Chromatic response of polydiacetylene vesicle induced by the permeation of methotrexate

Co-functionalization with phosphate and carboxylate on polydiacetylene for colorimetric detection of calcium ions in serum

In this study, co-functionalization with phosphate and carboxylate on polydiacetylene (PDA) was proposed to detect calcium ions in serum, inspired by biologically abundant phosphate-calcium ion and carboxylate-calcium ion binding. The cooperative interaction of calcium ions with phosphate and carboxylate in PDA induced the change of electronic properties in the backbone without aggregation of liposomes, accompanied by blue-to-purple color transition. The cooperative effect through the introduction of mixed ligands facilitated the selective detection of calcium ions over magnesium ions, which was a source of major interference in many calcium ion probes, and in the presence of major serum metal ions. The sensor system exhibited highly sensitive detection of calcium ions with an estimated limit of detection of 0.97 μM. In addition, the detection method was employed to determine the concentration of calcium ions in various serums.

Polydiacetylene Liposomal Aequorin Bioluminescent Device for Detection of Hydrophobic Compounds

In this study, a polydiacetylene liposomal aequorin bioluminescent device (PLABD) that functioned through control of the membrane transport of Ca(2+) ions was developed for detecting hydrophobic compounds. In the PLABD, aequorin was encapsulated in an internal water phase and a calcium ionophore (CI) was contained in a hydrophobic region. Membrane transport of Ca(2+) ions across the CI was suppressed by polymerization between diacetylene molecules. On addition of an analyte, the membrane transport of Ca(2+) ions across the CI increased, and Ca(2+) ions from the external water phase could diffuse into the internal water phase via the CI, which resulted in bioluminescence of the aequorin. Lidocaine, procaine, and procainamide were used as model compounds to test the validity of the detection mechanism of the PLABD. When each analyte was added to a suspension of the PLABD, bioluminescence from the aequorin in the PLABD was observed, and the level of this bioluminescence increased with increasing analyte concentration. There was a linear relationship between the logarithm of the analyte concentration and the bioluminescence for all analytes as follows: R = 0.89 from 10 nmol L(-1) to 10 mmol L(-1) for lidocaine, R = 0.66 from 10 nmol L(-1) to 100 μmol L(-1) for procaine, and R = 0.74 from 100 nmol L(-1) to 100 μmol L(-1) for procainamide. Compared to the traditional colorimetric method using polydiacetylene liposome, the PLABD was superior for both the sensitivity and dynamic range. Thus, PLABD is a valid, simple, and sensitive signal generator for detection of hydrophobic compounds that interact with PLABD membranes.