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Wen A, Yuan S, Wang H, Mi S, Yu H, Guo Y, Xie Y, Qian H, Yao W. Molecular insights on the binding of chlortetracycline to bovine casein and its effect on the thermostability of chlortetracycline. Food Chem 2024; 432:137104. [PMID: 37625299 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Bovine casein was selected as a model protein to evaluate the impact of food matrix on the thermal degradation of antibiotics. Fluorescence quenching and isothermal titration calorimetry experiments revealed that chlortetracycline (CTC) could spontaneously bind to casein via hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. The amino acid residues forming the binding pocket were further identified using molecular docking, while saturation transfer difference NMR deciphered that the binding of CTC engages its -N(CH3)2 group. Moreover, the degradation behavior of free CTC versus that bound in casein-CTC complex was compared during thermal treatment. Compared with free CTC, a lower first-order rate constant was observed in the presence of casein. Removal of casein shortened the half-life of CTC by at least 48.1% at low concentrations. Elucidating that the formation of protein-antibiotic complexes alters the amenability of antibiotics to degradative reactions, which could help eliminate residual antibiotics and guarantee the safety of dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aying Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, China
| | - Shaofeng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, China
| | - Huihui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, China
| | - Shuna Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, China
| | - Hang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, China
| | - Yahui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, China
| | - Yunfei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, China
| | - He Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, China
| | - Weirong Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, China.
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Fan H, Li K, Tu T, Zhu X, Zhang L, Liu M. ATP-Induced Emergent Circularly Polarized Luminescence and Encryption. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202200727. [PMID: 35195948 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202200727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Biomimetic ATP-driven supramolecular assembly is important to understand various biological processes and dissipative systems. Here, we report an ATP-driven chiral assembly exhibiting circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) via the interaction of an achiral terpyridine-based ZnII complex with nucleotides. It was found that while the metal complexes could co-assemble with the nucleotides to form fluorescent assemblies, only a combination of furan-substituted terpyridine complex and ATP showed an intense CPL with a dissymmetry factor (glum ) as high as 0.20. This means that the complex could recognize ATP using CPL as a readout signal, thus providing an example of ATP encryption. Interestingly, when ATP was transferred into ADP or AMP under enzymatic hydrolysis, the CPL decreases or disappears. Addition of ATP generates CPL again, thus producing an ATP-induced CPL system. This work presents the first example of ATP-induced CPL and encryption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huahua Fan
- Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street 2, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Kun Li
- Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street 2, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tao Tu
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xuefeng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street 2, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street 2, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Minghua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street 2, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Fan H, Li K, Tu T, Zhu X, Zhang L, Liu M. ATP‐Induced Emergent Circularly Polarized Luminescence and Encryption. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202200727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huahua Fan
- Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Zhongguancun North First Street 2 Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Kun Li
- Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Zhongguancun North First Street 2 Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Tao Tu
- Department of Chemistry Fudan University 220 Handan Road Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Xuefeng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Zhongguancun North First Street 2 Beijing 100190 China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Zhongguancun North First Street 2 Beijing 100190 China
| | - Minghua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Zhongguancun North First Street 2 Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
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Mild Biamidine-Transfer Conditions for the Synthesis of Aliphatic Biguanides. SYNOPEN 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1681-4544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThis study focuses on the development of new synthetic pathways to monosubstituted biguanides from amines. An exhaustive comparison of the conditions and reagents used for biamidine transfer was performed. New reagents were synthesized and optimized conditions for the synthesis of substituted biguanides under mild conditions were developed. Eventually, two high-yielding and straightforward protocols for the transfer of a biamidine group to various amines are proposed and their scope and limitations have been explored. These conditions include: i) a direct chromatography-free procedure and ii) an eco-friendly procedure in water compatible with bioinspired molecules. They are particularly efficient for the demanding conversion of aliphatic amines.
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Edelbrock AN, Clemons TD, Chin SM, Roan JJW, Bruckner EP, Álvarez Z, Edelbrock JF, Wek KS, Stupp SI. Superstructured Biomaterials Formed by Exchange Dynamics and Host-Guest Interactions in Supramolecular Polymers. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2004042. [PMID: 33898187 PMCID: PMC8061421 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202004042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic and reversible assembly of molecules is ubiquitous in the hierarchical superstructures of living systems and plays a key role in cellular functions. Recent work from the laboratory reported on the reversible formation of such superstructures in systems of peptide amphiphiles conjugated to oligonucleotides and electrostatically complimentary peptide sequences. Here, a supramolecular system is reported upon where exchange dynamics and host-guest interactions between β-cyclodextrin and adamantane on peptide amphiphiles lead to superstructure formation. Superstructure formation with bundled nanoribbons generates a mechanically robust hydrogel with a highly porous architecture that can be 3D printed. Functionalization of the porous superstructured material with a biological signal results in a matrix with significant in vitro bioactivity toward neurons that could be used as a supramolecular model to design novel biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra N. Edelbrock
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIL60208USA
- Simpson Querrey InstituteNorthwestern UniversityChicagoIL60611USA
| | - Tristan D. Clemons
- Simpson Querrey InstituteNorthwestern UniversityChicagoIL60611USA
- Department of ChemistryNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIL60208USA
| | - Stacey M. Chin
- Department of ChemistryNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIL60208USA
| | - Joshua J. W. Roan
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIL60208USA
| | - Eric P. Bruckner
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIL60208USA
| | - Zaida Álvarez
- Simpson Querrey InstituteNorthwestern UniversityChicagoIL60611USA
- Department of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoIL60611USA
| | - Jack F. Edelbrock
- Simpson Querrey InstituteNorthwestern UniversityChicagoIL60611USA
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIL60208USA
- Department of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoIL60611USA
| | - Kristen S. Wek
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIL60208USA
| | - Samuel I. Stupp
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIL60208USA
- Simpson Querrey InstituteNorthwestern UniversityChicagoIL60611USA
- Department of ChemistryNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIL60208USA
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIL60208USA
- Department of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoIL60611USA
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Leng Z, Peng F, Hao X. Chemical-Fuel-Driven Assembly in Macromolecular Science: Recent Advances and Challenges. Chempluschem 2020; 85:1190-1199. [PMID: 32584522 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, chemical-fuel-driven processes have been integrated with synthetic self-assembled systems, in which both the formation and properties can be carefully controlled. This strategy can drive systems far away from equilibrium, tailor the lifetime window of transient self-assembled systems, thus holding promise for future smart, adaptive, self-regulated, and life-like systems. By judging whether the building blocks or transient self-assembled systems participate in the fuel-to-waste conversion, the reported systems can be divided into two classes: dissipative self-assembly and self-assembly under dissipative conditions. Among these systems, the utilization of macromolecular building blocks to design non-equilibrium self-assemblied systems is becoming common. Macromolecular systems capable of dissipating energy with a programmed time domain have found widespread application, and have therefore been an active field of scientific inquiry. This Minireview aims to highlight the recent progress and opportunities of chemical-fuel-driven assembly in macromolecules. We envision that chemical-fuel-driven approach will play an increasingly important role in polymer science in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZeJian Leng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Feng Peng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Hao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
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Deng J, Walther A. ATP-Responsive and ATP-Fueled Self-Assembling Systems and Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2002629. [PMID: 32881127 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a central metabolite that plays an indispensable role in various cellular processes, from energy supply to cell-to-cell signaling. Nature has developed sophisticated strategies to use the energy stored in ATP for many metabolic and non-equilibrium processes, and to sense and bind ATP for biological signaling. The variations in the ATP concentrations from one organelle to another, from extracellular to intracellular environments, and from normal cells to cancer cells are one motivation for designing ATP-triggered and ATP-fueled systems and materials, because they show great potential for applications in biological systems by using ATP as a trigger or chemical fuel. Over the last decade, ATP has been emerging as an attractive co-assembling component for man-made stimuli-responsive as well as for fuel-driven active systems and materials. Herein, current advances and emerging concepts for ATP-triggered and ATP-fueled self-assemblies and materials are discussed, shedding light on applications and highlighting future developments. By bringing together concepts of different domains, that is from supramolecular chemistry to DNA nanoscience, from equilibrium to non-equilibrium self-assembly, and from fundamental sciences to applications, the aim is to cross-fertilize current approaches with the ultimate aim to bring synthetic ATP-dependent systems closer to living systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Deng
- A3BMS Lab - Active, Adaptive and Autonomous Bioinspired Materials, Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, Freiburg, 79110, Germany
| | - Andreas Walther
- A3BMS Lab - Active, Adaptive and Autonomous Bioinspired Materials, Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, Freiburg, 79110, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT - Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, Freiburg, D-79110, Germany
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He Q, Chen J, Yan J, Cai S, Xiong H, Liu Y, Peng D, Mo M, Liu Z. Tumor microenvironment responsive drug delivery systems. Asian J Pharm Sci 2020; 15:416-448. [PMID: 32952667 PMCID: PMC7486519 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional tumor-targeted drug delivery systems (DDSs) face challenges, such as unsatisfied systemic circulation, low targeting efficiency, poor tumoral penetration, and uncontrolled drug release. Recently, tumor cellular molecules-triggered DDSs have aroused great interests in addressing such dilemmas. With the introduction of several additional functionalities, the properties of these smart DDSs including size, surface charge and ligand exposure can response to different tumor microenvironments for a more efficient tumor targeting, and eventually achieve desired drug release for an optimized therapeutic efficiency. This review highlights the recent research progresses on smart tumor environment responsive drug delivery systems for targeted drug delivery. Dynamic targeting strategies and functional moieties sensitive to a variety of tumor cellular stimuli, including pH, glutathione, adenosine-triphosphate, reactive oxygen species, enzyme and inflammatory factors are summarized. Special emphasis of this review is placed on their responsive mechanisms, drug loading models, drawbacks and merits. Several typical multi-stimuli responsive DDSs are listed. And the main challenges and potential future development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunye He
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Jianhua Yan
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Shundong Cai
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Hongjie Xiong
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Yanfei Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Dongming Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Miao Mo
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Zhenbao Liu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
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Chen W, Tian X, He W, Li J, Feng Y, Pan G. Emerging functional materials based on chemically designed molecular recognition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s42833-019-0007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe specific interactions responsible for molecular recognition play a crucial role in the fundamental functions of biological systems. Mimicking these interactions remains one of the overriding challenges for advances in both fundamental research in biochemistry and applications in material science. However, current molecular recognition systems based on host–guest supramolecular chemistry rely on familiar platforms (e.g., cyclodextrins, crown ethers, cucurbiturils, calixarenes, etc.) for orienting functionality. These platforms limit the opportunity for diversification of function, especially considering the vast demands in modern material science. Rational design of novel receptor-like systems for both biological and chemical recognition is important for the development of diverse functional materials. In this review, we focus on recent progress in chemically designed molecular recognition and their applications in material science. After a brief introduction to representative strategies, we describe selected advances in these emerging fields. The developed functional materials with dynamic properties including molecular assembly, enzyme-like and bio-recognition abilities are highlighted. We have also selected materials with dynamic properties in contract to traditional supramolecular host–guest systems. Finally, the current limitations and some future trends of these systems are discussed.
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Liu X, Sang W, Ouyang K, Yan Q. Biosignal-responsive polymer nanorods that specifically recognize hydrogen polysulfide (H 2S n) from reactive sulfur species. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00360c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report a new block copolymer bearing p-fluoronitrobenzoate (FNB) pendants that is capable of responding to the H2Sn biosignal in an extraordinarily selective and sensitive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education College of Chemistry
- Xiangtan University
- Xiangtan 411105
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
| | - Wei Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
| | - Kunbing Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education College of Chemistry
- Xiangtan University
- Xiangtan 411105
- China
| | - Qiang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
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Xiao Q, Song F, Nie WC, Wang XL, Wang YZ. Self-complementary hydrogen-bond interactions of guanosine: a hub for constructing supra-amphiphilic polymers with controlled molecular structure and aggregate morphology. SOFT MATTER 2018; 15:102-108. [PMID: 30500047 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm02172d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A supra-amphiphilic polymer (SAP) with controlled molecular structures is constructed, in this work, via self-complementary hydrogen bonding of guanosine groups between a hydrophilic block, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), and a hydrophobic block, poly(ε-caprolactone). By simply changing the mixing ratio of the guanosine-capped hydrophilic and hydrophobic blocks, a series of SAPs with tailored nanostructures are constructed, which can further self-assemble into different nano-aggregates in solution, including spheres, vesicles and large vesicle micelles. The thermo-induced phase transition of the hydrophilic block induces the fusion and aggregation of the nanoparticles into irregular particles upon heating, which further transform to large compound vesicles after cooling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xiao
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Fei Song
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Wu-Cheng Nie
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Xiu-Li Wang
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Yu-Zhong Wang
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
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12
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Dong B, Liu L, Hu C. ATP-Driven Temporal Control over Structure Switching of Polymeric Micelles. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:3659-3668. [PMID: 30068081 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-fueled micellar system in the out-of-equilibrium state was constructed based on 4,5-diamino-1,3,5-triazine (DAT)-containing block copolymer. The block copolymer self-assembled into spherical micelles in equilibrium steady state at pH higher than its p Ka. The pendant DAT residues in protonated form acted as ATP catchers via hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions. Activated by ATP fuel, the polymeric micelles spontaneously disrupted into small aggregates of ATP/polymer hybrid complexes. The consumption of ATP energy via the enzymatic hydrolysis led to dissociation of the complexes and reversible formation of polymeric micelles. A transient self-assembly cycle, in which the assembly underwent autonomous division-fusion motion, was created using ATP fuel and enzyme; the switching of assembly structure was sustained by continuous supply of ATP fuel. This DAT-containing block copolymer have good biocompatibility, and drug-loaded micelles display ATP-responsive release behavior. It is expected that this ATP-fueled supramolecular assembly system will provide a functional platform for biomimic chemistry and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyang Dong
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , People's Republic of China
| | - Li Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , People's Republic of China
| | - Cong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , People's Republic of China
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13
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Du Z, Ke K, Chang X, Dong R, Ren B. Controlled Self-Assembly of Multiple-Responsive Superamphiphilc Polymers Based on Host-Guest Inclusions of a Modified PEG with β-Cyclodextrin. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:5606-5614. [PMID: 29681154 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Superamphiphilic polymers (SAPs) constructed by host-guest inclusion can self-assemble into various nanostructures in solution, which can find applications in many fields such as nanodevices, drug delivery, and template synthesis. Herein, we report the controlled self-assembly of multiple-responsive SAP based on a selective host-guest inclusion of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) with a modified poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) (FcC11AzoPEG) consisting of a ferrocene (Fc) end group, a C11 alkyl chain, an azobenzene (Azo) block, and a poly(ethylene glycol)methyl ether (PEG) chain. These SAPs can self-assemble into interesting nanostructures in water upon exposure to different stimuli because β-CD can be selectively included with different guests, such as Fc, Azo, and C11 alkyl chain, under different stimuli. The inclusion complex of Fc with β-CD (Fc@β-CD SAP) can form nanowire micelles in aqueous solution. The nanowire micelles can be transformed into spindle micelles with the addition of oxidant because the majority of β-CDs dissociated from the complex Fc@β-CD SAP due to a conversion of Fc to Fc+ and will preferentially include with Azo group to form another dominant inclusion complex (Azo@β-CD SAP). After UV irradiation, the spindle micelles can be further transformed into spherical micelles because most of β-CDs are excluded from the complex Azo@β-CD SAP due to a trans- to cis-Azo conversion and then form a dominant inclusion complex with C11 alkyl chains (C11@β-CD SAP). This work not only demonstrates the selective host-guest inclusion of stimuli-responsive groups modified PEG with β-CD but also provides a useful approach for construction of diverse morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhukang Du
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Kang Ke
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Xueyi Chang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Renfeng Dong
- School of Chemistry and Environment , South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| | - Biye Ren
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , China
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14
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Wang H, Feng Z, Qin Y, Wang J, Xu B. Nucleopeptide Assemblies Selectively Sequester ATP in Cancer Cells to Increase the Efficacy of Doxorubicin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:4931-4935. [PMID: 29451962 PMCID: PMC6014697 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201712834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report that assemblies of nucleopeptides selectively sequester ATP in complex conditions (for example, serum and cytosol). We developed assemblies of nucleopeptides that selectively sequester ATP over ADP. Counteracting enzymes interconvert ATP and ADP to modulate the nanostructures formed by the nucleopeptides and the nucleotides. The nucleopeptides, sequestering ATP effectively in cells, slow down efflux pumps in multidrug-resistant cancer cells, thus boosting the efficacy of doxorubicin, an anticancer drug. Investigation of 11 nucleopeptides (including d- and l-enantiomers) yields five more nucleopeptides that differentiate ATP and ADP through either precipitation or gelation. As the first example of assemblies of nucleopeptides that interact with ATP and disrupt intracellular ATP dynamics, this work illustrates the use of supramolecular assemblies to interact with small and essential biological molecules for controlling cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaimin Wang
- Department of chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South St, Waltham, MA, 02454, USA
| | - Zhaoqianqi Feng
- Department of chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South St, Waltham, MA, 02454, USA
| | - Yanan Qin
- Department of chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South St, Waltham, MA, 02454, USA
| | - Jiaqing Wang
- Department of chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South St, Waltham, MA, 02454, USA
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South St, Waltham, MA, 02454, USA
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15
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Nucleopeptide Assemblies Selectively Sequester ATP in Cancer Cells to Increase the Efficacy of Doxorubicin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201712834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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16
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Hao X, Chen L, Sang W, Yan Q. Periodically Self-Pulsating Microcapsule as Programmed Microseparator via ATP-Regulated Energy Dissipation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2018; 5:1700591. [PMID: 29593961 PMCID: PMC5867064 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201700591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Living systems can experience time-dependent dynamic self-assembly for periodic, adaptive behavior via energy dissipation pathway. Creating in vitro mimics is a daunting mission. Here a "living" giant vesicle system that can perform a periodic pulsating motion using adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP)-fuelled dissipative self-assembly is described. This dynamic system is built on transient supramolecular interactions between the polymer and cellular energy currency ATP. The vesicles capturing ATPs will deviate away from equilibrium, leading to an energy ascent that drives a continuous vesicular expansion, until a competitive ATP hydrolysis predominates to break the ATP-polymer interactions and deplete the energy stored in the vesicles, leading to an opposing vesicular contraction. The input of ATP energy can sustain that these vesicles run periodically along this reciprocating expansile-contractile process, resembling a "pulsating" behavior. ATP level can orchestrate the rhythm, amplitude, and lifetime of this biomimetic pulsation. By pre-programming the ATP stimulation protocol, this kind of adaptive microcapsules can function as high-performance microseparators to perform size-selective sieving of different nanoparticles through ATP-mediated transmembrane traffic. This man-made system offers a primitive model of time-dependent dynamic self-assembly and may offer new ways to build life-like materials with biomimetic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of PolymersFudan UniversityShanghai200433China
| | - Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of PolymersFudan UniversityShanghai200433China
| | - Wei Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of PolymersFudan UniversityShanghai200433China
| | - Qiang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of PolymersFudan UniversityShanghai200433China
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17
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Fagge II, Khalid K, Noh MAM, Yusof NSM, Zain SM, Khan MN. Study of Cationic and Nonionic Mixed Micelles with NaBr and 3,5-Cl 2C 6H 3CO 2Na by Use of Probe Nucleophilic Reaction of Piperidine with Ionized Phenyl Salicylate. J Oleo Sci 2018; 67:55-66. [PMID: 29238023 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess17033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Behaviors of cationic and nonionic mixed micelles in the form of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HDABr) and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide-Polyethylene glycol hexadecyl ether (C16E20), in the presence of inert salts (NaBr and 3,5-dichlorosodium benzoate), by the use of reaction probe between Pp and ionized PhSH (Pp = piperidine and PhSH = phenyl salicylate), has been reported in this work. The values of RXBr (RXBr denotes ion exchange constants obtained in the presence of micelles of different structural features) or KXBr (KXBr denotes ion exchange constants obtained in the presence of micelles of the same structural features) for 3,5-Cl2C6H3CO2- were almost the same at three different [HDABr]T (0.006, 0.010 and 0.015 M). The average value of RXBr or KXBr determined, in the presence of pure HDABr micelles, using semi empirical kinetic (SEK) method appeared to be almost 2½-fold larger (RXBr or KXBr = 198) than that in the presence of mixed HDABr-C16E20 micelles (RXBr or KXBr = 78). Rheological measurements indicated the existence of wormlike/twisted micelles and vesicle at 0.015 M pure HDABr, various [3,5-Cl2C6H3CO2Na], and 25 and 35℃ whereas there were evidence of only spherical micelles in the presence of mixed HDABr-C16E20 ([HDABr]T = 0.015 M and [C16E20]T = 0.006 M) at both temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Isah Fagge
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kano University of Science and Technology
| | - Khalisanni Khalid
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya.,Agri-Nanotechnology Program (BT4), Biotechnology and Nanotechnology Research Centre (BT), Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI)
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18
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Ippel BD, Dankers PYW. Introduction of Nature's Complexity in Engineered Blood-compatible Biomaterials. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7. [PMID: 28841771 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Biomaterials with excellent blood-compatibility are needed for applications in vascular replacement therapies, such as vascular grafts, heart valves and stents, and in extracorporeal devices such as hemodialysis machines and blood-storage bags. The modification of materials that are being used for blood-contacting devices has advanced from passive surface modifications to the design of more complex, smart biomaterials that respond to relevant stimuli from blood to counteract coagulation. Logically, the main source of inspiration for the design of new biomaterials has been the endogenous endothelium. Endothelial regulation of hemostasis is complex and involves a delicate interplay of structural components and feedback mechanisms. Thus, challenges to develop new strategies for blood-compatible biomaterials now lie in incorporating true feedback controlled mechanisms that can regulate blood compatibility in a dynamic way. Here, supramolecular material systems are highlighted as they provide a promising platform to introduce dynamic reciprocity, due to their inherent dynamic nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastiaan D. Ippel
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems; Laboratory for Chemical Biology; and Laboratory for Cell and Tissue Engineering; Eindhoven University of Technology; P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Patricia Y. W. Dankers
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems; Laboratory for Chemical Biology; and Laboratory for Cell and Tissue Engineering; Eindhoven University of Technology; P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
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19
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Liu X, Zhu J, Ouyang K, Yan Q. Peroxynitrite-biosignal-responsive polymer micelles as intracellular hypersensitive nanoprobes. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py01110a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Copolymerization of a trifluoromethyl ketone-bearing monomer and a rhodamine monomer has led to the formation of peroxynitrite (ONOO−) signaling molecule-responsive polymer fluorescent micelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Fudan University
- Shanghai
- China 200433
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education College of Chemistry
| | - Jiannan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Fudan University
- Shanghai
- China 200433
| | - Kunbing Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education College of Chemistry
- Xiangtan University
- Xiangtan
- China
| | - Qiang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Fudan University
- Shanghai
- China 200433
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20
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Biological Stimuli-responsive Polymer Systems: Design, Construction and Controlled Self-assembly. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-018-2080-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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21
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Prokopovic VZ, Vikulina AS, Sustr D, Shchukina EM, Shchukin DG, Volodkin DV. Binding Mechanism of the Model Charged Dye Carboxyfluorescein to Hyaluronan/Polylysine Multilayers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:38908-38918. [PMID: 29035502 PMCID: PMC5682609 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b12449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Biopolymer-based multilayers become more and more attractive due to the vast span of biological application they can be used for, e.g., implant coatings, cell culture supports, scaffolds. Multilayers have demonstrated superior capability to store enormous amounts of small charged molecules, such as drugs, and release them in a controlled manner; however, the binding mechanism for drug loading into the multilayers is still poorly understood. Here we focus on this mechanism using model hyaluronan/polylysine (HA/PLL) multilayers and a model charged dye, carboxyfluorescein (CF). We found that CF reaches a concentration of 13 mM in the multilayers that by far exceeds its solubility in water. The high loading is not related to the aggregation of CF in the multilayers. In the multilayers, CF molecules bind to free amino groups of PLL; however, intermolecular CF-CF interactions also play a role and (i) endow the binding with a cooperative nature and (ii) result in polyadsorption of CF molecules, as proven by fitting of the adsorption isotherm using the BET model. Analysis of CF mobility in the multilayers by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching has revealed that CF diffusion in the multilayers is likely a result of both jumping of CF molecules from one amino group to another and movement, together with a PLL chain being bound to it. We believe that this study may help in the design of tailor-made multilayers that act as advanced drug delivery platforms for a variety of bioapplications where high loading and controlled release are strongly desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Z. Prokopovic
- Branch Bioanalytics
and Bioprocesses (Fraunhofer IZI-BB), Fraunhofer
Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Am Muehlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Anna S. Vikulina
- Branch Bioanalytics
and Bioprocesses (Fraunhofer IZI-BB), Fraunhofer
Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Am Muehlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham
Trent University, Clifton Lane, NG11 8NS Nottingham, U.K.
- E-mail: . Tel: +44 115 848 8062
| | - David Sustr
- Branch Bioanalytics
and Bioprocesses (Fraunhofer IZI-BB), Fraunhofer
Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Am Muehlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Elena M. Shchukina
- Stephenson Institute
for Renewable Energy, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZF Liverpool, U.K.
| | - Dmitry G. Shchukin
- Stephenson Institute
for Renewable Energy, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZF Liverpool, U.K.
| | - Dmitry V. Volodkin
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham
Trent University, Clifton Lane, NG11 8NS Nottingham, U.K.
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22
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Hao X, Sang W, Hu J, Yan Q. Pulsating Polymer Micelles via ATP-Fueled Dissipative Self-Assembly. ACS Macro Lett 2017; 6:1151-1155. [PMID: 35650934 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.7b00649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Energy dissipation underlies dynamic behaviors of the life system. This principle of biology is explicit, but its in vitro mimic is very challenging. Here we use an energy-dissipative self-assembly pathway to create a life-like polymer micellar system that can do periodic and self-adaptive pulsating motion fueled by cell energy currency, adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Such a micelle expansion-contraction behavior relies on transient supramolecular interactions between the micelle and ATP fuel. The micelles capturing ATPs will deviate away from the thermodynamic equilibrium state, driving a continuous micellar expansion that temporarily breaks the amphiphilic balance, until a competing ATP hydrolysis consumes energy to result in an opposing micellar contraction. As long as ATP energy is supplied to keep the system in out-of-equilibrium, this reciprocating process can be sustained, and the ATP level can orchestrate the rhythm and amplitude of nanoparticulate pulsation. The man-made assemblies provide a model for imitating biologically time-dependent self-assembly and periodic nanocarriers for programmed drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Hao
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of
Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wei Sang
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of
Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jun Hu
- State
Key Lab of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Qiang Yan
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of
Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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23
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Schmidt BVKJ, Barner-Kowollik C. Dynamisches makromolekulares Materialdesign - die Vielseitigkeit von Cyclodextrin-basierter Wirt-Gast-Chemie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201612150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard V. K. J. Schmidt
- Abteilung für Kolloidchemie; Max-Planck-Institut für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung; 14424 Potsdam Deutschland
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering; Queensland University of Technology (QUT); 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australien
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT); Engesserstrasse 18 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
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24
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Schmidt BVKJ, Barner-Kowollik C. Dynamic Macromolecular Material Design-The Versatility of Cyclodextrin-Based Host-Guest Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:8350-8369. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201612150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard V. K. J. Schmidt
- Department of Colloid Chemistry; Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces; 14424 Potsdam Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering; Queensland University of Technology (QUT); 2 George Street QLD 4000 Brisbane Australia
- Macromolecular Architectures; Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Engesserstrasse 18 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
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25
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Xu M, Liu L, Hu J, Zhao Y, Yan Q. CO-Signaling Molecule-Responsive Nanoparticles Formed from Palladium-Containing Block Copolymers. ACS Macro Lett 2017; 6:458-462. [PMID: 35610861 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.7b00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The overproduction of cell-signaling molecules causes various human diseases. This intrinsic feature offers a biochemical basis to design biosignal-responsive nanocarriers for cell-selective therapy. Here we develop a new palladium-containing block copolymer, which can chemoselectively respond to carbon monoxide (CO)-a crucial gaseous signaling molecule in cells-while inhibiting disturbances from other endogenous analogues. Palladium is introduced into polymer for the first time, and such an organopalladium-connected chain can be cleaved by a CO-induced cascade insertion-elimination reaction, triggering a desirable disassembly of their self-assembling micelles. The micellar dissociation rate depends on the dose of CO stimulus. We envisage that this polymer model would enrich the repertoire of metallopolymers and provide a new platform for designing signaling molecule-responsive macromolecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Xu
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of
Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lianxiao Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of
Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jun Hu
- State
Key Lab of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied
Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Département
de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Qiang Yan
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of
Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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26
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Khalid K, Noh MAM, Zain SM, Khan MN. Determination of Relative Counterion Binding Constant to Cationic Micelles. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2017; 375:45. [PMID: 28357712 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-017-0132-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The efficiency of counterion affinity towards ionic micelles is often described in terms of the degree of counterion binding (β X ) to ionic micelles or the conventional ion-exchange constant ([Formula: see text]) or relative binding constant ([Formula: see text]) of X - and Br- counterions. This review describes the use of ionized phenyl salicylate ions, PSa-, as a new probe to determine [Formula: see text] values using a semiempirical spectrophotometric method. The value of [Formula: see text] is found to be comparable to reported values obtained using different probes by the semiempirical kinetic method as well as different physical methods. Application of semiempirical methods for calculation of [Formula: see text] or [Formula: see text] values involves an inherent assumption that these values are independent of the physicochemical characteristics of the probe molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalisanni Khalid
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. .,Laboratory Management Program, Laboratory and Technical Service Centre, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI), 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Muhammad Azri Mohd Noh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sharifuddin Md Zain
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - M Niyaz Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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27
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Jung SH, Kim KY, Lee JH, Moon CJ, Han NS, Park SJ, Kang D, Song JK, Lee SS, Choi MY, Jaworski J, Jung JH. Self-Assembled Tb 3+ Complex Probe for Quantitative Analysis of ATP during Its Enzymatic Hydrolysis via Time-Resolved Luminescence in Vitro and in Vivo. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:722-729. [PMID: 27935287 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b12857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To more accurately assess the pathways of biological systems, a probe is needed that may respond selectively to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for both in vitro and in vivo detection modes. We have developed a luminescence probe that can provide real-time information on the extent of ATP, ADP, and AMP by virtue of the luminescence and luminescence lifetime observed from a supramolecular polymer based on a C3 symmetrical terpyridine complex with Tb3+ (S1-Tb). The probe shows remarkable selective luminescence enhancement in the presence of ATP compared to other phosphate-displaying nucleotides including adenosine diphosphate (ADP), adenosine monophosphate (AMP), guanosine triphosphate (GTP), thymidine triphosphate (TTP), H2PO4- (Pi), and pyrophosphate (PPi). In addition, the time-resolved luminescence lifetime and luminescence spectrum of S1-Tb could facilitate the quantitative measurement of the exact amount of ATP and similarly ADP and AMP within living cells. The time-resolved luminescence lifetime of S1-Tb could also be used to quantitatively monitor the amount of ATP, ADP, and AMP in vitro following the enzymatic hydrolysis of ATP. The long luminescence lifetime, which was observed into the millisecond range, makes this S1-Tb-based probe particularly attractive for monitoring biological ATP levels in vivo, because any short lifetime background fluorescence arising from the complex molecular environment may be easily eliminated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Ho Jung
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University , Jinju, Korea
| | - Ka Young Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University , Jinju, Korea
| | - Ji Ha Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University , Jinju, Korea
| | - Cheol Joo Moon
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University , Jinju, Korea
| | - Noh Soo Han
- Department of Chemistry, Kyung Hee University , Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Su-Jin Park
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University , Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - Dongmin Kang
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University , Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - Jae Kyu Song
- Department of Chemistry, Kyung Hee University , Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Shim Sung Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University , Jinju, Korea
| | - Myong Yong Choi
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University , Jinju, Korea
| | - Justyn Jaworski
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Hanyang University , Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Hwa Jung
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University , Jinju, Korea
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28
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Zhang J, Hu J, Sang W, Wang J, Yan Q. Peroxynitrite (ONOO -) Redox Signaling Molecule-Responsive Polymersomes. ACS Macro Lett 2016; 5:919-924. [PMID: 35607205 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.6b00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Designing specific-responsive polymer nanocapsules toward a definite cell signaling molecule for targeted therapy faces a great challenge. Here we demonstrate that new block copolymer appended trifluoromethyl ketone side groups can chemoselectively respond to an endogenous redox biosignal, peroxynitrite (ONOO-), but shield the interference of other biogenic reactive oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur species (ROS/RNS/RSS). The ONOO- signaling molecule is capable of triggering cascade oxidation-elimination reactions to cleave the side functionalities from the polymer chain, which induces a large alteration of the polymer amphiphilicity and further leads to controllable disassembly of their self-assembled vesicular structure. Modulating the ONOO- stimulus concentrations could readily control the vesicle dissociation rates for desirable drug delivery. We envisage that this polymer model would provide a new scenario to construct bioresponsive macromolecular systems for future biomedical nanotechnologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Department
of Macromolecular Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering
of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jun Hu
- State
Key Lab of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied
Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Wei Sang
- Department
of Macromolecular Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering
of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- State
Key Lab of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied
Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Jianbo Wang
- Computer
Science School, China Women’s University, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qiang Yan
- Department
of Macromolecular Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering
of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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29
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Lu W, Xiao P, Liu Z, Gu J, Zhang J, Huang Y, Huang Q, Chen T. Reaction-Driven Self-Assembled Micellar Nanoprobes for Ratiometric Fluorescence Detection of CS2 with High Selectivity and Sensitivity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:20100-20109. [PMID: 27419849 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b06472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The detection of highly toxic CS2, which is known as a notorious occupational hazard in various industrial processes, is important from both environmental and public safety perspectives. We describe here a robust type of chemical-reaction-based supramolecular fluorescent nanoprobes for ratiometric determination of CS2 with high selectivity and sensitivity in water medium. The micellar nanoprobes self-assemble from amphiphilic pyrene-modified hyperbranched polyethylenimine (Py-HPEI) polymers with intense pyrene excimer emission. Selective sensing is based on a CS2-specific reaction with hydrophilic amino groups to produce hydrophobic dithiocarbamate moieties, which can strongly quench the pyrene excimer emission via a known photoinduced electron transfer (PET) mechanism. Therefore, the developed micellar nanoprobes are free of the H2S interference problem often encountered in the widely used colorimetric assays and proved to show high selectivity over many potentially competing chemical species. Importantly, the developed approach is capable of CS2 sensing even in complex tap and river water samples. In addition, in view of the modular design principle of these powerful micellar nanoprobes, the sensing strategy used here is expected to be applicable to the development of various sensory systems for other environmentally important guest species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science , Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Peng Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science , Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Zhenzhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science , Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Jincui Gu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science , Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Jiawei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science , Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Youju Huang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science , Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Qing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science , Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science , Ningbo 315201, China
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30
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Karimi M, Ghasemi A, Sahandi Zangabad P, Rahighi R, Moosavi Basri SM, Mirshekari H, Amiri M, Shafaei Pishabad Z, Aslani A, Bozorgomid M, Ghosh D, Beyzavi A, Vaseghi A, Aref AR, Haghani L, Bahrami S, Hamblin MR. Smart micro/nanoparticles in stimulus-responsive drug/gene delivery systems. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:1457-501. [PMID: 26776487 PMCID: PMC4775468 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00798d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 882] [Impact Index Per Article: 110.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
New achievements in the realm of nanoscience and innovative techniques of nanomedicine have moved micro/nanoparticles (MNPs) to the point of becoming actually useful for practical applications in the near future. Various differences between the extracellular and intracellular environments of cancerous and normal cells and the particular characteristics of tumors such as physicochemical properties, neovasculature, elasticity, surface electrical charge, and pH have motivated the design and fabrication of inventive "smart" MNPs for stimulus-responsive controlled drug release. These novel MNPs can be tailored to be responsive to pH variations, redox potential, enzymatic activation, thermal gradients, magnetic fields, light, and ultrasound (US), or can even be responsive to dual or multi-combinations of different stimuli. This unparalleled capability has increased their importance as site-specific controlled drug delivery systems (DDSs) and has encouraged their rapid development in recent years. An in-depth understanding of the underlying mechanisms of these DDS approaches is expected to further contribute to this groundbreaking field of nanomedicine. Smart nanocarriers in the form of MNPs that can be triggered by internal or external stimulus are summarized and discussed in the present review, including pH-sensitive peptides and polymers, redox-responsive micelles and nanogels, thermo- or magnetic-responsive nanoparticles (NPs), mechanical- or electrical-responsive MNPs, light or ultrasound-sensitive particles, and multi-responsive MNPs including dual stimuli-sensitive nanosheets of graphene. This review highlights the recent advances of smart MNPs categorized according to their activation stimulus (physical, chemical, or biological) and looks forward to future pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Karimi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Ghasemi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, 11365-9466, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parham Sahandi Zangabad
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, 11365-9466, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Rahighi
- Department of Research and Development, Sharif Ultrahigh Nanotechnologists (SUN) Company, P.O. Box: 13488-96394, Tehran, Iran and Nanotechnology Research Center, Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI), West Entrance Blvd., Olympic Village, P.O. Box: 14857-33111, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Masoud Moosavi Basri
- Bioenvironmental Research Center, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran and Civil & Environmental Engineering Department, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - H Mirshekari
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kerala, Trivandrum, India
| | - M Amiri
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, 11365-9466, Tehran, Iran
| | - Z Shafaei Pishabad
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Aslani
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, 11365-9466, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Bozorgomid
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Central Branch of Islamic Azad University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - D Ghosh
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine (SATiM), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Beyzavi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Vaseghi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technologies of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - A R Aref
- Department of Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - L Haghani
- School of Medicine, International Campus of Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Bahrami
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA. and Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA and Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Feng K, Xie N, Chen B, Tung CH, Wu LZ. Modular Design of Poly(norbornenes) for Organelle-Specific Imaging in Tumor Cells. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:538-45. [PMID: 26762279 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b01450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Through modular ROMP (ring-opening metathesis polymerization) directly from monomeric norbornenes of bioactive peptides, rhodamine B chromophore, and PEG solubilizer, we designed and synthesized a series of water-soluble poly(norbornenes) with organelle-specific imaging capability in tumor cells. For the selection of FxrFxK, TAT, and SV40 peptide sequences, these fluorescence probes exhibited different targeting specificity toward mitochondria, lysosome, and nucleolus, respectively, based on the same poly(norbornene) backbonds. More importantly, the ROMP strategy enables selective combination from various monomers and allows programmable biofunctionalization via peptide sequence permutations, which would greatly extend the biomedical applications such as imaging, diagnosis, and therapy for these synthetic polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Feng
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Xie
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University , Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen-Ho Tung
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Zhu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
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Xie N, Feng K, Chen B, Tung CH, Wu LZ. Switchable two-photon imaging of RGD-functionalized polynorbornenes with enhanced cellular uptake in living cells. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj00029k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Two-photon imaging polynorbornenes were fabricated directly from photochromic spiropyran, RGD peptides and hydrophilic PEG monomers via modular ROMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Xie
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs
- Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials
- School of Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Capital Medical University
| | - Ke Feng
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Bin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Chen-Ho Tung
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Li-Zhu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
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Yan Q, Sang W. H 2S gasotransmitter-responsive polymer vesicles. Chem Sci 2015; 7:2100-2105. [PMID: 29899936 PMCID: PMC5965249 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc03576g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Building biomimetic polymer vesicles that can sense a biological signaling molecule is a tremendous challenge at the cross-frontier of chemistry and biology. We develop a new class of o-azidomethylbenzoate (AzMB)-containing block copolymer that can respond to an endogenous signaling molecule, hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Such a gasotransmitter can trigger cascade chemical reactions to sever the AzMB side functionalities, which alters the polymer amphiphilicity and further leads to a controllable disassembly of their self-assembly vesicular nanostructure. Moreover, if we introduce cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE), a specific enzyme converting cysteine into H2S, onto the vesicle membrane, the polymersomes can extend their responsive scope from H2S to a specific amino acid bioactivator. We anticipate that this polymer model could open up a new avenue for constructing biosignal-triggered nanocapsules for intracellular applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Yan
- Department of Macromolecular Science , Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers of the Education Ministry of China , Fudan University , Shanghai , China 200433 .
| | - Wei Sang
- Department of Macromolecular Science , Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers of the Education Ministry of China , Fudan University , Shanghai , China 200433 .
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