1
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Kao BH, Zeng YF, Lee YC, Pao CW, Chen JL, Chuang YC, Sheu HS, Tsai FT, Liaw WF. Unveiled the Structure-Selectivity Relationship for Carbon Dioxide Reduction Triggered by Bi-Doped Cu-Based Nanocatalysts. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2307910. [PMID: 38072788 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202307910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
To investigate synergistic effect between geometric and electronic structures on directing CO2RR selectivity, water phase synthetic protocol and surface architecture engineering strategy are developed to construct monodispersed Bi-doped Cu-based nanocatalysts. The strongly correlated catalytic directionality and Bi3+ dopant can be rationalized by the regulation of [*COOH]/[*CO] adsorption capacities through the appropriate doping of Bi3+ electronic modulator, resulting in volcano relationship between FECO/TOFCO and surface EVBM values. Spectroscopic study reveals that the dual-site binding mode ([Cu─μ─C(═O)O─Bi3+]) enabled by Cu1Bi3+ 2 motif in single-phase Cu150Bi1 nanocatalyst drives CO2-to-CO conversion. In contrast, the study of dynamic Bi speciation and phase transformation in dual-phase Cu50Bi1 nanocatalyst unveils that the Bi0-Bi0 contribution emerges at the expense of BOC phase, suggesting metallic Bi0 phase acting as [H]˙ formation center switches CO2RR selectivity toward CO2-to-HCOO- conversion via [*OCHO] and [*OCHOK] intermediates. This work provides significant insight into how geometric architecture cooperates with electronic effect and catalytic motif/phase to guide the selectivity of electrocatalytic CO2 reduction through the distinct surface-bound intermediates and presents molecular-level understanding of catalytic mechanism for CO/HCOO- formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Hsien Kao
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fang Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Chang Lee
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wen Pao
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Lung Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chun Chuang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Hwo-Shuenn Sheu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Te Tsai
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Feng Liaw
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
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2
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Wolff S, Pelmenschikov V, Müller R, Ertegi M, Cula B, Kaupp M, Limberg C. Controlling the Activation at Ni II -CO 2 2- Moieties through Lewis Acid Interactions in the Second Coordination Sphere. Chemistry 2024:e202303112. [PMID: 38258932 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Nickel complexes with a two-electron reduced CO2 ligand (CO2 2- , "carbonite") are investigated with regard to the influence alkali metal (AM) ions have as Lewis acids on the activation of the CO2 entity. For this purpose complexes with NiII (CO2 )AM (AM=Li, Na, K) moieties were accessed via deprotonation of nickel-formate compounds with (AM)N(i Pr)2 . It was found that not only the nature of the AM ions in vicinity to CO2 affect the activation, but also the number and the ligation of a given AM. To this end the effects of added (AM)N(R)2 , THF, open and closed polyethers as well as cryptands were systematically studied. In 14 cases the products were characterized by X-ray diffraction and correlations with the situation in solution were made. The more the AM ions get detached from the carbonite ligand, the lower is the degree of aggregation. At the same time the extent of CO2 activation is decreased as indicated by the structural and spectroscopic analysis and reactivity studies. Accompanying DFT studies showed that the coordinating AM Lewis acidic fragment withdraws only a small amount of charge from the carbonite moiety, but it also affects the internal charge equilibration between the LtBu Ni and carbonite moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siad Wolff
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vladimir Pelmenschikov
- Institut für Chemie Theoretische Chemie/Quantenchemie, Sekr.C7, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Müller
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mervan Ertegi
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Beatrice Cula
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Kaupp
- Institut für Chemie Theoretische Chemie/Quantenchemie, Sekr.C7, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Limberg
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
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3
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DiMucci IM, Titus CJ, Nordlund D, Bour JR, Chong E, Grigas DP, Hu CH, Kosobokov MD, Martin CD, Mirica LM, Nebra N, Vicic DA, Yorks LL, Yruegas S, MacMillan SN, Shearer J, Lancaster KM. Scrutinizing formally Ni IV centers through the lenses of core spectroscopy, molecular orbital theory, and valence bond theory. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6915-6929. [PMID: 37389249 PMCID: PMC10306094 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02001k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nickel K- and L2,3-edge X-ray absorption spectra (XAS) are discussed for 16 complexes and complex ions with nickel centers spanning a range of formal oxidation states from II to IV. K-edge XAS alone is shown to be an ambiguous metric of physical oxidation state for these Ni complexes. Meanwhile, L2,3-edge XAS reveals that the physical d-counts of the formally NiIV compounds measured lie well above the d6 count implied by the oxidation state formalism. The generality of this phenomenon is explored computationally by scrutinizing 8 additional complexes. The extreme case of NiF62- is considered using high-level molecular orbital approaches as well as advanced valence bond methods. The emergent electronic structure picture reveals that even highly electronegative F-donors are incapable of supporting a physical d6 NiIV center. The reactivity of NiIV complexes is then discussed, highlighting the dominant role of the ligands in this chemistry over that of the metal centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida M DiMucci
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Baker Laboratory 162 Sciences Drive Ithaca NY 14853 USA
| | - Charles J Titus
- Department of Physics, Stanford University Stanford California 94305 USA
| | - Dennis Nordlund
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Menlo Park California 94025 USA
| | - James R Bour
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan 48109 USA
| | - Eugene Chong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan 48109 USA
| | - Dylan P Grigas
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Baker Laboratory 162 Sciences Drive Ithaca NY 14853 USA
| | - Chi-Herng Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana Illinois 61801 USA
| | | | - Caleb D Martin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University Waco Texas 76798 USA
| | - Liviu M Mirica
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana Illinois 61801 USA
| | - Noel Nebra
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée (LHFA), Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS 118 Route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse France
| | - David A Vicic
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University Bethlehem Pennsylvania 18015 USA
| | - Lydia L Yorks
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University Bethlehem Pennsylvania 18015 USA
| | - Sam Yruegas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University Waco Texas 76798 USA
| | - Samantha N MacMillan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Baker Laboratory 162 Sciences Drive Ithaca NY 14853 USA
| | - Jason Shearer
- Department of Chemistry, Trinity University San Antonio Texas 78212-7200 USA
| | - Kyle M Lancaster
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Baker Laboratory 162 Sciences Drive Ithaca NY 14853 USA
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4
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Huerfano IJ, Laskowski CA, Pink M, Carta V, Hillhouse GL, Caulton KG, Smith JM. Redox-Neutral Transformations of Carbon Dioxide Using Coordinatively Unsaturated Late Metal Silyl Amide Complexes. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:20986-20993. [PMID: 36516978 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Two-coordinate silylamido complexes of nickel and copper rapidly react with CO2 to selectively form a new cyanate ligand along with hexamethyldisiloxane byproducts. Mechanistic insight into these reactions was obtained from the synthesis of proposed intermediates, several silyl- and phenyl- substituted amido analogues, and their subsequent reactivity with CO2. These studies suggest that a unique intramolecular double silyl transfer step facilitates CO2 deoxygenation, which likely contributes to the rapid rates of reaction. The deoxygenation reactions create a platform for a synthetic cycle in which copper amido complexes convert CO2 to organic silylcarbamates.
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Affiliation(s)
- I J Huerfano
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Carl A Laskowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Maren Pink
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Veronica Carta
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Gregory L Hillhouse
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Kenneth G Caulton
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Jeremy M Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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5
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Adamson TT, Kelley SP, Bernskoetter WH. Iron-Mediated C–C Bond Formation via Reductive Coupling with Carbon Dioxide. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tristan T. Adamson
- The Department of Chemistry, The University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Steven P. Kelley
- The Department of Chemistry, The University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Wesley H. Bernskoetter
- The Department of Chemistry, The University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
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6
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Tseng Y, Ching W, Liaw W, Lu T. Dinitrosyl Iron Complex [K‐18‐crown‐6‐ether][(NO)
2
Fe(
Me
PyrCO
2
)]: Intermediate for Capture and Reduction of Carbon Dioxide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202002977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu‐Ting Tseng
- Department of Chemistry Chung Yuan Christian University Taoyuan 32023 Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu 30013 Taiwan
| | - Wei‐Min Ching
- Institute of Chemistry Academia Sinica Taipei 10529 Taiwan
| | - Wen‐Feng Liaw
- Department of Chemistry National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu 30013 Taiwan
| | - Tsai‐Te Lu
- Department of Chemistry Chung Yuan Christian University Taoyuan 32023 Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu 30013 Taiwan
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7
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Tseng Y, Ching W, Liaw W, Lu T. Dinitrosyl Iron Complex [K‐18‐crown‐6‐ether][(NO)
2
Fe(
Me
PyrCO
2
)]: Intermediate for Capture and Reduction of Carbon Dioxide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:11819-11823. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202002977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu‐Ting Tseng
- Department of Chemistry Chung Yuan Christian University Taoyuan 32023 Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu 30013 Taiwan
| | - Wei‐Min Ching
- Institute of Chemistry Academia Sinica Taipei 10529 Taiwan
| | - Wen‐Feng Liaw
- Department of Chemistry National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu 30013 Taiwan
| | - Tsai‐Te Lu
- Department of Chemistry Chung Yuan Christian University Taoyuan 32023 Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu 30013 Taiwan
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8
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Hao W, Sha Y, Deng Y, Luo Y, Zeng L, Tang S, Weng Y, Chiang CW, Lei A. XANES/EPR Evidence of the Oxidation of Nickel(II) Quinolinylpropioamide and Its Application in Csp 3 -H Functionalization. Chemistry 2019; 25:4931-4934. [PMID: 30768816 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201900009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
An in situ generated oxidation species of nickel quinolinylpropioamide intermediate was produced. Characterization by X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) and EPR provides complementary insights into this oxidized nickel species. With aliphatic amides and isocyanides as substrates, a nickel-catalyzed facile synthesis of structurally diverse five-membered lactams could be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan Hao
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, P.R. China
| | - Yuchen Sha
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P.R. China
| | - Yi Deng
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P.R. China
| | - Yi Luo
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P.R. China
| | - Li Zeng
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P.R. China
| | - Shan Tang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P.R. China
| | - Yue Weng
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P.R. China.,National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center (NSRRC), Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Wei Chiang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P.R. China
| | - Aiwen Lei
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, P.R. China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P.R. China
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9
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Zimmermann P, Hoof S, Braun-Cula B, Herwig C, Limberg C. A Biomimetic Nickel Complex with a Reduced CO2
Ligand Generated by Formate Deprotonation and Its Behaviour towards CO2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:7230-7233. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201802655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Zimmermann
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Institut für Chemie; Brook-Taylor-Straße 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Santina Hoof
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Institut für Chemie; Brook-Taylor-Straße 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Beatrice Braun-Cula
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Institut für Chemie; Brook-Taylor-Straße 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Christian Herwig
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Institut für Chemie; Brook-Taylor-Straße 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Christian Limberg
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Institut für Chemie; Brook-Taylor-Straße 2 12489 Berlin Germany
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10
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Zimmermann P, Hoof S, Braun-Cula B, Herwig C, Limberg C. Ein biomimetischer Nickelkomplex mit einem reduzierten, durch Formiatdeprotonierung erzeugten CO2
-Liganden und sein Verhalten gegenüber CO2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201802655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Zimmermann
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Institut für Chemie; Brook-Taylor-Straße 2 12489 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Santina Hoof
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Institut für Chemie; Brook-Taylor-Straße 2 12489 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Beatrice Braun-Cula
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Institut für Chemie; Brook-Taylor-Straße 2 12489 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Christian Herwig
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Institut für Chemie; Brook-Taylor-Straße 2 12489 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Christian Limberg
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Institut für Chemie; Brook-Taylor-Straße 2 12489 Berlin Deutschland
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11
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Oren D, Diskin-Posner Y, Avram L, Feller M, Milstein D. Metal-Ligand Cooperation as Key in Formation of Dearomatized Ni II-H Pincer Complexes and in Their Reactivity toward CO and CO 2. Organometallics 2018; 37:2217-2221. [PMID: 31080304 PMCID: PMC6503609 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
unique synthesis and reactivity of [(RPNP*)NiH]
complexes (1a,b), based on metal–ligand
cooperation (MLC), are presented (RPNP* = deprotonated
PNP ligand, R = iPr, tBu). Unexpectedly, the
dearomatized complexes 1a,b were obtained
by reduction of the dicationic complexes [(RPNP)Ni(MeCN)](BF4)2 with sodium amalgam or by reaction of the free
ligand with Ni0(COD)2. Complex 1b reacts with CO via MLC, to give a rare case of a distorted-octahedral
PNP-based pincer complex, the Ni(0) complex 3b. Complexes 1a,b also react with CO2 via MLC to
form a rare example of η1 binding of CO2 to nickel, complexes 4a,b. An unusual
CO2 cleavage process by complex 4b, involving
C–O and C–P cleavage and C–C bond formation,
led to the Ni–CO complex 3b and to the new complex
[(PiPr2NC2O2)Ni(P(O)iPr2)] (5b). All complexes have been
fully characterized by NMR and X-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dror Oren
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yael Diskin-Posner
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Liat Avram
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Moran Feller
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - David Milstein
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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12
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Lee CM, Wu WY, Chiang MH, Bohle DS, Lee GH. Generation of a Mn(IV)–Peroxo or Mn(III)–Oxo–Mn(III) Species upon Oxygenation of Mono- and Binuclear Thiolate-Ligated Mn(II) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:10559-10569. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b01513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Ming Lee
- Department of Applied
Science, National Taitung University, Taitung 950, Taiwan
| | - Wun-Yan Wu
- Department of Applied
Science, National Taitung University, Taitung 950, Taiwan
| | | | - D. Scott Bohle
- Department
of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Gene-Hsiang Lee
- Instrumentation
Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei 107, Taiwan
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13
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Pastor A, Montilla F, Galindo A. Spectroscopic and Structural Characterization of Carbon Dioxide Transition Metal Complexes. ADVANCES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adomc.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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