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Wawryk MM, Turpin GA, Tabor RF. Surface defects on wrinkled PDMS induce droplet anisotropy. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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2
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Tunable Optical Diffusers Based on the UV/Ozone-Assisted Self-Wrinkling of Thermal-Cured Polymer Films. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21175820. [PMID: 34502713 PMCID: PMC8434521 DOI: 10.3390/s21175820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Tunable optical diffusers have attracted attention because of the rapid development of next generation stretchable optoelectronics and optomechanics applications. Flexible wrinkle structures have the potential to change the light path and tune the diffusion capability, which is beneficial to fabricate optical diffusers. The generation of wrinkles usually depends on an external stimulus, thus resulting in complicated fabricating equipment and processes. In this study, a facile and low-cost method is proposed to fabricate wrinkle structures by the self-wrinkling of thermal-cured polymer for tunable optical diffusers. The uncured polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) precursors were exposed to UV/ozone to obtain hard silica layers and then crosslinked via heating to induce the wrinkle patterns. The wrinkle structures were demonstrated as strain-dependent tunable optical diffusers and the optical diffusion of transmitted light via the deformable wrinkle structures was studied and adjusted. The incident light isotropically diffused through the sample at the initial state. When the wrinkle structures deformed, it showed a more pronounced isotropic optical diffusion with uniaxial tensile strain. The optical diffusion is anisotropical with a further increase in uniaxial tensile strain. The proposed method of fabricating wrinkles by UV/ozone-assisted self-wrinkling of thermal-cured polymer films is simple and cost-effective, and the obtained structures have potential applications in tunable optical diffusers.
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3
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Knapp A, Nebel LJ, Nitschke M, Sander O, Fery A. Controlling line defects in wrinkling: a pathway towards hierarchical wrinkling structures. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:5384-5392. [PMID: 33969367 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm02231d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a novel approach for controlling the line defect formation in microscopic wrinkling structures by patterned plasma treatment of elastomeric surfaces. Wrinkles were formed on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) surfaces exposed to low-pressure plasma under uniaxial stretching and subsequent relaxation. The wrinkling wavelength λ can be regulated via the treatment time and choice of plasma process gases (H2, N2). Sequential masking allows for changing these parameters on micron-scale dimensions. Thus, abrupt changes of the wrinkling wavelength become feasible and result in line defects located at the boundary zone between areas of different wavelengths. Wavelengths, morphology, and mechanical properties of the respective areas are investigated by Atomic Force Microscopy and agree quantitatively with predictions of analytical models for wrinkle formation. Notably, the approach allows for the first time the realization of a dramatic wavelength change up to a factor of 7 to control the location of the branching zone. This allows structures with a fixed but also with a strictly alternating branching behavior. The morphology inside the branching zone is compared with finite element methods and shows semi-quantitative agreement. Thus our finding opens new perspectives for "programming" hierarchical wrinkling patterns with potential applications in optics, tribology, and biomimetic structuring of surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Knapp
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics, Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden e. V., Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Lisa Julia Nebel
- Institute for Numerical Mathematics, Technical University Dresden, Zellescher Weg 12-14, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Mirko Nitschke
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden e. V., Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Oliver Sander
- Institute for Numerical Mathematics, Technical University Dresden, Zellescher Weg 12-14, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Andreas Fery
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics, Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden e. V., Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany. and Chair for Physical Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Technical University Dresden, Mommsenstr. 4, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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5
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Prathapan R, Ghosh AK, Knapp A, Vijayakumar A, Bogari NNJ, Abraham BD, Al-Ghabkari A, Fery A, Hu J. In Situ Alignment of Bacterial Cellulose Using Wrinkling. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:7898-7907. [PMID: 35019530 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A scalable method for the assembly of oriented bacterial cellulose (BC) films is presented based on using wrinkled thin silicone substrates of meter-square size as templates during biotechnological syntheses of BC. Control samples, including flat templated and template-free bacterial cellulose, along with the oriented BC, are morphologically characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Multiple functional properties including wettability, birefringence, mechanical strength, crystallinity, water retention, thermal stability, etc., are being characterized for the BC samples, where the wrinkling-induced in situ BC alignment not only significantly improved material mechanical properties (both strength and toughness) but also endowed unique material surface characteristics such as wettability, crystallinity, and thermal stability. Owing to the enhanced properties observed, potential applications of wrinkle templated BC in printing and cell culture are being demonstrated as a proof of concept, which renders their approach promising for various biomedical and packaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragesh Prathapan
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Anik Kumar Ghosh
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics, Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - André Knapp
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics, Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Amruthalakshmi Vijayakumar
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Facility University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia
| | - Nawaf Nasir Jamil Bogari
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Brett David Abraham
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Abdulhameed Al-Ghabkari
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.,Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Andreas Fery
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics, Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research, Dresden 01069, Germany.,Chair for Physical Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Technical University Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence Centre for Advancing Electronics Dresden (CFAED), Technical University Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany
| | - Jinguang Hu
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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6
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Ma X, Zhang Q, Guo P, Tong X, Zhao Y, Wang A. Residual Compressive Stress Enabled 2D-to-3D Junction Transformation in Amorphous Carbon Films for Stretchable Strain Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:45549-45557. [PMID: 32901487 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c12073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Usually, two-dimensional (2D) flexible strain sensors based on cracks have very high sensitivities but small measuring ranges, while the three-dimensional (3D) ones behave in the opposite way. Here, by utilizing the large residual compressive stress of an amorphous carbon (a-C) film and the flexibility of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), we developed a facile and economic strategy to fabricate a high-sensitive a-C/PDMS stretchable strain sensor. Results showed that for the first time, the a-C film ranging from 25 nm to 1 μm changed the shape and orientation of conductive scales, as well as made a one-step 2D-to-3D electrical junction transformation in integrated sensors. In particular, the sensor with a 1 μm thick a-C film exhibited the best comprehensive performance, displaying a maximum gauge factor of 746.7 and strain range up to 0.5. However, the linearity decreased slightly as the strain range went beyond 0.43. Additionally, the sensor showed a satisfactory repeatability for 5000 cycles, together with excellent time and temperature drift performances at zero position of 75 ppm full scale (FS) and 25 ppm FS·°C-1 in the range of -20 to 155 °C, respectively. The sensor has large potentials for wearable devices used in the monitoring of various human motions and physiological signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Manufacturing Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Manufacturing Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Peng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Xiaoshan Tong
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Manufacturing Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yulong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Manufacturing Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Aiying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
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7
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Chen Z, Linghu C, Yu K, Zhu J, Luo H, Qian C, Chen Y, Du Y, Zhang S, Song J. Fast Digital Patterning of Surface Topography toward Three-Dimensional Shape-Changing Structures. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:48412-48418. [PMID: 31801017 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b17343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Exiting strategies for 3D shape-changing structures are constrained by either the complicated fabrication process or the harsh demands of active materials. Facile preparation of 3D shape-changing structures with an extremely simple approach based on the elastomeric polymer still remains a challenging topic. Here, we report a fast digital patterning of surface topography of a single-layer elastomeric polymer toward 3D shape-changing structures. The surface topography features digitally engraved grooves by a laser engraver on a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) sheet, which is surface oxidized by the UV-ozone treatment. The resulting engraved PDMS sheets exhibit programmable shape-changing behaviors to form various 3D structures under the action of organic solvent. Experimental and numerical studies reveal the fundamental aspects of surface topography-guided 3D shape-changing structures. Demonstrations of this concept in developing various complex 3D shape-changing structures illustrate the simplicity and effectiveness of our approach, thereby creating engineering opportunities in a wide range of applications such as actuators and soft robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Chen
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Soft Matter Research Center, and Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Changhong Linghu
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Soft Matter Research Center, and Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Kaixin Yu
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Soft Matter Research Center, and Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Jinye Zhu
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Soft Matter Research Center, and Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Hongyu Luo
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Soft Matter Research Center, and Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Chenghao Qian
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Soft Matter Research Center, and Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Yin Chen
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Soft Matter Research Center, and Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Yipu Du
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Soft Matter Research Center, and Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Shun Zhang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Soft Matter Research Center, and Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Jizhou Song
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Soft Matter Research Center, and Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
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8
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Yu Y, Ng C, König TAF, Fery A. Tackling the Scalability Challenge in Plasmonics by Wrinkle-Assisted Colloidal Self-Assembly. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:8629-8645. [PMID: 30883131 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b04279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Electromagnetic radiation of a certain frequency can excite the collective oscillation of the free electrons in metallic nanostructures using localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs), and this phenomenon can be used for a variety of optical and electronic functionalities. However, nanostructure design over a large area using controlled LSPR features is challenging and requires high accuracy. In this article, we offer an overview of the efforts made by our group to implement a wrinkle-assisted colloidal particle assembly method to approach this challenge from a different angle. First, we introduce the controlled wrinkling process and discuss the underlying theoretical framework. We then set out how the wrinkled surfaces are utilized to guide the self-assembly of colloidal nanoparticles of various surface chemistry, size, and shape. Subsequently, template-assisted colloidal self-assembly mechanisms and a general guide for particle assembly beyond plasmonics will be presented. In addition, we also discuss the collective plasmonic behavior in depth, including strong plasmonic coupling due to nanoscale gap size as well as magnetic mode excitation and demonstrate the potential applications of wrinkle-assisted colloidal particle assembly method in the field of mechanoresponsive metasurfaces and surface-enhanced spectroscopy. Lastly, a general perspective in the field of template-assisted colloidal assembly with regard to potential applications in plasmonic photocatalysis, solar cells, optoelectronics, and sensing devices is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Yu
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. , Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics , 01069 Dresden , Germany
| | - Charlene Ng
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. , Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics , 01069 Dresden , Germany
| | - Tobias A F König
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. , Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics , 01069 Dresden , Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Centre for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) , Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden , Germany
| | - Andreas Fery
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. , Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics , 01069 Dresden , Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Centre for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) , Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden , Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden , Department of Physical Chemistry of Polymer Materials , 01062 Dresden , Germany
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9
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Yu S, Ma L, Sun Y, Lu C, Zhou H, Ni Y. Controlled Wrinkling Patterns in Periodic Thickness-Gradient Films on Polydimethylsiloxane Substrates. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:7146-7154. [PMID: 31063390 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Surface wrinkles in homogeneous and heterogeneous film-substrate systems have received intense attention in both science and engineering. Understanding the wrinkling phenomena of heterogeneous systems with continuously variable features is still a challenge. In this work, we propose an unconventional strategy to prepare periodic thickness-gradient metal films on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates by masking of copper grids which are weaved by orthometric copper wires. It is found that a periodic thickness-gradient film spontaneously forms during the sputtering process because of the specific structures of the copper grids. Surface wrinkles are strongly modulated by the copper grid structures and are position-dependent within a period. A phase diagram has been established to correlate the wrinkle morphology with the mesh size and film thickness. The film surfaces at mesh centers are evolved from labyrinth wrinkling to herringbone wrinkling and then to stripe wrinkling and finally to wrinkling-free state when the mesh size decreases and/or the film thickness increases. The morphological characteristics, evolutional behaviors, and underlying mechanisms of such wrinkling are discussed in detail based on the stress theory and numerical simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senjiang Yu
- Innovative Center for Advanced Materials (ICAM) , Hangzhou Dianzi University , 1158, Number 2 Street , Hangzhou 310018 , P. R. China
| | - Long Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics , University of Science and Technology of China , 96, Jinzhai Road , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , P. R. China
| | - Yadong Sun
- Department of Physics , China Jiliang University , 258, Xueyuan Street , Hangzhou 310018 , P. R. China
| | - Chenxi Lu
- Innovative Center for Advanced Materials (ICAM) , Hangzhou Dianzi University , 1158, Number 2 Street , Hangzhou 310018 , P. R. China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Physics , China Jiliang University , 258, Xueyuan Street , Hangzhou 310018 , P. R. China
| | - Yong Ni
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics , University of Science and Technology of China , 96, Jinzhai Road , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , P. R. China
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10
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Prathapan R, Glatz BA, Ghosh AK, Michel S, Fery A, Garnier G, Tabor RF. Enhancing Printing Resolution on Hydrophobic Polymer Surfaces Using Patterned Coatings of Cellulose Nanocrystals. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:7155-7160. [PMID: 31050434 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution inkjet printing of a hydrophobic polymer surface (polystyrene, PS) was accomplished using a patterned coating of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) that prevents the ink from bleeding. A periodically crack-free, wrinkled (wavelength of around 850 nm) stamp was prepared by surface oxidation of an uniaxially stretched poly(dimethylsiloxane) elastomeric substrate and was used as a template to transfer aligned patterns of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) onto PS surfaces by wet stamping. The morphology of the aligned CNC coatings on PS was then compared with randomly deposited CNCs on PS using atomic force microscopy. The wettability of the CNCs and polymer surfaces with water and ink was measured and analyzed in the context of inkjet printing. This biomaterial coating technique enables high-resolution printing of modern water-based inks onto hydrophobic surfaces for applications in renewable packaging and printing of biomolecules for high throughput diagnostics. Further, with suitable modifications, the technology is scalable to roll-to-roll manufacturing for industrial flexo printing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bernhard Alexander Glatz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics , Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research , 01069 Dresden , Germany
- University of Bayreuth Graduate School , University of Bayreuth , Universitätsstr. 30 , 95477 Bayreuth , Germany
| | - Anik Kumar Ghosh
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics , Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research , 01069 Dresden , Germany
| | - Stefan Michel
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics , Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research , 01069 Dresden , Germany
| | - Andreas Fery
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics , Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research , 01069 Dresden , Germany
- Physical Chemistry of Polymeric Materials , Technical University Dresden . Mommsenstr. 4 , 01062 Dresden , Germany
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Schleifer J, Marthelot J, Jones TJ, Brun PT. The fingerprint of a flow: wrinkle patterns in nonuniform coatings on pre-stretched soft foundations. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:1405-1412. [PMID: 30648719 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm02057d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We study the wrinkle patterns obtained when applying a thin polymeric film on a uniaxially prestretched soft foundation. The film is coated onto a substrate where it drains under the action of gravity, thereby introducing a continuous variation in its thickness. We first study the fluid mechanics component of the problem and derive the coating profile as a function of the curing properties of the polymeric solution. Upon polymerization, the prestretch is released and yields the formation of wrinkles, which are arranged in organized patterns, including fractals. We study a variety of scenarios depending on the relative orientation of the gradient of film thickness and the stretching direction. In particular, we characterize and rationalize the distribution of singular events in our problem where wrinkles merge to allow a variation of the average value of the wrinkle wavelength across the sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Schleifer
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New-Jersey 08540, USA.
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12
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Glatz BA, Fery A. The influence of plasma treatment on the elasticity of the in situ oxidized gradient layer in PDMS: towards crack-free wrinkling. SOFT MATTER 2018; 15:65-72. [PMID: 30512027 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm01910j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Controlled surface wrinkling is widely applied for structuring surfaces in the micro- and nano-range. The formation of cracks in the wrinkling process is however limiting applications, and developing approaches towards crack-free wrinkles is therefore vital. To understand crack-formation, we systematically characterized the thickness and mechanics of thin layers formed by O2-plasma-oxidation of polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS) as a function of plasma power and pressure using Atomic Force Microscopy Quantitative Nano-mechanical Mapping (AFM-QNM). We found a nearly constant layer thickness with simultaneously changing Young's moduli for both power and pressure screenings. We determined the respective crack densities, revealing conditions for crack-free wrinkling. Thus we could identify correlations between the intensity of plasma treatment and the cracking behavior. The primary cause for crack-suppression is a continuous elasticity gradient starting within the soft bulk PDMS, and rising up to several hundred MPa at the oxidized layer's surface. With mechanical simulations via the Finite Elements Method (FEM) we were able to demonstrate a noticeable difference in maximal stress intensity σmax between a comparable, but theoretical single layer and a gradient interface. A threshold in tensile stress of σcrit = 14 MPa distinguishes between intact and cracked layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Alexander Glatz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics, Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden e. V., Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany. and University of Bayreuth Graduate School, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95477 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Andreas Fery
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics, Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden e. V., Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany. and Chair for Physical Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Technical University Dresden, Mommsenstr. 4, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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13
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Schedl AE, Neuber C, Fery A, Schmidt HW. Controlled Wrinkling of Gradient Metal Films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:14249-14253. [PMID: 30388014 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Controlled wrinkling is a rather simple method of fabricating surface topographies. The production process is based on the spontaneous formation of wrinkles upon compression of a hard film attached to a soft elastic substrate. Controlled wrinkling typically features large-scale wrinkled samples with a discrete wavelength and amplitude. In this report, we employ an approach utilizing linear metal layer thickness gradients for the controlled formation of gradient wrinkle patterns. The observed wavelength modulation was experimentally achieved by preparing layer thickness gradients of gold, chromium, and indium by physical vapor deposition in combination with a poly(dimethyl siloxane) elastomer substrate. In case of chromium and indium, a thin SiO x surface layer was sufficient to ensure adhesion. However, in case of gold, an additional thin chromium adhesion layer was required. For the wrinkled gradient gold film, it was possible to tune the wavelength from 3.4 to 12.2 μm on a single substrate. The experimental data correspond well to the theoretical bilayer model from Stafford et al. Chromium has a significant higher Young's modulus and melting temperature than gold. However, chromium was successfully evaporated and gradient wrinkle patterns with wavelengths from 1.0 to 3.5 μm were realized. In contrast, indium has a considerable lower Young's modulus than gold and chromium, respectively. Consequently, lower wavelengths (0.6-1.0 μm) of the wrinkled gradient indium film were observed. These tunable wrinkled gradient metal films can be envisioned as components in sensors and optical and electro-optical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas E Schedl
- Macromolecular Chemistry I, Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI) and Bayreuth Center for Colloids and Interfaces (BZKG) , University of Bayreuth , 95440 Bayreuth , Germany
| | - Christian Neuber
- Macromolecular Chemistry I, Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI) and Bayreuth Center for Colloids and Interfaces (BZKG) , University of Bayreuth , 95440 Bayreuth , Germany
| | - Andreas Fery
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics, Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden e. V. and Chair for Physical Chemistry of Polymeric Materials , Technical University Dresden , 01069 Dresden , Germany
| | - Hans-Werner Schmidt
- Macromolecular Chemistry I, Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI) and Bayreuth Center for Colloids and Interfaces (BZKG) , University of Bayreuth , 95440 Bayreuth , Germany
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14
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Chen Z, Zhang X, Song J. Surface wrinkling of an elastic graded layer. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:8717-8723. [PMID: 30357243 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm01654b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Surface instabilities have been extensively studied for homogeneous materials or film/substrate systems but with less studies on elastic graded materials. This paper studies surface wrinkling of an elastic graded layer theoretically, numerically and experimentally. A theoretical model for the onset of surface wrinkling with a sinusoidal mode is established. The predicted critical wrinkling strain and wavelength agree well with finite element analysis (FEA) for the elastic graded layer with exponentially decaying modulus. The influence of the layer thickness as well as the material properties on the critical conditions for the onset of surface wrinkling is fully investigated. The morphology evolution of surface wrinkling from FEA indicates the transitions of the sinusoidal mode to the arch mode and then to the period-doubling mode with a co-existing crease mode and folding mode, which agree well quantitatively with experimental observations. These results are helpful to provide physical insights into the influence of material inhomogeneity on surface instabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Chen
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Soft Matter Research Center, and Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
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15
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Zheng S, Huang S, Xiong L, Yang W, Liu Z, Xie B, Yang M. Tunable wrinkle structure formed on surface of polydimethylsiloxane microspheres. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Kwon D, Wooh S, Yoon H, Char K. Mechanoresponsive Tuning of Anisotropic Wetting on Hierarchically Structured Patterns. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:4732-4738. [PMID: 29595266 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b00496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Here, we propose a simple mechanoresponsive system on patterned soft surfaces to manipulate both anisotropy and orientation of liquid wetting. On the poly(dimethylsiloxane) embedding line patterned structures, additional topographies, such as wrinkles and cracks, can be provided by applying compressive and tensile stress, respectively. This tunable hierarchy of structures with the different scales and directions of lines, wrinkles, and cracks allow the mechanoresponsive control of anisotropic wetting in a single platform. In addition, the wetting behavior on those surfaces is precisely investigated based on the concept of critical contact angle to overcome the ridges in a step flow.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sanghyuk Wooh
- School of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science , Chung-Ang University , Seoul 06974 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsik Yoon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Seoul National University of Science & Technology , Seoul 01811 , Republic of Korea
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17
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Yoo SS, Choi GH, Lee W, Park J, Yi GR, Ryu DY, Yoo PJ. Cumulative energy analysis of thermally-induced surface wrinkling of heterogeneously multilayered thin films. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:704-710. [PMID: 29327001 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm02027a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Wrinkling is a well-known example of instability-driven surface deformation that occurs when the accumulated compressive stress exceeds the critical value in multilayered systems. A number of studies have investigated the instability conditions and the corresponding mechanisms of wrinkling deformation. Force balance analysis of bilayer systems, in which the thickness of the capping layer is importantly considered, has offered a useful approach for the quantitative understanding of wrinkling. However, it is inappropriate for multilayer wrinkling (layer number > 3) consisting of heterogeneous materials (e.g. polymer/metal or inorganic), in which the thickness variation in the substrate is also crucial. Therefore, to accommodate the additive characteristics of multilayered systems, we thermally treated tri- or quad-layer samples of polymer/metal multilayers to generate surface wrinkles and used a cumulative energy balance analysis to consider the individual contribution of each constituent layer. Unlike the composite layer model, wherein the thickness effect of the capping layer is highly overestimated for heterogenously stacked multilayers, our approach precisely reflects the bending energy contribution of the given multilayer system, with results that match well with experimental values. Furthermore, we demonstrate the feasibility of this approach as a metrological tool for simple and straightforward estimation of the thermomechanical properties of polymers, whereby a delicate change in the Young's modulus of a thin polymeric layer near its glass transition temperature can be successfully monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Soo Yoo
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Jung WB, Cho KM, Lee WK, Odom TW, Jung HT. Universal Method for Creating Hierarchical Wrinkles on Thin-Film Surfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:1347-1355. [PMID: 29179552 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b14011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
One of the most interesting topics in physical science and materials science is the creation of complex wrinkled structures on thin-film surfaces because of their several advantages of high surface area, localized strain, and stress tolerance. In this study, a significant step was taken toward solving limitations imposed by the fabrication of previous artificial wrinkles. A universal method for preparing hierarchical three-dimensional wrinkle structures of thin films on a multiple scale (e.g., nanometers to micrometers) by sequential wrinkling with different skin layers was developed. Notably, this method was not limited to specific materials, and it was applicable to fabricating hierarchical wrinkles on all of the thin-film surfaces tested thus far, including those of metals, two-dimensional and one-dimensional materials, and polymers. The hierarchical wrinkles with multiscale structures were prepared by sequential wrinkling, in which a sacrificial layer was used as the additional skin layer between sequences. For example, a hierarchical MoS2 wrinkle exhibited highly enhanced catalytic behavior because of the superaerophobicity and effective surface area, which are related to topological effects. As the developed method can be adopted to a majority of thin films, it is thought to be a universal method for enhancing the physical properties of various materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Bin Jung
- National Laboratory for Organic Optoelectronic Materials, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK-21 plus), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology , Daejeon 305-701, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Kyeong Min Cho
- National Laboratory for Organic Optoelectronic Materials, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK-21 plus), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology , Daejeon 305-701, South Korea
| | - Won-Kyu Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Teri W Odom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Hee-Tae Jung
- National Laboratory for Organic Optoelectronic Materials, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK-21 plus), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology , Daejeon 305-701, South Korea
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19
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Chen Z, Chen W, Song J. Buckling of a stiff thin film on an elastic graded compliant substrate. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2018; 473:20170410. [PMID: 29290731 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2017.0410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The buckling of a stiff film on a compliant substrate has attracted much attention due to its wide applications such as thin-film metrology, surface patterning and stretchable electronics. An analytical model is established for the buckling of a stiff thin film on a semi-infinite elastic graded compliant substrate subjected to in-plane compression. The critical compressive strain and buckling wavelength for the sinusoidal mode are obtained analytically for the case with the substrate modulus decaying exponentially. The rigorous finite element analysis (FEA) is performed to validate the analytical model and investigate the postbuckling behaviour of the system. The critical buckling strain for the period-doubling mode is obtained numerically. The influences of various material parameters on the results are investigated. These results are helpful to provide physical insights on the buckling of elastic graded substrate-supported thin film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Chen
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Soft Matter Research Center, and Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiqiu Chen
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Soft Matter Research Center, and Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Jizhou Song
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Soft Matter Research Center, and Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
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20
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Wang J, Xie J, Zong C, Han X, Zhao J, Jiang S, Cao Y, Fery A, Lu C. Light-Modulated Surface Micropatterns with Multifunctional Surface Properties on Photodegradable Polymer Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:37402-37410. [PMID: 28981250 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b10573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Photodegradable polymers constitute an emerging class of materials that are expected to possess advances in the areas of micro/nano- and biotechnology. Herein, we report a green and effective strategy to fabricate light-responsive surface micropatterns by taking advantage of photodegradation chemistry. Thanks to the molecular chain breakage during the photolysis process, the stress field of photodegradable polymer-based wrinkling systems undergoes continuous disturbance, leading to the release/reorganization of the internal stress. Revealed by systematic experiments, the light-induced stress release mechanism enables the dynamic adaption of not only thermal-induced labyrinth wrinkles, but uniaxially oriented wrinkle microstructures induced by mechanical straining. This method paves the way for their diverse applications, for example, in optical information display and storage, and the smart fabrication of multifunctional surfaces as demonstrated here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University , Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Jixun Xie
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University , Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Chuanyong Zong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University , Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Xue Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University , Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Jingxin Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University , Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Shichun Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University , Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yanping Cao
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University , Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Andreas Fery
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics, Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden e.V. , D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Conghua Lu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University , Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
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21
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Steiner AM, Mayer M, Seuss M, Nikolov S, Harris KD, Alexeev A, Kuttner C, König TAF, Fery A. Macroscopic Strain-Induced Transition from Quasi-infinite Gold Nanoparticle Chains to Defined Plasmonic Oligomers. ACS NANO 2017; 11:8871-8880. [PMID: 28719741 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b03087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the formation of chains of few plasmonic nanoparticles-so-called plasmonic oligomers-by strain-induced fragmentation of linear particle assemblies. Detailed investigations of the fragmentation process are conducted by in situ atomic force microscopy and UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy. Based on these experimental results and mechanical simulations computed by the lattice spring model, we propose a formation mechanism that explains the observed decrease of chain polydispersity upon increasing strain and provides experimental guidelines for tailoring chain length distribution. By evaluation of the strain-dependent optical properties, we find a reversible, nonlinear shift of the dominant plasmonic resonance. We could quantitatively explain this feature based on simulations using generalized multiparticle Mie theory (GMMT). Both optical and morphological characterization show that the unstrained sample is dominated by chains with a length above the so-called infinite chain limit-above which optical properties show no dependency on chain length-while during deformation, the average chain length decrease below this limit and chain length distribution becomes more narrow. Since the formation mechanism results in a well-defined, parallel orientation of the oligomers on macroscopic areas, the effect of finite chain length can be studied even using conventional UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy. The scalable fabrication of oriented, linear plasmonic oligomers opens up additional opportunities for strain-dependent optical devices and mechanoplasmonic sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Maria Steiner
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics , Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Mayer
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics , Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Centre for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Maximilian Seuss
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics , Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Svetoslav Nikolov
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , 771 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Kenneth D Harris
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics , Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- National Institute for Nanotechnology , 11421 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - Alexander Alexeev
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , 771 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Christian Kuttner
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics , Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Centre for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Tobias A F König
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics , Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Centre for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Fery
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics , Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Centre for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Physical Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Technische Universität Dresden , Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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22
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In Situ Atomic Force Microscopy Studies on Nucleation and Self-Assembly of Biogenic and Bio-Inspired Materials. MINERALS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/min7090158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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23
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Schnepf MJ, Mayer M, Kuttner C, Tebbe M, Wolf D, Dulle M, Altantzis T, Formanek P, Förster S, Bals S, König TAF, Fery A. Nanorattles with tailored electric field enhancement. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:9376-9385. [PMID: 28656183 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr02952g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Nanorattles are metallic core-shell particles with core and shell separated by a dielectric spacer. These nanorattles have been identified as a promising class of nanoparticles, due to their extraordinary high electric-field enhancement inside the cavity. Limiting factors are reproducibility and loss of axial symmetry owing to the movable metal core; movement of the core results in fluctuation of the nanocavity dimensions and commensurate variations in enhancement factor. We present a novel synthetic approach for the robust fixation of the central gold rod within a well-defined box, which results in an axisymmetric nanorattle. We determine the structure of the resulting axisymmetric nanorattles by advanced transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Optical absorption and scattering cross-sections obtained from UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy quantitatively agree with finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations based on the structural model derived from SAXS. The predictions of high and homogenous field enhancement are evidenced by scanning TEM electron energy loss spectroscopy (STEM-EELS) measurement on single-particle level. Thus, comprehensive understanding of structural and optical properties is achieved for this class of nanoparticles, paving the way for photonic applications where a defined and robust unit cell is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max J Schnepf
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics, Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Martin Mayer
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics, Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany. and Cluster of Excellence Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Kuttner
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics, Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany. and Cluster of Excellence Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Moritz Tebbe
- Physical Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Daniel Wolf
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Dulle
- Physical Chemistry I, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Thomas Altantzis
- EMAT, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Petr Formanek
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics, Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Stephan Förster
- Physical Chemistry I, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Sara Bals
- EMAT, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tobias A F König
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics, Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany. and Cluster of Excellence Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Fery
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics, Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany. and Cluster of Excellence Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany and Physical Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Technische Universität Dresden, Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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24
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Prathapan R, Berry JD, Fery A, Garnier G, Tabor RF. Decreasing the Wettability of Cellulose Nanocrystal Surfaces Using Wrinkle-Based Alignment. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:15202-15211. [PMID: 28402099 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b03094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are a particularly appealing format of the natural biopolymer due to their exceptional strength, nanoscale dimensions, and needle-like shape anisotropy. However, CNCs are hydrophilic and hence their wettability makes them impractical for many coating applications, with various approaches using chemical functionalization to overcome this. Here we show that CNC-coated surfaces can be rendered hydrophobic by alignment of the native CNCs using a wrinkled template-mediated printing process. We present a novel and simple method allowing full release of the CNCs from the template and their permanent adsorption into fine patterns onto the surface, thus preventing CNC repositioning during wetting. The aligned CNCs induce strong pinning effects that capture and retain water droplets with high contact angle and large roll-off angles, without becoming susceptible to oil contamination. The fabrication process for these coatings could be achieved by large-scale printing, making them a practical and cost-effective solution to hydrophobic coatings from raw cellulosic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragesh Prathapan
- School of Chemistry, Monash University , Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Joseph D Berry
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and the Particulate Fluids Processing Centre, University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Andreas Fery
- Institute for Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. , 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Gil Garnier
- Bioresources Processing Research Institute of Australia (BioPRIA), Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University , Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Rico F Tabor
- School of Chemistry, Monash University , Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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25
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Balčytis A, Ryu M, Seniutinas G, Stoddart PR, Al Mamun MA, Morikawa J, Juodkazis S. Nano-rescaling of gold films on polystyrene: thermal management for SERS. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:690-695. [PMID: 27957572 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr06904e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Nano-textured Au surfaces were prepared on pre-stretched 2D polystyrene (PS) sheets sputtered with different thicknesses of Au. The Au-coated PS was subjected to thermal annealing above the glass transition temperature at ∼150 °C, thus undergoing surface area rescaling via a volume phase transition. The yellow color of the Au changed from the typical mirror-like appearance to a diffusive dark yellow, progressing to dark brown at the smallest feature size, hence, electromagnetic energy was coupled into the substrate. While the surface area footprint is the same after shrinking the PS, the roughness can be modified from the nano- to the micro-scale for different initial thicknesses of sputtered Au. The nanometer-sized features of surface wrinkles on the Au films make them suitable for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensors that can reach ∼104 counts per s per mW. The thermal diffusivity of the contracted surfaces was determined by a non-contact temperature wave method and was larger than that of PS (α ≃ 1.1 × 10-7 m2 s-1) with a linear scaling on the Au thickness: each 10 nm addition of Au increased the diffusivity by 4%. This allows improved heat dissipation from the laser irradiated spot during SERS measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armandas Balčytis
- School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, John St., Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia. and Department of Laser Technologies, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanoriu Ave. 231, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Meguya Ryu
- Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan.
| | - Gediminas Seniutinas
- School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, John St., Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia.
| | - Paul R Stoddart
- ARC Training Centre in Biodevices, Swinburne University of Technology, John St., Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Md Abdullah Al Mamun
- School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, John St., Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia.
| | - Junko Morikawa
- Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan.
| | - Saulius Juodkazis
- School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, John St., Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia. and Center for Nanotechnology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia and Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, the Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Rd, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
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26
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Sahabudeen H, Qi H, Glatz BA, Tranca D, Dong R, Hou Y, Zhang T, Kuttner C, Lehnert T, Seifert G, Kaiser U, Fery A, Zheng Z, Feng X. Wafer-sized multifunctional polyimine-based two-dimensional conjugated polymers with high mechanical stiffness. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13461. [PMID: 27849053 PMCID: PMC5116084 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the key challenges in two-dimensional (2D) materials is to go beyond graphene, a prototype 2D polymer (2DP), and to synthesize its organic analogues with structural control at the atomic- or molecular-level. Here we show the successful preparation of porphyrin-containing monolayer and multilayer 2DPs through Schiff-base polycondensation reaction at an air-water and liquid-liquid interface, respectively. Both the monolayer and multilayer 2DPs have crystalline structures as indicated by selected area electron diffraction. The monolayer 2DP has a thickness of∼0.7 nm with a lateral size of 4-inch wafer, and it has a Young's modulus of 267±30 GPa. Notably, the monolayer 2DP functions as an active semiconducting layer in a thin film transistor, while the multilayer 2DP from cobalt-porphyrin monomer efficiently catalyses hydrogen generation from water. This work presents an advance in the synthesis of novel 2D materials for electronics and energy-related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafeesudeen Sahabudeen
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Dresden University of Technology, Mommsenstraße 4, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Haoyuan Qi
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Department of Electron microscopy of Material Science, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Bernhard Alexander Glatz
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics, Department of polymer interface, Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Diana Tranca
- Department of Theoretische Chemie, Dresden University of Technology, Bergstraße 66b, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Renhao Dong
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Dresden University of Technology, Mommsenstraße 4, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Yang Hou
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Dresden University of Technology, Mommsenstraße 4, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Tao Zhang
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Dresden University of Technology, Mommsenstraße 4, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Kuttner
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics, Department of polymer interface, Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Tibor Lehnert
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Department of Electron microscopy of Material Science, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Gotthard Seifert
- Department of Theoretische Chemie, Dresden University of Technology, Bergstraße 66b, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ute Kaiser
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Department of Electron microscopy of Material Science, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Andreas Fery
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Dresden University of Technology, Mommsenstraße 4, 01062 Dresden, Germany.,Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics, Department of polymer interface, Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Zhikun Zheng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Dresden University of Technology, Mommsenstraße 4, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Dresden University of Technology, Mommsenstraße 4, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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27
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Mayer M, Tebbe M, Kuttner C, Schnepf MJ, König TAF, Fery A. Template-assisted colloidal self-assembly of macroscopic magnetic metasurfaces. Faraday Discuss 2016; 191:159-176. [PMID: 27411967 PMCID: PMC5058348 DOI: 10.1039/c6fd00013d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a template-assisted colloidal self-assembly approach for magnetic metasurfaces on macroscopic areas. The choice of anisotropic colloidal particle geometry, assembly pattern and metallic film is based on rational design criteria, taking advantage of mirror-charge effects for gold nanorods placed on gold film. Monodisperse gold nanorods prepared utilizing wet-chemistry are arranged with high precision on wrinkled templates to form linear array-type assemblies and subsequently transferred to a thin gold film. Due to the obtained particle-to-film distance of 1.1 nm, the plasmonic mode of the nanorod is able to couple efficiently with the supporting metallic film, giving rise to a magnetic mode in the visible spectrum (721 nm). Conventional UV-vis-NIR measurements in close correlation with electromagnetic simulations provide evidence for the presence of a magnetic resonance on the macroscopic area. The herein presented scalable lithography-free fabrication process paves the road towards colloidal functional metasurfaces with an optical response in the effective magnetic permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Mayer
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. , Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics , Hohe Str. 6 , 01069 Dresden , Germany . ;
- Cluster of Excellence Centre for Advancing Electronics Dresden (CFAED) , Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden , Germany
| | - Moritz Tebbe
- Department of Physical Chemistry II , University of Bayreuth , Universitätsstr. 30, 95440 Bayreuth , Germany
| | - Christian Kuttner
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. , Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics , Hohe Str. 6 , 01069 Dresden , Germany . ;
- Cluster of Excellence Centre for Advancing Electronics Dresden (CFAED) , Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden , Germany
| | - Max J. Schnepf
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. , Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics , Hohe Str. 6 , 01069 Dresden , Germany . ;
| | - Tobias A. F. König
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. , Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics , Hohe Str. 6 , 01069 Dresden , Germany . ;
- Cluster of Excellence Centre for Advancing Electronics Dresden (CFAED) , Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden , Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden , Fakultät Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften , 01062 Dresden , Germany
| | - Andreas Fery
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. , Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics , Hohe Str. 6 , 01069 Dresden , Germany . ;
- Cluster of Excellence Centre for Advancing Electronics Dresden (CFAED) , Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden , Germany
- Department of Physical Chemistry of Polymeric Materials , Technische Universität Dresden , Hohe Str. 6 , 01069 Dresden , Germany
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28
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Fabrication of micro and sub-micrometer wrinkled hydrogel surfaces through thermal and photocrosslinking processes. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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29
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Campo AD, Nogales A, Ezquerra TA, Rodríguez-Hernández J. Modification of poly(dimethylsiloxane) as a basis for surface wrinkle formation: Chemical and mechanical characterization. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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30
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Ferretti GL, Nania M, Matar OK, Cabral JT. Wrinkling Measurement of the Mechanical Properties of Drying Salt Thin Films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:2199-2207. [PMID: 26907458 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b04488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We report a time-resolved approach to probe the mechanical properties of thin films during drying and solidification based on surface wrinkling. The approach is demonstrated by measuring the modulus of a ternary system comprising an inorganic salt (aluminum chlorohydrate), a humectant (glycerol), and water across the glassy film formation pathway. The topography of mechanically induced wrinkling of supported films on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is experimentally monitored during mechanical extension and relaxation cycles. Nontrivial aspects of our method include the need to oxidize the (hydrophobic) PDMS surface prior to solution deposition to enable surface wetting, which simultaneously creates a glassy-layer skin, whose wrinkling can contribute to the overall topography. Film drying is studied as a function of solution concentration and time, and a range of pattern morphologies are found: sinusoidal wrinkling, transient double-wavelength wrinkling accompanying film "crust" formation, ridging associated with stress localization, and cracking. We quantify the evolution of the elastic modulus during the sinusoidal wrinkling stage, employing bi- and trilayer models, which are independently confirmed by nanoindentation. The method provides thus a simple and robust approach for the mechanical characterization of out-of-equilibrium thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia L Ferretti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Manuela Nania
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Omar K Matar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - João T Cabral
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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31
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Sarrazin B, Brossard R, Guenoun P, Malloggi F. Investigation of PDMS based bi-layer elasticity via interpretation of apparent Young's modulus. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:2200-7. [PMID: 26759971 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm02133b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
As the need of new methods for the investigation of thin films on various kinds of substrates becomes greater, a novel approach based on AFM nanoindentation is explored. Substrates of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) coated by a layer of hard material are probed with an AFM tip in order to obtain the force profile as a function of the indentation. The equivalent elasticity of those composite systems is interpreted using a new numerical approach, the Coated Half-Space Indentation Model of Elastic Response (CHIMER), in order to extract the thicknesses of the upper layer. Two kinds of coating are investigated. First, chitosan films of known thicknesses between 30 and 200 nm were probed in order to test the model. A second type of samples is produced by oxygen plasma oxidation of the PDMS substrate, which results in the growth of a relatively homogeneous oxide layer. The local nature of this protocol enables measurements at long oxidation time, where the apparition of cracks prevents other kinds of measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Sarrazin
- LIONS, NIMBE, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay 91191 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France.
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32
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Zhou Q, Kühn PT, Huisman T, Nieboer E, van Zwol C, van Kooten TG, van Rijn P. Directional nanotopographic gradients: a high-throughput screening platform for cell contact guidance. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16240. [PMID: 26572879 PMCID: PMC4647116 DOI: 10.1038/srep16240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel approach was developed using PDMS-substrates with surface-aligned nanotopography gradients, varying unidirectional in amplitude and wavelength, for studying cell behavior with regard to adhesion and alignment. The gradients target more surface feature parameters simultaneously and provide more information with fewer experiments and are therefore vastly superior with respect to individual topography substrates. Cellular adhesion experiments on non-gradient aligned nanowrinkled surfaces displayed a linear relationship of osteoblast cell adhesion with respect to topography aspect ratio. Additionally, an aspect ratio of 0.25 was found to be most efficient for cell alignment. Modification of the surface preparation method allowed us to develop an approach for creating surface nanotopography gradients which innovatively provided a superior data collection with fewer experiments showing that 1) low amplitude with small wavenumber is best for osteoblast cell adhesion 2) indeed higher aspect ratios are favorable for alignment however only with features between 80-180 nm in amplitude and 450-750 nm in wavelength with a clear transition between adhesion and alignment efficiency and 3) disproved a linear relationship of cell adhesion towards aspect ratio as was found for single feature substrate analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihui Zhou
- Biomedical Engineering Department-FB40, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
- W.J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Materials Science-FB41, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AV Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Philipp T. Kühn
- Biomedical Engineering Department-FB40, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
- W.J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Materials Science-FB41, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AV Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Thirsa Huisman
- Biomedical Engineering Department-FB40, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elsje Nieboer
- Biomedical Engineering Department-FB40, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte van Zwol
- Biomedical Engineering Department-FB40, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Theo G. van Kooten
- Biomedical Engineering Department-FB40, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
- W.J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Materials Science-FB41, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AV Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Patrick van Rijn
- Biomedical Engineering Department-FB40, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
- W.J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Materials Science-FB41, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AV Groningen, Netherlands
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, Netherlands
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33
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Li Q, Han X, Hou J, Yin J, Jiang S, Lu C. Patterning Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Microspheres via Combination of Oxygen Plasma Exposure and Solvent Treatment. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:13450-61. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b07208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoyuan Li
- School of Materials Science
and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xue Han
- School of Materials Science
and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Hou
- School of Materials Science
and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Yin
- School of Materials Science
and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shichun Jiang
- School of Materials Science
and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Conghua Lu
- School of Materials Science
and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
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34
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Park HG, Jeong HC, Jung YH, Seo DS. Control of the wrinkle structure on surface-reformed poly(dimethylsiloxane) via ion-beam bombardment. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12356. [PMID: 26196760 PMCID: PMC4508831 DOI: 10.1038/srep12356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the surface reformation of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) elastomers by means of ion beam bombardment for fabricating wrinkle structures. Oxidation on the PDMS surface formed a silica-like outer layer that interacted with the inner PDMS layer, leading to the formation of wrinkle structures that minimized the combined bending energy of the outer layer and stretching energy of the inner layer. In addition, we controlled the amplitude and period of the wrinkle structures by adjusting the PDMS annealing temperature. As the PDMS annealing temperature was increased, the amplitude and period of the wrinkles formed by IB irradiation changed from 604.35 to 69.01 nm and from 3.07 to 0.80 μm, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Gyu Park
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Chang Jeong
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Ho Jung
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Shik Seo
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
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