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Garreau C, Gablin C, Léonard D, Delair T, Sudre G, Trombotto S. Regiospecific Grafting of Chitosan Oligomers Brushes onto Silicon Wafers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23148013. [PMID: 35887359 PMCID: PMC9322837 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23148013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The functionalization of surfaces using chitosan oligomers is of great interest for a wide range of applications in biomaterial and biomedical fields, as chitosan oligomers can provide various functional properties including biocompatibility, wetting, adhesion, and antibacterial activity. In this study, an innovative process for the regiospecific chemical grafting of reducing-end-modified chitosan oligomers brushes onto silicon wafers is described. Chitosan oligomers (COS) with well-defined structural parameters (average DP ~19 and DA ~0%) and bearing a 2,5-anhydro-d-mannofuranose (amf) unit at the reducing end were obtained via nitrous acid depolymerization of chitosan. After a silanization step where silicon wafers were modified with aromatic amine derivatives, grafting conditions were studied to optimize the reductive amination between aldehydes of amf-terminated COS and aromatic amines of silicon wafers. Functionalized surfaces were fully characterized by AFM, ATR-FTIR, ellipsometry, contact angle measurement, and ToF-SIMS techniques. Smooth surfaces were obtained with a COS layer about 3 nm thick and contact angle values between 72° and 76°. Furthermore, it was shown that the addition of the reducing agent NaBH3CN could positively improve the COS grafting density and/or led to a better stability of the covalent grafting to hydrolysis. Finally, this study also showed that this grafting process is also efficient for chitosan oligomers of higher DA (i.e., ~21%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrielle Garreau
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France; (C.G.); (T.D.); (G.S.)
| | - Corinne Gablin
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5, Rue de la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France; (C.G.); (D.L.)
| | - Didier Léonard
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5, Rue de la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France; (C.G.); (D.L.)
| | - Thierry Delair
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France; (C.G.); (T.D.); (G.S.)
| | - Guillaume Sudre
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France; (C.G.); (T.D.); (G.S.)
| | - Stéphane Trombotto
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France; (C.G.); (T.D.); (G.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Solberg A, Mo IV, Omtvedt LA, Strand BL, Aachmann FL, Schatz C, Christensen BE. Carbohydr Polym Special Issue Invited contribution: Click chemistry for block polysaccharides with dihydrazide and dioxyamine linkers - A review. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 278:118840. [PMID: 34973722 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Engineered block polysaccharides is a relatively new class of biomacromolecules consisting of chemical assembly of separate block structures at the chain termini. In contrast to conventional, laterally substituted polysaccharide derivatives, the block arrangement allows for much higher preservation of inherent chain properties such as biodegradability and stimuli-responsive self-assembly, while at the same time inducing new macromolecular properties. Abundant, carbon neutral, and even recalcitrant biomass is an excellent source of blocks, opening for numerous new uses of biomass for a wide range of novel biomaterials. Among a limited range of methodologies available for block conjugation, bifunctional linkers allowing for oxyamine and hydrazide 'click' reactions have recently proven useful additions to the repertoire. This article focuses the chemistry and kinetics of these reactions. It also presents some new data with the aim to provide useful protocols and methods for general use towards new block polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalie Solberg
- NOBIPOL, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands vei 6/8, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ingrid V Mo
- NOBIPOL, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands vei 6/8, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Line Aa Omtvedt
- NOBIPOL, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands vei 6/8, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Berit L Strand
- NOBIPOL, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands vei 6/8, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Finn L Aachmann
- NOBIPOL, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands vei 6/8, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Christophe Schatz
- LCPO, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5629, ENSCBP, 16, Avenue Pey Berland, 33607 Pessac Cedex, France.
| | - Bjørn E Christensen
- NOBIPOL, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands vei 6/8, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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Chapelle C, David G, Caillol S, Negrell C, Desroches Le Foll M. Advances in chitooligosaccharides chemical modifications. Biopolymers 2021; 112:e23461. [PMID: 34115397 DOI: 10.1002/bip.23461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharides (COS) differ from chitosan by their molar mass: those of COS are defined to be lower than 20 kg mol-1 . Their functionalization is widely described in the literature and leads to the introduction of new properties that broaden their application fields. Like chitosan, COS modification sites are mainly primary amine and hydroxyl groups. Among their chemical modification, one can find amidation or esterification, epoxy-amine/hydroxyl coupling, Schiff base formation, and Michael addition. When depolymerized through nitrous deamination, COS bear an aldehyde at the chain end that can open the way to other chemical reactions and lead to the synthesis of new interesting amphiphilic structures. This article details the recent developments in COS functionalization, primarily focusing on amine and hydroxyl groups and aldehyde-chain end reactions, as well as paying considerable attention to other types of modification. We also describe and compare the different functionalization protocols found in the literature while highlighting potential mistakes made in the chemical structures accompanied with suggestions. Such chemical modification can lead to new materials that are generally nontoxic, biobased, biodegradable, and usable in various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ghislain David
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Claire Negrell
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
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Malekshah RE, Shakeri F, Aallaei M, Hemati M, Khaleghian A. Biological evaluation, proposed molecular mechanism through docking and molecular dynamic simulation of derivatives of chitosan. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 166:948-966. [PMID: 33152362 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We synthesized Schiff base and its complexes derivatives of chitosan (CS) in order to develop antibiotic compounds based on functionalized-chitosan against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. IR, UV-Vis, AFM, SEM, Melting point, X-ray diffraction (XRD), elemental analysis, and 1H NMR techniques were employed to characterize the chemical structures and properties of these compounds. XRD, UV-Vis, and 1H NMR techniques confirmed the formation of Schiff base and its functionalized-chitosan to metals. Subsequently, our antibacterial studies revealed that antibacterial activities of [Zn(Schiff base)(CS)] against S. aureus bacteria increased compared to those of their compounds. In addition, hemolysis test of CS-Schiff base-Cu(II) demonstrated better hemolytic activity than vitamin C, CS-Schiff base, CS-Schiff base-Zn(II), and CS-Schiff base-Ni(II). In a computational strategy, we carried out the optimization of compounds with molecular mechanics (MM+), Semi-emprical (AM1), Abinitio (STO-3G), AMBER, BIO+(CHARMM), and OPLS. Frontier orbital density distributions (HOMO and LUMO), and the optimized computational UV of the compounds were assessed. The optimized computational UV-Vis was similar to the experimental UV-Vis. We applied the docking methods to predict the DNA binding affinity, Staphylococcus aureus enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (ENRs), and Staphylococcus aureus enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (saFabI). Ultimately, the obtained data herein suggested that Schiff base is more selective toward ENRs and saFabI compared to chitosan, its complexes, and metronidazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahime Eshaghi Malekshah
- Medical Biomaterial Research Centre (MBRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Farideh Shakeri
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Aallaei
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Hossein University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maral Hemati
- Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Ali Khaleghian
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
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Mo IV, Dalheim MØ, Aachmann FL, Schatz C, Christensen BE. 2,5-Anhydro-d-Mannose End-Functionalized Chitin Oligomers Activated by Dioxyamines or Dihydrazides as Precursors of Diblock Oligosaccharides. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:2884-2895. [PMID: 32539358 PMCID: PMC7660591 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Diblock
oligosaccharides based on renewable resources allow for
a range of new but, so far, little explored biomaterials. Coupling
of blocks through their reducing ends ensures retention of many of
their intrinsic properties that otherwise are perturbed in classical
lateral modifications. Chitin is an abundant, biodegradable, bioactive,
and self-assembling polysaccharide. However, most coupling protocols
relevant for chitin blocks have shortcomings. Here we exploit the
highly reactive 2,5-anhydro-d-mannose residue at the reducing
end of chitin oligomers obtained by nitrous acid depolymerization.
Subsequent activation by dihydrazides or dioxyamines provides precursors
for chitin-based diblock oligosaccharides. These reactions are much
faster than for other carbohydrates, and only acyclic imines (hydrazones
or oximes) are formed (no cyclic N-glycosides). α-Picoline
borane and cyanoborohydride are effective reductants of imines, but
in contrast to most other carbohydrates, they are not selective for
the imines in the present case. This could be circumvented by a simple
two-step procedure. Attachment of a second block to hydrazide- or
aminooxy-functionalized chitin oligomers turned out to be even faster
than the attachment of the first block. The study provides simple
protocols for the preparation of chitin-b-chitin
and chitin-b-dextran diblock oligosaccharides without
involving protection/deprotection strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Vikøren Mo
- NOBIPOL, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Saelands veg 6/8, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Marianne Øksnes Dalheim
- NOBIPOL, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Saelands veg 6/8, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Finn L Aachmann
- NOBIPOL, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Saelands veg 6/8, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Christophe Schatz
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (LCPO), Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, UMR 5629, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Bjørn E Christensen
- NOBIPOL, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Saelands veg 6/8, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
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Activation of enzymatically produced chitooligosaccharides by dioxyamines and dihydrazides. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 232:115748. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Reducing-end “clickable” functionalizations of chitosan oligomers for the synthesis of chitosan-based diblock copolymers. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 219:387-394. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.04.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Recent development of synthetic nonviral systems for sustained gene delivery. Drug Discov Today 2017; 22:1318-1335. [PMID: 28428056 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Sustained gene delivery is of particular importance today because it circumvents the need for repeated therapeutic administration and provides spatial and temporal control of the release profile. Better understanding of the genetic basis of diseases and advances in gene therapy have propelled significant research on biocompatible gene carriers for therapeutic purposes. Varied biodegradable polymer-based architectures have been used to create new compositions with unique properties suitable for sustained gene delivery. This review presents the most recent advances in various polymeric systems: hydrogels, microspheres, nanospheres and scaffolds, having complex architectures to encapsulate and deliver functional genes. Through the recombination of different existing polymer systems, the multicomplex systems can be further endowed with new properties for better-targeted biomedical applications.
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Pickenhahn VD, Grange M, De Crescenzo G, Lavertu M, Buschmann MD. Regioselective chitosan end-group activation: the triskelion approach. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra01348e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-reactive chitosan extremities are regioselectively activated with a trivalent linker, called triskelion, allowing subsequent end-group functionalization with any thiol-reactive species.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. D. Pickenhahn
- Dept. Chemical Engineering and Inst. Biomedical Engineering
- Ecole Polytechnique
- Montreal
- Canada
| | - M. Grange
- Dept. Chemical Engineering and Inst. Biomedical Engineering
- Ecole Polytechnique
- Montreal
- Canada
| | - G. De Crescenzo
- Dept. Chemical Engineering and Inst. Biomedical Engineering
- Ecole Polytechnique
- Montreal
- Canada
| | - M. Lavertu
- Dept. Chemical Engineering and Inst. Biomedical Engineering
- Ecole Polytechnique
- Montreal
- Canada
| | - M. D. Buschmann
- Dept. Chemical Engineering and Inst. Biomedical Engineering
- Ecole Polytechnique
- Montreal
- Canada
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M. D, S. B. Synthesis, characterization and application of acryloyl chitosan anchored copolymer towards algae flocculation. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 152:459-467. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Liu X, Chen B, Li X, Zhang L, Xu Y, Liu Z, Cheng Z, Zhu X. Self-assembly of BODIPY based pH-sensitive near-infrared polymeric micelles for drug controlled delivery and fluorescence imaging applications. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:16399-16416. [PMID: 26394168 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr04655f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Responsive block copolymer micelles emerging as promising imaging and drug delivery systems show high stability and on-demand drug release activities. Herein, we developed self-assembled pH-responsive NIR emission micelles entrapped with doxorubicin (DOX) within the cores by the electrostatic interactions for fluorescence imaging and chemotherapy applications. The block copolymer, poly(methacrylic acid)-block-poly[(poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate)-co-boron dipyrromethene derivatives] (PMAA-b-P(PEGMA-co-BODIPY), was synthesized via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization, and the molecular weight distribution of this copolymer was narrow (Mw/Mn = 1.31). The NIR fluorescence enhancement induced by the phenol/phenolate interconversion equilibrium works as a switch in response to the intracellular pH fluctuations. DOX-loaded PMAA-b-P(PEGMA-co-BODIPY) micelles can detect the physiological pH fluctuations with a pKa near physiological conditions (∼7.52), and showed pH-responsive collapse and an obvious acid promoted anticancer drug release behavior (over 58.8-62.8% in 10 h). Real-time imaging of intracellular pH variations was performed and a significant chemotherapy effect was demonstrated against HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Liu
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
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