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Chen W, Xu H, Dai S, Wang J, Yang Z, Jin Y, Zou M, Xiao X, Wu T, Yan W, Zhang B, Lin Z, Zhao M. Detection of low-frequency mutations in clinical samples by increasing mutation abundance via the excision of wild-type sequences. Nat Biomed Eng 2023; 7:1602-1613. [PMID: 37500748 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-023-01072-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency of DNA-enrichment techniques is often insufficient to detect mutations that occur at low frequencies. Here we report a DNA-excision method for the detection of low-frequency mutations in genomic DNA and in circulating cell-free DNA at single-nucleotide resolution. The method is based on a competitive DNA-binding-and-digestion mechanism, effected by deoxyribonuclease I (DNase) guided by single-stranded phosphorothioated DNA (sgDNase), for the removal of wild-type DNA strands. The sgDNase can be designed against any wild-type DNA sequences, allowing for the uniform enrichment of all the mutations within the target-binding region of single-stranded phosphorothioated DNA at mild-temperature conditions. Pretreatment with sgDNase enriches all mutant strands with initial frequencies down to 0.01% and leads to high discrimination factors for all types of single-nucleotide mismatch in multiple sequence contexts, as we show for the identification of low-abundance mutations in samples of blood or tissue from patients with cancer. The method can be coupled with next-generation sequencing, droplet digital polymerase chain reaction, Sanger sequencing, fluorescent-probe-based assays and other mutation-detection methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Haiqi Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shenbin Dai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyu Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuewen Jin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengbing Zou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xianjin Xiao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China.
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Tongbo Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses and National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
- Department of Dermatology, Zhengzhou University, Affiliated Children's Hospital, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhimiao Lin
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses and National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Meiping Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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2
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Zhou QY, Zhong XY, Zhao LL, Wang LJ, Zhou YL, Zhang XX. High-throughput ultra-sensitive discrimination of single nucleotide polymorphism via click chemical ligation. Analyst 2020; 145:172-176. [PMID: 31724655 DOI: 10.1039/c9an01672d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been proven to be important biomarkers for disease diagnosis, prognosis and disease pathogenesis. Here, taking the advantages of a self-assembled oligonucleotide sandwich structure and robust chemical reactions, we have developed a simple, high-throughput and effective colorimetric analytical technique termed CuAAC-based ligation-assisted assays (CuAAC-LA) for SNP detection using a DNA-BIND 96-well plate. With the 5'-azide and 3'-alkyne groups labelled on two oligonucleotide probes, the target DNA can direct a Cu(i)-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) click reaction. Since the small difference in duplex stability caused by a single-nucleotide mismatch was amplified by the steric effects of these reactive groups for the ligation reaction of an unstable duplex, CuAAC-LA exhibited an ultra-sensitive discrimination ability for a mutant type target in the presence of large amounts of wild type targets. As low as 0.05% SNP could be clearly detected, which was better than most previously reported methods by various DNA ligases, indicating that a simple and rapid synthetic method i.e., the DNA template-directed click reaction held the potential to replace the ligase for SNP detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Yu Zhou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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3
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Choi JW, Vasamsetti BMK, Choo J, Kim HY. Analysis of deoxyribonuclease activity by conjugation-free fluorescence polarisation in sub-nanolitre droplets. Analyst 2020; 145:3222-3228. [PMID: 32118224 DOI: 10.1039/c9an02380a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We report the analysis of deoxyribonuclease (DNase) activity by conjugation-free fluorescence polarisation in a droplet-based microfluidic chip. DNase is a DNA cleaving enzyme and its activity is important in the maintenance of normal cellular functions. Alterations in DNase activity have been implicated as the cause of various cancers and autoimmune diseases. To date, various methods for the analysis of DNase activity have been reported. However, they are not cost effective due to the requirement of large sample volumes and the need for the conjugation of fluorescent dyes. In this study, we have used ethidium bromide (EtBr), a DNA intercalating reagent, as a fluorescent reporter without any prior conjugation or modification of DNA. Degradation of DNA by DNase 1 was monitored at a steady state by making changes in the fluorescence polarisation of EtBr in droplets with a volume of 330 picolitre at a 40 hertz frequency under visible light. Using this technique, we successfully determined the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) for the inhibition of DNase 1 activity to be 1.56 ± 0.91 mM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Won Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Chen X, Liu N, Liu L, Chen W, Chen N, Lin M, Xu J, Zhou X, Wang H, Zhao M, Xiao X. Thermodynamics and kinetics guided probe design for uniformly sensitive and specific DNA hybridization without optimization. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4675. [PMID: 31611572 PMCID: PMC6791858 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12593-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensitive and specific DNA hybridization is essential for nucleic acid chemistry. Competitive composition of probe and blocker has been the most adopted probe design for its relatively high sensitivity and specificity. However, the sensitivity and specificity were inversely correlated over the length and concentration of the blocker strand, making the optimization process cumbersome. Herein, we construct a theoretical model for competitive DNA hybridization, which disclose that both the thermodynamics and kinetics contribute to the inverse correlation. Guided by this, we invent the 4-way Strand Exchange LEd Competitive DNA Testing (SELECT) system, which breaks up the inverse correlation. Using SELECT, we identified 16 hot-pot mutations in human genome under uniform conditions, without optimization at all. The specificities were all above 140. As a demonstration of the clinical practicability, we develop probe systems that detect mutations in human genomic DNA extracted from ovarian cancer patients with a detection limit of 0.1%. Optimisation of nucleic acid probes and blocker strands can be laborious. Here the authors construct a theoretical model of competitive DNA hybridisation to design DNA probes for optimisation-free mutation detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Na Liu
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Liquan Liu
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Wei Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China
| | - Na Chen
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Meng Lin
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Jiaju Xu
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Xing Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, PR China
| | - Hongbo Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, PR China.
| | - Meiping Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China.
| | - Xianjin Xiao
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, PR China.
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Xu J, Fu Y, Xiao Y. Endonuclease IV recognizes single base mismatch on the eighth base 3' to the abasic site in DNA strands for ultra-selective and sensitive mutant-type DNA detection. RSC Adv 2018; 8:27016-27020. [PMID: 35540020 PMCID: PMC9083296 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra04552f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Since single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is related with many diseases and drug metabolic polymorphous and SNP genotyping is rising rapidly in many biological and medical areas, various methods of discriminating SNPs have been developed, one of which is an enzyme-based method. We uncovered a unique property of endonuclease IV due to which it can discriminate single base mismatches in different positions of DNA strands containing an abasic site, and we also discovered a new property: a mismatch in the +8 position could inhibit the cleavage of endonuclease IV. Then, we coupled +8 mismatch with other mismatches along with the discrimination effect of melting temperature to develop a new ultra-selective and sensitive genotyping system, which showed high discrimination factors. The detection limit was as low as 0.05-0.01%. Our new discovery improves the understanding of endonuclease IV. Also, the method could be applied to clinical real samples; thus, it merits further investigation and improvement for application in clinical utilization for early screening of specific diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaju Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430030 P. R. China
| | - Yanqiao Fu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine Shiyan 442000 P. R. China
| | - Yan Xiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430030 P. R. China
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Sun M, Xu L, Qu A, Zhao P, Hao T, Ma W, Hao C, Wen X, Colombari FM, de Moura AF, Kotov NA, Xu C, Kuang H. Site-selective photoinduced cleavage and profiling of DNA by chiral semiconductor nanoparticles. Nat Chem 2018; 10:821-830. [DOI: 10.1038/s41557-018-0083-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Hu S, Li N, Liu F. Combining cooperativity with sequestration: a novel strategy for discrimination of single nucleotide variants. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018. [PMID: 29528359 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc00838h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We present a novel strategy for the discrimination of single nucleotide variants (SNVs) by combining cooperativity with sequestration, which displays remarkably high specificity (discrimination factors ranging from 67 to 618 with a median of 194) against 12 model SNVs and can be easily integrated with PCR amplification to detect KRAS G12D mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichao Hu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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8
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Zhou QY, Yuan F, Zhang XH, Zhou YL, Zhang XX. Simultaneous multiple single nucleotide polymorphism detection based on click chemistry combined with DNA-encoded probes. Chem Sci 2018; 9:3335-3340. [PMID: 29780463 PMCID: PMC5932596 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc00307f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel strategy utilizing a DNA template-directed CuAAC click reaction to mimic a ligation reaction based on DNA ligase was successfully established for multiple SNP detection with high sensitivity and specificity.
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are emerging as important biomarkers for disease diagnosis, prognostics and disease pathogenesis. As one type of disease is always connected to several SNP sites, there is great demand for a reliable multiple SNP detection method. Herein, we mimicked a ligation reaction based on DNA ligase and originally utilized an enzyme-free DNA template-directed click reaction for SNP detection. With 5′-alkyne and 3′-azide groups labelled on two oligonucleotide probes, the target DNA-directed Cu(i)-catalyzed alkyne–azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) click reaction produced a new DNA strand with a triazole backbone, as a mimic of a DNA phosphodiester linkage. Trace amounts of the target (as low as 25 fmol in 50 μL) could be sensitively detected using capillary gel electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence (CGE-LIF). Meanwhile, SNP caused an obvious difference in the efficiency of the click reaction, and 0.5% SNP could be easily detected. More importantly, multiplexed SNP detection in a one tube reaction was successfully achieved only by encoding different lengths of the DNA probes for the different SNP sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Yu Zhou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) , MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , College of Chemistry , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China . ; ; ; Tel: +86-10-62754112
| | - Fang Yuan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) , MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , College of Chemistry , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China . ; ; ; Tel: +86-10-62754112
| | - Xiao-Hui Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) , MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , College of Chemistry , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China . ; ; ; Tel: +86-10-62754112
| | - Ying-Lin Zhou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) , MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , College of Chemistry , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China . ; ; ; Tel: +86-10-62754112
| | - Xin-Xiang Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) , MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , College of Chemistry , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China . ; ; ; Tel: +86-10-62754112
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9
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Ma DL, Dong ZZ, Vellaisamy K, Cheung KM, Yang G, Leung CH. Luminescent Strategies for Label-Free G-Quadruplex-Based Enzyme Activity Sensing. CHEM REC 2017; 17:1135-1145. [PMID: 28467681 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201700014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
By catalyzing highly specific and tightly controlled chemical reactions, enzymes are essential to maintaining normal cellular physiology. However, aberrant enzymatic activity can be linked to the pathogenesis of various diseases. Therefore, the unusual activity of particular enzymes can represent testable biomarkers for the diagnosis or screening of certain diseases. In recent years, G-quadruplex-based platforms have attracted wide attention for the monitoring of enzymatic activities. In this Personal Account, we discuss our group's works on the development of G-quadruplex-based sensing system for enzyme activities by using mainly iridium(III) complexes as luminescent label-free probes. These studies showcase the versatility of the G-quadruplex for developing assays for a variety of different enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dik-Lung Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Zhen-Zhen Dong
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | | | - Ka-Man Cheung
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Guanjun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao
| | - Chung-Hang Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao
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Hu S, Tang W, Zhao Y, Li N, Liu F. Ultra-specific discrimination of single-nucleotide mutations using sequestration-assisted molecular beacons. Chem Sci 2017; 8:1021-1026. [PMID: 28451240 PMCID: PMC5356502 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc03048c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Reliably distinguishing single-nucleotide mutations (SNMs) at low abundance is of great significance in clinical diagnosis. However, the specificity of most current SNM discrimination methods based on the Watson-Crick hybridization is seriously limited by the cross-reactivity of the probe with closely related unintended sequences. Herein, we propose a sequestration-assisted molecular beacon (MB) strategy for highly specific SNM discrimination. The new SNM discrimination system consists of a target-specific MB and a series of hairpin sequestering agents (SEQs). The rationally designed hairpin SEQs can effectively sequester the corresponding unintended sequences and thus dramatically improve the hybridization specificity of the MB in recognizing SNMs. The developed SNM discrimination method shows remarkably high specificity (discrimination factors ranging from 12 to 1144 with a median of 117) against 20 model SNMs, and can work rapidly and robustly over a wide range of conditions. Notably, our SNM discrimination method can be easily combined with PCR amplification for the detection of KRAS G12D (c.35G>A) and G12V (c.35G>T) mutations at abundance as low as 0.5%. This work expands the rule set of designing hybridization-based SNM discrimination strategies and shows promising potential application in clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichao Hu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education , College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China .
| | - Wei Tang
- Institute of Materials , China Academy of Engineering Physics , Mianyang , 621700 , China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education , College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China .
| | - Na Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education , College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China .
| | - Feng Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education , College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China .
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Li G, Ma S, Yang X, Chen K, Ye Y, Zhao Y. Synthesis and characterization of (S)-BINOL-modified cyclotriphosphazene tetradentate ligands. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2016.1212037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gongchun Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xuchang University, Xuchang, China
- Phosphorus Chemical Engineering Research Center of Henan Province, the College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Saige Ma
- Phosphorus Chemical Engineering Research Center of Henan Province, the College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xian Yang
- Phosphorus Chemical Engineering Research Center of Henan Province, the College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Keke Chen
- Phosphorus Chemical Engineering Research Center of Henan Province, the College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yong Ye
- Phosphorus Chemical Engineering Research Center of Henan Province, the College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yufen Zhao
- Phosphorus Chemical Engineering Research Center of Henan Province, the College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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