Haryana India
| | - S S V Ramakumar
- R&D Center, Indian Oil Corporation Limited Sector-13 Faridabad-121007 Haryana India
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Xie D, Zhu S, Lu Y. Tailoring the AlCl 3/iPr 2O/Et 2O initiation system for highly reactive polyisobutylene synthesis in pure n-hexane. RSC Adv 2020; 10:5183-5190. [PMID: 35498282 PMCID: PMC9049001 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra11003h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reports the flow synthesis of highly reactive polyisobutylenes (HRPIBs) in pure n-hexane using properly prepared AlCl3·Et2O crystals in conjunction with AlCl3·iPr2O solution as coinitiators. By preparing AlCl3·iPr2O solution and AlCl3·Et2O crystals separately, the cationic polymerization of isobutylene proceeded smoothly under a wide range of monomer concentrations (0.33-1.30 M) in the presence of H2O as an initiator, affording a high yield (∼89%) and a moderate exo-olefin terminal group content (60-75%) in 10 min. The various functions of iPr2O and Et2O in the initiator solution were comprehensively revealed from the polymerization results, attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared and 27Al nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, and density functional theory simulations. AlCl3·iPr2O was confirmed to be the key component that stabilized carbenium ions. The AlCl3·Et2O complex was the key component to promote proton elimination. Free Et2O should be removed to inhibit its negative effect on isomerization. This new strategy may lead to high commercial interest in HRPIB synthesis in pure green solvent and could potentially be extended to other initiation systems containing solid Lewis acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China +86 10 62773017 +86 10 62773017
| | - Shan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China +86 10 62773017 +86 10 62773017
| | - Yangcheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China +86 10 62773017 +86 10 62773017
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Cationic polymerization of isobutylene co-initiated by chloroferrate imidazole-based ionic liquid: The advantageous effect of initiator and aromatic compounds. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Berezianko IA, Vasilenko IV, Kostjuk SV. Acidic imidazole-based ionic liquids in the presence of diisopropyl ether as catalysts for the synthesis of highly reactive polyisobutylene: Effect of ionic liquid nature, catalyst aging, and sonication. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Rajasekhar T, Emert J, Wolf LM, Faust R. Controlled Catalytic Chain Transfer Polymerization of Isobutylene in the Presence of tert-Butanol as Exo-Enhancer. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jack Emert
- Infineum USA, 1900 E. Linden Avenue, Linden, New Jersey 07036, United States
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Zhu S, Wang K, Lu Y. Effects of Ether on the Cationic Polymerization of Isobutylene Catalyzed by AlCl 3. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:2033-2039. [PMID: 31458512 PMCID: PMC6641355 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b02076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we prepared different initiator solutions containing ether and AlCl3 by changing the addition sequence of ingredients, studied the interactions between ether and AlCl3 from the evolution of the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra by comparison, and investigated the catalytic performances of AlCl3 affected by ether for isobutylene polymerization. We observed that different preparation methods of initiator solutions could lead to two kinds of interactions between ether and H2O/AlCl3 in hexane. The strong interaction could stabilize carbenium ions and seriously decrease the catalytic performance, whereas the weak interaction could promote isomerization and proton elimination. Moreover, we found that the preparation method of initiator solutions was not a critical factor in CH2Cl2. Finally, a universal mechanism based on the AlCl3-involved interactions in different solvents was proposed to understand the effects of ether on the cationic polymerization catalyzed by AlCl3 thoroughly.
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Rajasekhar T, Haldar U, De P, Emert J, Faust R. Cationic Copolymerization and Multicomponent Polymerization of Isobutylene with C4 Olefins. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tota Rajasekhar
- Polymer
Science Program, Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Avenue, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Ujjal Haldar
- Polymer
Science Program, Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Avenue, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Priyadarsi De
- Polymer
Research Centre, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Nadia, Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Jack Emert
- Infineum USA, 1900 E. Linden Avenue, Linden, New Jersey 07036, United States
| | - Rudolf Faust
- Polymer
Science Program, Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Avenue, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
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Rajasekhar T, Emert J, Faust R. Synthesis of highly reactive polyisobutylene by catalytic chain transfer in hexanes at elevated temperatures; determination of the kinetic parameters. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00415j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The rate constants of activation/deactivation for dormant oxonium/active carbenium ions have been measured and related to the increasing polymerization rate with increasing temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tota Rajasekhar
- Polymer Science Program
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Massachusetts Lowell
- Lowell
- USA
| | | | - Rudolf Faust
- Polymer Science Program
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Massachusetts Lowell
- Lowell
- USA
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13
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Zhu S, Lu Y, Wang K, Luo G. Cationic polymerization of isobutylene catalysed by AlCl3 with multiple nucleophilic reagents. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra21983g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adding the multiple nucleophilic reagents, iPr2O and EB, in the initiation system is an effective way to attain the controlled polymerization of isobutylene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Yangcheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Kai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Guangsheng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
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