1
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Govada L, Chayen NE. Crystallisation and characterisation of muscle proteins: a mini-review. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2023; 44:209-215. [PMID: 37133758 PMCID: PMC10542657 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-023-09648-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The techniques of X-ray protein crystallography, NMR and high-resolution cryo-electron microscopy have all been used to determine the high-resolution structure of proteins. The most-commonly used method, however, remains X-ray crystallography but it does rely heavily on the production of suitable crystals. Indeed, the production of diffraction quality crystals remains the rate-limiting step for most protein systems. This mini-review highlights the crystallisation trials that used existing and newly developed crystallisation methods on two muscle protein targets - the actin binding domain (ABD) of α-actinin and the C0-C1 domain of human cardiac myosin binding protein C (cMyBP-C). Furthermore, using heterogenous nucleating agents the crystallisation of the C1 domain of cMyBP-C was successfully achieved in house along with preliminary actin binding studies using electron microscopy and co-sedimentation assays .
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Affiliation(s)
- Lata Govada
- Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, W12 0NN, London, UK.
| | - Naomi E Chayen
- Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, W12 0NN, London, UK
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2
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Xu Y, Jiang X, Zhou Z, Ferguson T, Obliosca J, Luo CC, Chan KW, Kong XP, Tison CK. Mucosal Delivery of HIV-1 Glycoprotein Vaccine Candidate Enabled by Short Carbon Nanotubes. PARTICLE & PARTICLE SYSTEMS CHARACTERIZATION : MEASUREMENT AND DESCRIPTION OF PARTICLE PROPERTIES AND BEHAVIOR IN POWDERS AND OTHER DISPERSE SYSTEMS 2022; 39:2200011. [PMID: 36186663 PMCID: PMC9523582 DOI: 10.1002/ppsc.202200011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein spike is the target of antibodies, and therefore represents the main viral antigen for antibody-based vaccine design. One of the challenges in HIV-1 vaccine development is finding efficient ways for the immune system to recognize and respond to HIV-1 without establishing an infection. Since HIV-1 enters the body at mucosal surfaces, induction of immune response at these sites is a preferred preventive approach. Nasal administration is a very effective route for mucosal immunization since it can stimulate mucosal immune responses both locally and distantly. In this paper, Luna develops a safe, short carbon nanotube (CNT)-based, needle-free delivery platform known as "CNTVac". The size of short CNT was controlled to possess HIV-1 particle-like morphology (100-200 nm) capable of efficiently delivering a broad range of antigens intranasally. PEG-Lipid served as the antigen conformation protector and mucosal barrier penetration enhancer (Schematic Figure) was localized between V1V2 antigens, which caused highly enhanced local IgA and systemic antibody IgG responses in mice and rabbits. The short CNT incorporated with PEG-Lipid could not only serve as efficient delivery system but also reduce the amount of lipid usage in order to balance the vaccine dosage in order to eliminate the potential adverse effect. These data suggest a promising platform technology for vaccine delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- Biotech Group, Luna Labs, Luna Innovations Incorporated, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Xunqing Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, US, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ziyou Zhou
- Biotech Group, Luna Labs, Luna Innovations Incorporated, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Tammy Ferguson
- Biotech Group, Luna Labs, Luna Innovations Incorporated, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Judy Obliosca
- Biotech Group, Luna Labs, Luna Innovations Incorporated, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Christina C Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, US, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kun-Wei Chan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, US, New York, New York, USA
| | - Xiang-Peng Kong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, US, New York, New York, USA
| | - Christopher K Tison
- Biotech Group, Luna Labs, Luna Innovations Incorporated, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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3
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Enhancement of Protein Crystallization Using Nano-Sized Metal–Organic Framework. CRYSTALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst12050578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Protein crystallization plays a fundamental role in structural biology and chemistry, drug discovery, and crystallography itself. Determining how to improve the crystal growth is necessary and vital during the whole process. According to the recently published data, crystallizing proteins on nanoporous surfaces (i.e., metal–organic framework, abbreviated as MOF) is faster and demands less protein. However, dispersing micro-sized MOF materials uniformly is still a challenge and limiting process in protein crystallization. Here, we investigate the uniformity of micro-sized MOF under the treatment of the high-pressure homogenizer. At various pressures, the MOF is split into particles of different sizes, including the uniform and stable nano-sized MOF. Crystallization experiments demonstrated its enhancement in protein crystallization, and the number of crystals is significantly increased in the presence of nano-sized MOF. This work explores the use of nano-sized MOF solids to crystallize proteins of limited availability (i.e., insufficient for conventional methods) or of a hard-to-crystallize nature.
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4
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Rubio N, Au H, Coulter GO, Guetaz L, Gebel G, Mattevi C, Shaffer MSP. Effect of graphene flake size on functionalisation: quantifying reaction extent and imaging locus with single Pt atom tags. Chem Sci 2021; 12:14907-14919. [PMID: 34820107 PMCID: PMC8597866 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01958a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, the locus of functionalisation on graphene-related materials and the progress of the reaction is shown to depend strongly on the starting feedstock. Five characteristically different graphite sources were exfoliated and functionalized using a non-destructive chemical reduction method. These archetypical examples were compared via a model reaction, grafting dodecyl addends, evaluated with TGA-MS, XPS and Raman data. A general increase in grafting ratio (ranging from 1.1 wt% up to 25 wt%) and an improvement in grafting stoichiometry (C/R) were observed as flake radius decreased. Raman spectrum imaging of the functionalised natural flake graphite identified that grafting is directed towards flake edges. This behaviour was further corroborated, at atomistic resolution, by functionalising the graphene layers with bipyridine groups able to complex single platinum atoms. The distribution of these groups was then directly imaged using aberration-corrected HAADF-STEM. Platinum atoms were found to be homogeneously distributed across smaller graphenes; in contrast, a more heterogeneous distribution, with a predominance of edge grafting was observed for larger graphites. These observations show that grafting is directed towards flake edges, but not necessary at edge sites; the mechanism is attributed to the relative inaccessibility of the inner basal plane to reactive moieties, resulting in kinetically driven grafting nearer flake edges. This phenomenology may be relevant to a wide range of reactions on graphenes and other 2d materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Rubio
- Departments of Chemistry & Materials, Imperial College London London UK
| | - Heather Au
- Departments of Chemistry & Materials, Imperial College London London UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London London UK
| | - Gabriel O Coulter
- Departments of Chemistry & Materials, Imperial College London London UK
| | - Laure Guetaz
- University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LITEN 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9 France
| | - Gerard Gebel
- University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LITEN 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9 France
| | | | - Milo S P Shaffer
- Departments of Chemistry & Materials, Imperial College London London UK
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5
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Anaya‐Plaza E, Shaukat A, Lehtonen I, Kostiainen MA. Biomolecule-Directed Carbon Nanotube Self-Assembly. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001162. [PMID: 33124183 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The strategy of combining biomolecules and synthetic components to develop biohybrids is becoming increasingly popular for preparing highly customized and biocompatible functional materials. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) benefit from bioconjugation, allowing their excellent properties to be applied to biomedical applications. This study reviews the state-of-the-art research in biomolecule-CNT conjugates and discusses strategies for their self-assembly into hierarchical structures. The review focuses on various highly ordered structures and the interesting properties resulting from the structural order. Hence, CNTs conjugated with the most relevant biomolecules, such as nucleic acids, peptides, proteins, saccharides, and lipids are discussed. The resulting well-defined composites allow the nanoscale properties of the CNTs to be exploited at the micro- and macroscale, with potential applications in tissue engineering, sensors, and wearable electronics. This review presents the underlying chemistry behind the CNT-based biohybrid materials and discusses the future directions of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Anaya‐Plaza
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Aalto University Kemistintie 1 Espoo 02150 Finland
| | - Ahmed Shaukat
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Aalto University Kemistintie 1 Espoo 02150 Finland
| | - Inka Lehtonen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Aalto University Kemistintie 1 Espoo 02150 Finland
| | - Mauri A. Kostiainen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Aalto University Kemistintie 1 Espoo 02150 Finland
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6
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Clancy AJ, Au H, Rubio N, Coulter GO, Shaffer MSP. Understanding and controlling the covalent functionalisation of graphene. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:10308-10318. [PMID: 32643711 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01589j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chemical functionalisation is one of the most active areas of graphene research, motivated by fundamental science, the opportunities to adjust or supplement intrinsic properties, and the need to assemble materials for a broad array of applications. Historically, the primary consideration has been the degree of functionalisation but there is growing interest in understanding how and where modification occurs. Reactions may proceed preferentially at edges, defects, or on graphitic faces; they may be correlated, uncorrelated, or anti-correlated with previously grafted sites. A detailed collation of existing literature data indicates that steric effects play a strong role in limiting the extent of reaction. However, the pattern of functionalisation may have important effects on the resulting properties. This article addresses the unifying principles of current graphene functionalisation technologies, with emphasis on understanding and controlling the locus of functionalisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Clancy
- Dept. Chemistry, UCL, Gower Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK.
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7
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Au H, Rubio N, Buckley DJ, Mattevi C, Shaffer MSP. Thermal Decomposition of Ternary Sodium Graphite Intercalation Compounds. Chemistry 2020; 26:6545-6553. [PMID: 32142591 PMCID: PMC7317426 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) are often used to produce exfoliated or functionalised graphene related materials (GRMs) in a specific solvent. This study explores the formation of the Na‐tetrahydrofuran (THF)‐GIC and a new ternary system based on dimethylacetamide (DMAc). Detailed comparisons of in situ temperature dependent XRD with TGA‐MS and Raman measurements reveal a series of dynamic transformations during heating. Surprisingly, the bulk of the intercalation compound is stable under ambient conditions, trapped between the graphene sheets. The heating process drives a reorganisation of the solvent and Na molecules, then an evaporation of the solvent; however, the solvent loss is arrested by restacking of the graphene layers, leading to trapped solvent bubbles. Eventually, the bubbles rupture, releasing the remaining solvent and creating expanded graphite. These trapped dopants may provide useful property enhancements, but also potentially confound measurements of grafting efficiency in liquid‐phase covalent functionalization experiments on 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Au
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.,Department of Chemistry and Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Noelia Rubio
- Department of Chemistry and Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | - Cecilia Mattevi
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Milo S P Shaffer
- Department of Chemistry and Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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8
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Park J, Kang TH, Choi I, Choe J. Induction of crystal nucleation by orientation-controlled binding of His 6-tagged proteins to functionalized gold nanoparticles. CrystEngComm 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ce01786k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Functionalized gold nanoparticles can induce crystal nucleation by orientation-controlled NTA–Ni2+– His6-tagged protein binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Park
- Department of Life Science
- University of Seoul
- Seoul 02504
- Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Ho Kang
- Department of Life Science
- University of Seoul
- Seoul 02504
- Republic of Korea
| | - Inhee Choi
- Department of Life Science
- University of Seoul
- Seoul 02504
- Republic of Korea
| | - Jungwoo Choe
- Department of Life Science
- University of Seoul
- Seoul 02504
- Republic of Korea
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9
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Basma N, Cullen PL, Clancy AJ, Shaffer MSP, Skipper NT, Headen TF, Howard CA. The liquid structure of the solvents dimethylformamide (DMF) and dimethylacetamide (DMA). Mol Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2019.1649494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Basma
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - P. L. Cullen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - A. J. Clancy
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK
| | - M. S. P. Shaffer
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - N. T. Skipper
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, London, UK
| | - T. F. Headen
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Source, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, UK
| | - C. A. Howard
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, London, UK
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10
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Engilberge S, Wagner T, Santoni G, Breyton C, Shima S, Franzetti B, Riobé F, Maury O, Girard E. Protein crystal structure determination with the crystallophore, a nucleating and phasing agent. J Appl Crystallogr 2019; 52:722-731. [PMID: 31396026 PMCID: PMC6662991 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576719006381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obtaining crystals and solving the phase problem remain major hurdles encountered by bio-crystallographers in their race to obtain new high-quality structures. Both issues can be overcome by the crystallophore, Tb-Xo4, a lanthanide-based molecular complex with unique nucleating and phasing properties. This article presents examples of new crystallization conditions induced by the presence of Tb-Xo4. These new crystalline forms bypass crystal defects often encountered by crystallographers, such as low-resolution diffracting samples or crystals with twinning. Thanks to Tb-Xo4's high phasing power, the structure determination process is greatly facilitated and can be extended to serial crystallography approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Engilberge
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS 10090, 38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Tristan Wagner
- Microbial Protein Structure Group, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 10, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Gianluca Santoni
- Structural Biology Group, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Cécile Breyton
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS 10090, 38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Seigo Shima
- Microbial Protein Structure Group, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 10, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Bruno Franzetti
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS 10090, 38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Francois Riobé
- Univ. Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire de Chimie, F69342 Lyon, France
| | - Olivier Maury
- Univ. Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire de Chimie, F69342 Lyon, France
| | - Eric Girard
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS 10090, 38044 Grenoble, France
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11
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Liu L, Shen S, Wang Y. Enhanced thermal conductivity of flexible h-BN/polyimide composites films with ethyl cellulose. E-POLYMERS 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2019-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe present work focuses on fabricating a flexible and thermally conductive PI composite film. The PI composite film was obtained by blending hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) combined with ethyl cellulose and 2,2’-Bis(trifluoromethyl) benzidine (TFMB) functionalized GO (TFMB- GO) in polyimide (PI). The ethyl cellulose successfully formed the thermal conduction network by promoting the dispersion of h-BN in PI matrix. Thus, the thermal conductivity of the PI composite film with ethyl cellulose could be twice than PI film without ethyl cellulose. Besides, the PI composite film containing 30 wt% of h-BN could still exhibit excellent flexibility. Moreover, the combination of TFMB-GO could increase the tensile strength of the PI composite film by up to 80%. Overall, we provided a novel idea for the preparation of flexible substrate materials with efficient heat dissipation which was convenient and possible to apply widely in the industrial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai201804, China
| | - Siyu Shen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai201804, China
| | - Yiyao Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai201804, China
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12
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Clancy AJ, Sirisinudomkit P, Anthony DB, Thong AZ, Greenfield JL, Salaken Singh MK, Shaffer MSP. Real-time mechanistic study of carbon nanotube anion functionalisation through open circuit voltammetry. Chem Sci 2019; 10:3300-3306. [PMID: 30996916 PMCID: PMC6428032 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc04970j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of the functionalisation of reduced single walled carbon nanotubes with organobromides was monitored by open circuit voltammetry throughout the reaction and further elucidated through a series of comparative reactions. The degree of functionalisation was mapped against the reagent reduction potential, degree of electron donation of substituents (Hammett parameter), and energies calculated, ab initio, for dissociation and heterolytic cleavage of the C-Br bond. In contrast to the previously assumed reduction/homolytic cleavage mechanism, the reaction was shown to consist of a rapid association of carbon-halide bond to the reduced nanotube as a complex, displacing surface-condensed countercations, leading to an initial increase in the net nanotube surface negative charge. The complex subsequently slowly degrades through charge transfer from the reduced single-walled carbon nanotube to the organobromide, utilizing charge, and the carbon-halide bond breaks heterolytically. Electron density on the C-Br bond in the initial reagent is the best predictor for degree of functionalisation, with more electron donating substituents increasing the degree of functionalisation. Both the mechanism and the new application of OCV to study such reactions are potentially relevant to a wide range of related systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Clancy
- Department of Chemistry , University College London , WC1E 7JE , UK .
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , SW7 2AZ , UK .
| | - Pichamon Sirisinudomkit
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , SW7 2AZ , UK .
- Department of Materials , Imperial College London , SW7 2AZ , UK
| | - David B Anthony
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , SW7 2AZ , UK .
| | - Aaron Z Thong
- Department of Materials , Imperial College London , SW7 2AZ , UK
| | - Jake L Greenfield
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , SW7 2AZ , UK .
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , CB2 1EW , UK
| | | | - Milo S P Shaffer
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , SW7 2AZ , UK .
- Department of Materials , Imperial College London , SW7 2AZ , UK
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13
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Li X, Liu H, Tong X, Dai S, Zhang J, Li W. Charged polymeric additives affect the nucleation of lysozyme crystals. CrystEngComm 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ce02169d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Charged polymers (PGA and PL) interact with lysozyme and then promote the heterogeneous nucleation of the crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechao Li
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology
- Tianjin University
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Chemical Engineering (Tianjin)
- Tianjin 300350
- PR China
| | - Han Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology
- Tianjin University
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Chemical Engineering (Tianjin)
- Tianjin 300350
- PR China
| | - Xinmeng Tong
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology
- Tianjin University
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Chemical Engineering (Tianjin)
- Tianjin 300350
- PR China
| | - Sirui Dai
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology
- Tianjin University
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Chemical Engineering (Tianjin)
- Tianjin 300350
- PR China
| | - Jinli Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology
- Tianjin University
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Chemical Engineering (Tianjin)
- Tianjin 300350
- PR China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology
- Tianjin University
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Chemical Engineering (Tianjin)
- Tianjin 300350
- PR China
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14
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Clancy AJ, Leese HS, Rubio N, Buckley DJ, Greenfield JL, Shaffer MSP. Depleting Depletion: Maintaining Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Dispersions after Graft-To Polymer Functionalization. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:15396-15402. [PMID: 30428675 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Grafting polymers onto single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) usefully alters properties but does not typically yield stable, solvated species directly. Despite the expectation of steric stabilization, a damaging (re)dispersion step is usually necessary. Here, poly(vinyl acetate)s (PVAc's) of varying molecular weights are grafted to individualized, reduced SWCNTs at different concentrations to examine the extent of reaction and degree of solvation. The use of higher polymer concentrations leads to an increase in grafting ratio (weight fraction of grafted polymer relative to the SWCNT framework), approaching the limit of random sequentially adsorbed Flory "mushrooms" on the surface. However, at higher polymer concentrations, a larger percentage of SWCNTs precipitate during the reaction; an effect which is more significant for larger weight polymers. The precipitation is attributed to depletion interactions generated by ungrafted homopolymer overcoming Coulombic repulsion of adjacent like-charged SWCNTs; a simple model is proposed. Larger polymers and greater degrees of functionalization favor stable solvation, but larger and more concentrated homopolymers increase depletion aggregation. By using low concentrations (25 μM) of larger molecular weight PVAc (10 kDa), up to 65% of grafted SWCNTs were retained in solution (at 65 μg mL-1) directly after the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Clancy
- Department of Chemistry , University College London , London WC1E 7JE , United Kingdom
- Institute for Materials Discovery , University College London , London WC1E 7JE , United Kingdom
| | - Hannah S Leese
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Bath , Bath BA2 7AY , United Kingdom
| | | | - David J Buckley
- National Physical Laboratory , Teddington TW11 0LW , United Kingdom
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15
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Clancy AJ, Bayazit MK, Hodge SA, Skipper NT, Howard CA, Shaffer MSP. Charged Carbon Nanomaterials: Redox Chemistries of Fullerenes, Carbon Nanotubes, and Graphenes. Chem Rev 2018; 118:7363-7408. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Clancy
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
- Institute for Materials Discovery, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, U.K
| | - Mustafa K. Bayazit
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, U.K
| | - Stephen A. Hodge
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, Engineering Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, U.K
| | - Neal T. Skipper
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
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16
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Engilberge S, Riobé F, Wagner T, Di Pietro S, Breyton C, Franzetti B, Shima S, Girard E, Dumont E, Maury O. Unveiling the Binding Modes of the Crystallophore, a Terbium-based Nucleating and Phasing Molecular Agent for Protein Crystallography. Chemistry 2018; 24:9739-9746. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - François Riobé
- Université de Lyon; École Normale Supérieure de Lyon; CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Laboratoire de Chimie UMR 518; F-69342 Lyon France
| | - Tristan Wagner
- Microbial Protein Structure Group; Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology; Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 10 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Sebastiano Di Pietro
- Université de Lyon; École Normale Supérieure de Lyon; CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Laboratoire de Chimie UMR 518; F-69342 Lyon France
| | - Cécile Breyton
- Univ Grenoble Alpes; CEA; CNRS, IBS; 38000 Grenoble France
| | | | - Seigo Shima
- Microbial Protein Structure Group; Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology; Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 10 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Eric Girard
- Univ Grenoble Alpes; CEA; CNRS, IBS; 38000 Grenoble France
| | - Elise Dumont
- Université de Lyon; École Normale Supérieure de Lyon; CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Laboratoire de Chimie UMR 518; F-69342 Lyon France
| | - Olivier Maury
- Université de Lyon; École Normale Supérieure de Lyon; CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Laboratoire de Chimie UMR 518; F-69342 Lyon France
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17
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Wang T, Wang M, Fu L, Duan Z, Chen Y, Hou X, Wu Y, Li S, Guo L, Kang R, Jiang N, Yu J. Enhanced Thermal Conductivity of Polyimide Composites with Boron Nitride Nanosheets. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1557. [PMID: 29367718 PMCID: PMC5784086 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19945-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A strategy was reported to prepare boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs) by a molten hydroxide assisted liquid exfoliation from hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) powder. BNNSs with an average thickness of 3 nm were obtained by a facile, low-cost, and scalable exfoliation method. Highly thermally conductive polyimide (PI) composite films with BNNSs filler were prepared by solution-casting process. The in-plane thermal conductivity of PI composite films with 7 wt% BNNSs is up to 2.95 W/mK, which increased by 1,080% compared to the neat PI. In contrast, the out-of plane thermal conductivity of the composites is 0.44 W/mK, with an increase by only 76%. The high anisotropy of thermal conductivity was verified to be due to the high alignment of the BNNSs. The PI/BNNSs composite films are attractive for the thermal management applications in the field of next-generation electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Mengjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Li Fu
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Zehui Duan
- Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, 10608, China
| | - Yapeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Xiao Hou
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Yuming Wu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Shuangyi Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Liangchao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Ruiyang Kang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China.
| | - Jinhong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China.
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18
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Tong X, Kang J, Zhang J, Jia X, Li W. Interfacial functional terminals enhance the heterogeneous nucleation of lysozyme crystals. CrystEngComm 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ce00039e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A series of functional terminals were designed to interact with the flexible loop residues of lysozymes, aiming to produce quality protein crystalsviaintensified heterogeneous nucleation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmeng Tong
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology
- Tianjin University
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Chemical Engineering (Tianjin)
- Tianjin 300350
- P. R. China
| | - Junjie Kang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Shihezi University
- Shihezi
- P. R. China
| | - Jinli Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology
- Tianjin University
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Chemical Engineering (Tianjin)
- Tianjin 300350
- P. R. China
| | - Xin Jia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Shihezi University
- Shihezi
- P. R. China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology
- Tianjin University
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Chemical Engineering (Tianjin)
- Tianjin 300350
- P. R. China
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19
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20
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Au H, Rubio N, Shaffer MSP. Brominated graphene as a versatile precursor for multifunctional grafting. Chem Sci 2017; 9:209-217. [PMID: 29629089 PMCID: PMC5869303 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc03455e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A non-destructive and versatile chemical reduction method was used to dissolve and subsequently brominate few-layer graphene sheets (FLGs). The brominated FLGs provide a convenient precursor for the synthesis of a variety of directly functionalised graphenes.
A non-destructive and versatile chemical reduction method was used to dissolve and subsequently brominate few-layer graphene sheets (FLGs); the direct covalent attachment of bromine to the graphene framework was demonstrated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The brominated few-layer graphenes (FLG-Br) provide a convenient, stable, liquid-phase precursor, suitable for the synthesis of a variety of directly functionalised graphenes. As an example, the FLG-Br species was used to initiate atom transfer radical polymerisation (ATRP), to obtain poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)-grafted graphene (FLG-PMMA), which was six times more dispersible in acetone than controls. In addition, the FLG-Br is active for nucleophilic substitution reactions, as illustrated by the preparation of methoxypolyethylene glycol (mPEG)- and OH-substituted derivatives. The products were characterised by thermogravimetric analysis coupled with mass spectrometry (TGA-MS), XPS and Raman spectroscopy. Grafting ratios (GR) for these polymer-grafted materials varied between 6 and 25%; even at these GRs, all graphene derivatives showed increased solubility in organic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Au
- Departments of Chemistry & Materials , Imperial College London , London , SW7 2AZ , UK .
| | - Noelia Rubio
- Departments of Chemistry & Materials , Imperial College London , London , SW7 2AZ , UK .
| | - Milo S P Shaffer
- Departments of Chemistry & Materials , Imperial College London , London , SW7 2AZ , UK .
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21
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Rubio N, Au H, Leese HS, Hu S, Clancy AJ, Shaffer MSP. Grafting from versus Grafting to Approaches for the Functionalization of Graphene Nanoplatelets with Poly(methyl methacrylate). Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Rubio
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Heather Au
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Hannah S. Leese
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Sheng Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Adam J. Clancy
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
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22
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Engilberge S, Riobé F, Di Pietro S, Lassalle L, Coquelle N, Arnaud CA, Pitrat D, Mulatier JC, Madern D, Breyton C, Maury O, Girard E. Crystallophore: a versatile lanthanide complex for protein crystallography combining nucleating effects, phasing properties, and luminescence. Chem Sci 2017; 8:5909-5917. [PMID: 29619195 PMCID: PMC5859728 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc00758b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Macromolecular crystallography suffers from two major issues: getting well-diffracting crystals and solving the phase problem inherent to large macromolecules. Here, we describe the first example of a lanthanide complex family named "crystallophore" (Xo4), which contributes to tackling both bottlenecks. This terbium complex, Tb-Xo4, is an appealing agent for biocrystallography, combining the exceptional phasing power of the Tb(iii) heavy atom with powerful nucleating properties, providing ready-to-use crystals for structure determination. Furthermore, protein/Tb-Xo4 co-crystals can be easily detected and discriminated from other crystalline by-products using luminescence. We demonstrate the potential of this additive for the crystallisation and structure determination of eight proteins, two of whose structures were unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - François Riobé
- Univ Lyon , Ens de Lyon , CNRS UMR 5182 , Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 , Laboratoire de Chimie , F-69342 Lyon , France .
| | - Sebastiano Di Pietro
- Univ Lyon , Ens de Lyon , CNRS UMR 5182 , Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 , Laboratoire de Chimie , F-69342 Lyon , France .
| | - Louise Lassalle
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes , CEA , CNRS , IBS , F-38000 Grenoble , France .
| | - Nicolas Coquelle
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes , CEA , CNRS , IBS , F-38000 Grenoble , France .
| | | | - Delphine Pitrat
- Univ Lyon , Ens de Lyon , CNRS UMR 5182 , Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 , Laboratoire de Chimie , F-69342 Lyon , France .
| | - Jean-Christophe Mulatier
- Univ Lyon , Ens de Lyon , CNRS UMR 5182 , Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 , Laboratoire de Chimie , F-69342 Lyon , France .
| | - Dominique Madern
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes , CEA , CNRS , IBS , F-38000 Grenoble , France .
| | - Cécile Breyton
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes , CEA , CNRS , IBS , F-38000 Grenoble , France .
| | - Olivier Maury
- Univ Lyon , Ens de Lyon , CNRS UMR 5182 , Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 , Laboratoire de Chimie , F-69342 Lyon , France .
| | - Eric Girard
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes , CEA , CNRS , IBS , F-38000 Grenoble , France .
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23
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Hao T, Zhou Z, Nie Y, Wei Y, Gu Z, Li S. Effect of the polymer-substrate interactions on crystal nucleation of polymers grafted on a flat solid substrate as studied by molecular simulations. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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24
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Clancy AJ, Anthony DB, Fisher SJ, Leese HS, Roberts CS, Shaffer MSP. Reductive dissolution of supergrowth carbon nanotubes for tougher nanocomposites by reactive coagulation spinning. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:8764-8773. [PMID: 28620663 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr00734e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Long single-walled carbon nanotubes, with lengths >10 μm, can be spontaneously dissolved by stirring in a sodium naphthalide N,N-dimethylacetamide solution, yielding solutions of individualised nanotubide ions at concentrations up to 0.74 mg mL-1. This process was directly compared to ultrasonication and found to be less damaging while maintaining greater intrinsic length, with increased individualisation, yield, and concentration. Nanotubide solutions were spun into fibres using a new reactive coagulation process, which covalently grafts a poly(vinyl chloride) matrix to the nanotubes directly at the point of fibre formation. The grafting process insulated the nanotubes electrically, significantly enhancing the dielectric constant to 340% of the bulk polymer. For comparison, samples were prepared using both Supergrowth nanotubes and conventional shorter commercial single-walled carbon nanotubes. The resulting nanocomposites showed similar, high loadings (ca. 20 wt%), but the fibres formed with Supergrowth nanotubes showed significantly greater failure strain (up to ∼25%), and hence more than double the toughness (30.8 MJ m-3), compared to composites containing typical ∼1 μm SWCNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Clancy
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemistry, Frankland Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - D B Anthony
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemistry, Frankland Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - S J Fisher
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemistry, Frankland Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - H S Leese
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemistry, Frankland Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - C S Roberts
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemistry, Frankland Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - M S P Shaffer
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemistry, Frankland Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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25
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Hegde RP, Pavithra GC, Dey D, Almo SC, Ramakumar S, Ramagopal UA. Can the propensity of protein crystallization be increased by using systematic screening with metals? Protein Sci 2017. [PMID: 28643473 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein crystallization is one of the major bottlenecks in protein structure elucidation with new strategies being constantly developed to improve the chances of crystallization. Generally, well-ordered epitopes possessing complementary surface and capable of producing stable inter-protein interactions generate a regular three-dimensional arrangement of protein molecules which eventually results in a crystal lattice. Metals, when used for crystallization, with their various coordination numbers and geometries, can generate such epitopes mediating protein oligomerization and/or establish crystal contacts. Some examples of metal-mediated oligomerization and crystallization together with our experience on metal-mediated crystallization of a putative rRNA methyltransferase from Sinorhizobium meliloti are presented. Analysis of crystal structures from protein data bank (PDB) using a non-redundant data set with a 90% identity cutoff, reveals that around 67% of proteins contain at least one metal ion, with ∼14% containing combination of metal ions. Interestingly, metal containing conditions in most commercially available and popular crystallization kits generally contain only a single metal ion, with combinations of metals only in a very few conditions. Based on the results presented in this review, it appears that the crystallization screens need expansion with systematic screening of metal ions that could be crucial for stabilizing the protein structure or for establishing crystal contact and thereby aiding protein crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghurama P Hegde
- Division of Biological Sciences, Poornaprajna Institute of Scientific Research, Bangalore, 560080, India
| | - Gowribidanur C Pavithra
- Division of Biological Sciences, Poornaprajna Institute of Scientific Research, Bangalore, 560080, India
- Manipal University, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Debayan Dey
- Division of Biological Sciences, Poornaprajna Institute of Scientific Research, Bangalore, 560080, India
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Steven C Almo
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, 10461
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, 10461
| | - S Ramakumar
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Udupi A Ramagopal
- Division of Biological Sciences, Poornaprajna Institute of Scientific Research, Bangalore, 560080, India
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, 10461
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26
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Li X, Wang H, Kuang X, Ma J, Feng X. Exploring the effects and mechanisms of carbon nanomaterial diversity on the morphology of lysozyme crystals. CrystEngComm 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ce01226h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A shift in the final size distribution and morphology was observed, and more pronounced X-ray diffraction peaks were achieved in lysozyme crystals with the addition of 3D CNMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials
- Ministry of Education
- College of Life Sciences
- Nankai University
| | - Hongyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials
- Ministry of Education
- College of Life Sciences
- Nankai University
| | - Xiangyu Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials
- Ministry of Education
- College of Life Sciences
- Nankai University
| | - Jingrui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials
- Ministry of Education
- College of Life Sciences
- Nankai University
| | - Xizeng Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials
- Ministry of Education
- College of Life Sciences
- Nankai University
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27
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Morishita T, Takahashi N. Highly thermally conductive and electrically insulating polymer nanocomposites with boron nitride nanosheet/ionic liquid complexes. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra06691k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Boron nitride nanosheet (BNNS)/ionic liquid (IL)/polymer composites show significant enhancement of through-plane and in-plane thermal conductivities and electrical insulation.
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28
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Morishita T, Okamoto H. Facile Exfoliation and Noncovalent Superacid Functionalization of Boron Nitride Nanosheets and Their Use for Highly Thermally Conductive and Electrically Insulating Polymer Nanocomposites. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:27064-27073. [PMID: 27599203 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b08404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing demand for highly thermally conductive and electrically insulating polymer materials for next-generation electronic devices, power systems, and communication equipment. Boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs) are insulating materials with extremely high thermal conductivity. However, BNNSs suffer from the lack of facile and low-cost methods for producing large volumes of BNNSs, and extremely low through-plane thermal conductivities of BNNS/polymer composites as compared to the in-plane thermal conductivities. Herein, highly soluble, noncovalently functionalized boron nitride nanosheets (NF-BNNSs) with chlorosulfonic acid (CSA) were prepared by extremely facile and low-cost direct exfoliation of hexagonal boron nitrides (h-BNs), and acted as excellent nanofillers for dramatically improving both in- and through-plane thermal conductivities of insulating polymers. CSA is a cheap and versatile superacid with a large production volume. CSA showed strong physical adsorption on h-BN surfaces, giving few-layered NF-BNNSs in high yields (up to ∼25%). The crystallinity of the NF-BNNS was perfectly maintained even after CSA treatment. The physical adsorption of CSAs imparted high solubility for BNNSs in various organic solvents, yielding NF-BNNS uniformly dispersed-thermoplastic polymer composite films through a simple wet-process using predispersed NF-BNNS solutions. Random dispersion of NF-BNNSs in thermoplastic polymer films dramatically enhanced both the in- and through-plane thermal conductivities (>10 W m-1 K-1). The through-plane thermal conductivity of the NF-BNNS/polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) composite films was much greater (up to 11.0 W m-1 K-1) than those previously reported for BNNS/thermoplastic polymer composites (≤2.6 W m-1 K-1). These results are also due to an increase of interactions between the BNNS and polymer matrices, caused by physical adsorption of CSAs on BNNS surfaces. Moreover, the volume resistivity of the NF-BNNS/PBT composite films was significantly improved compared with pristine PBT. The NF-BNNS/polymer composites are very promising as highly thermally conductive and electrically insulating materials in various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Morishita
- Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc. , Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Okamoto
- Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc. , Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan
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29
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Gorrec F. Protein crystallization screens developed at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology. Drug Discov Today 2016; 21:819-25. [PMID: 27032894 PMCID: PMC4911435 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In order to solve increasingly challenging protein structures with crystallography, crystallization reagents and screen formulations are regularly investigated. Here, we briefly describe 96-condition screens developed at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology: the LMB sparse matrix screen, Pi incomplete factorial screens, the MORPHEUS grid screens and the ANGSTROM optimization screen. In this short review, we also discuss the difficulties and advantages associated with the development of protein crystallization screens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Gorrec
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
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