1
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Zhang A, Moore AR, Zhao H, Govind S, Wolf SE, Jin Y, Walsh PJ, Riggleman RA, Fakhraai Z. The role of intramolecular relaxations on the structure and stability of vapor-deposited glasses. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:244703. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0087600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Stable glasses (SGs) are formed through surface-mediated equilibration (SME) during physical vapor deposition (PVD). Unlike intermolecular interactions, the role of intramolecular degrees of freedom in this process remains unexplored. Here, using experiments and coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations, we demonstrate that varying dihedral rotation barriers of even a single bond, in otherwise isomeric molecules, can strongly influence the structure and stability of PVD glasses. These effects arise from variations in the degree of surface mobility, mobility gradients, and mobility anisotropy, at a given deposition temperature ( T dep). At high T dep, flexible molecules have access to more configurations, which enhances the rate of SME, forming isotropic SGs. At low T dep, stability is achieved by out of equilibrium aging of the surface layer. Here, the poor packing of rigid molecules enhances the rate of surface-mediated aging, producing stable glasses with layered structures in a broad range of T dep. In contrast, the dynamics of flexible molecules couple more efficiently to the glass layers underneath, resulting in reduced mobility and weaker mobility gradients, producing unstable glasses. Independent of stability, the flattened shape of flexible molecules can also promote in-plane orientational order at low T dep. These results indicate that small changes in intramolecular relaxation barriers can be used as an approach to independently tune the structure and mobility profiles of the surface layer and, thus, the stability and structure of PVD glasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aixi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Alex R. Moore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Haoqiang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Shivajee Govind
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Sarah E. Wolf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Yi Jin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Patrick J. Walsh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Robert A. Riggleman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Zahra Fakhraai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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2
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Wolf SE, Fulco S, Zhang A, Zhao H, Walsh PJ, Turner KT, Fakhraai Z. Role of Molecular Layering in the Enhanced Mechanical Properties of Stable Glasses. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:3360-3368. [PMID: 35403428 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The density, degree of molecular orientation, and molecular layering of vapor-deposited stable glasses (SGs) vary with substrate temperature (Tdep) below the glass-transition temperature (Tg). Density and orientation have been suggested to be factors influencing the mechanical properties of SGs. We perform nanoindentation on two molecules which differ by only a single substituent, allowing one molecule to adopt an in-plane orientation at low Tdep. The reduced elastic modulus and hardness of both molecules show similar Tdep dependences, with enhancements of 15-20% in reduced modulus and 30-45% in hardness at Tdep ≈ 0.8Tg, where the density of vapor-deposited films is enhanced by ∼1.4% compared to that of the liquid-quenched glass. At Tdep < 0.8Tg, one of the molecules produces highly unstable glasses with in-plane orientation. However, both systems show enhanced mechanics. Both the modulus and hardness correlate with the degree of layering, which is similar in both systems despite their variable stability. We suggest that nanoindentation performed normal to the film's surface is influenced by the tighter packing of the molecules in this direction.
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3
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Wolf SE, Liu T, Govind S, Zhao H, Huang G, Zhang A, Wu Y, Chin J, Cheng K, Salami-Ranjbaran E, Gao F, Gao G, Jin Y, Pu Y, Toledo TG, Ablajan K, Walsh PJ, Fakhraai Z. Design of a homologous series of molecular glassformers. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:224503. [PMID: 34911316 DOI: 10.1063/5.0066410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We design and synthesize a set of homologous organic molecules by taking advantage of facile and tailorable Suzuki cross coupling reactions to produce triarylbenzene derivatives. By adjusting the number and the arrangement of conjugated rings, the identity of heteroatoms, lengths of fluorinated alkyl chains, and other interaction parameters, we create a library of glassformers with a wide range of properties. Measurements of the glass transition temperature (Tg) show a power-law relationship between Tg and molecular weight (MW), with of the molecules, with an exponent of 0.3 ± 0.1, for Tg values spanning a range of 300-450 K. The trends in indices of refraction and expansion coefficients indicate a general increase in the glass density with MW, consistent with the trends observed in Tg variations. A notable exception to these trends was observed with the addition of alkyl and fluorinated alkyl groups, which significantly reduced Tg and increased the dynamical fragility (which is otherwise insensitive to MW). This is an indication of reduced density and increased packing frustrations in these systems, which is also corroborated by the observations of the decreasing index of refraction with increasing length of these groups. These data were used to launch a new database for glassforming materials, glass.apps.sas.upenn.edu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Wolf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Tianyi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Shivajee Govind
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Haoqiang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Georgia Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Aixi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Yu Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Jocelyn Chin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Kevin Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | | | - Feng Gao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Gui Gao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Yi Jin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Youge Pu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Thiago Gomes Toledo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Keyume Ablajan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Patrick J Walsh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Zahra Fakhraai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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4
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Jayasundara CRK, Gil-Negrete JM, Montero Bastidas JR, Chhabra A, Martínez MM, Pérez Sestelo J, Smith MR, Maleczka RE. Merging Iridium-Catalyzed C-H Borylations with Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Couplings Using Triorganoindium Reagents. J Org Chem 2021; 87:751-759. [PMID: 34889604 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A versatile and efficient method to prepare borylated arenes furnished with alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, and heteroaryl functional groups is developed by merging Ir-catalyzed C-H borylations (CHB) with a chemoselective palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of triorganoindium reagents (Sarandeses-Sestelo coupling) with aryl halides bearing a boronic ester substituent. Using triorganoindium cross-coupling reactions to introduce unsaturated moieties enables the synthesis of borylated arenes that would be difficult to access through the direct application of the CHB methodology. The sequential double catalyzed procedure can be also performed in one vessel.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José M Gil-Negrete
- Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA) and Departamento de Química, Universidade da Coruña, E-15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Jose R Montero Bastidas
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1322, United States
| | - Arzoo Chhabra
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1322, United States
| | - M Montserrat Martínez
- Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA) and Departamento de Química, Universidade da Coruña, E-15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - José Pérez Sestelo
- Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA) and Departamento de Química, Universidade da Coruña, E-15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Milton R Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1322, United States
| | - Robert E Maleczka
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1322, United States
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5
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Liu S, Yin D, Li W, Liu D, Zhou X. Structure-supercooling property relationship of phenylethyl phenylacetate derivatives and analogue. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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6
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Krohn F, Neuber C, Rössler EA, Schmidt HW. Organic Glasses of High Glass Transition Temperatures Due To Substitution with Nitrile Groups. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:10286-10293. [PMID: 31697500 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b08792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The glass transition temperature (Tg) of a molecular glass depends on its molar mass. However, the nature of intermolecular interactions also plays a major role in both the glass transition temperature and its glass-forming ability. In this context, we report on novel molecular glasses containing nitrile groups and investigate the influence of this highly polar group on Tg and the glass-forming ability. As reference compounds, we studied the thermal properties of synthesized molecular glasses with C-C-bonded phenyl rings. The molar mass of the studied compounds ranges from 341 to 568 g/mol. Despite their relatively low molar mass, glass transition temperatures from 347 K (74 °C) to 471 K (198 °C) were observed. Most of the compounds possess high Tg/Tmratios between 0.7 and 0.8. By introducing highly interacting nitrile groups, the dependence of the molar mass on Tg could be increased by a factor of 2-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Krohn
- Department of Macromolecular Chemistry I and Bavarian Polymer Institute , University of Bayreuth , 95440 Bayreuth , Germany
| | - Christian Neuber
- Department of Macromolecular Chemistry I and Bavarian Polymer Institute , University of Bayreuth , 95440 Bayreuth , Germany
| | - Ernst A Rössler
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry III and North Bavarian NMR Center , University of Bayreuth , 95440 Bayreuth , Germany
| | - Hans-Werner Schmidt
- Department of Macromolecular Chemistry I and Bavarian Polymer Institute , University of Bayreuth , 95440 Bayreuth , Germany
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7
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Samanta S, Huang G, Gao G, Zhang Y, Zhang A, Wolf S, Woods CN, Jin Y, Walsh PJ, Fakhraai Z. Exploring the Importance of Surface Diffusion in Stability of Vapor-Deposited Organic Glasses. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:4108-4117. [PMID: 30998844 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b01012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Stable glasses are formed during physical vapor deposition (PVD), through the surface-mediated equilibration process. Understanding surface relaxation dynamics is important in understanding the details of this process. Direct measurements of the surface relaxation times in molecular glass systems are challenging. As such, surface diffusion measurements have been used in the past as a proxy for the surface relaxation process. In this study, we show that the absence of enhanced surface diffusion is not a reliable predictor of reduced ability to produce stable glasses. To demonstrate, we have prepared stable glasses (SGs) from two structurally similar organic molecules, 1,3-bis(1-naphthyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)benzene (TNB) and 9-(3,5-di(naphthalen-1-yl)phenyl)anthracene (α,α-A), with similar density increase and improved kinetic stability as compared to their liquid-quenched (LQ) counterparts. The surface diffusion values of these glasses were measured both in the LQ and SG states below their glass transition temperatures ( Tgs) using gold nanorod probes. While TNB shows enhanced surface diffusion in both SG and LQ states, no significant surface Tg diffusion is observed on the surface of α,α-A within our experimental time scales. However, isothermal dewetting experiments on ultrathin films of both molecules below Tg indicate the existence of enhanced dynamics in ultrathin films for both molecules, indirectly showing the existence of an enhanced mobile surface layer. Both films produce stable glasses, which is another indication for the existence of the mobile surface layer. Our results suggest that lateral surface diffusion may not be a good proxy for enhanced surface relaxation dynamics required to produce stable glasses, and thus, other types of measurements to directly probe the surface relaxation times may be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subarna Samanta
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , United States
| | - Georgia Huang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , United States
| | - Gui Gao
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , United States
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , United States
| | - Aixi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , United States
| | - Sarah Wolf
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , United States
| | - Connor N Woods
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , United States
| | - Yi Jin
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , United States
| | - Patrick J Walsh
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , United States
| | - Zahra Fakhraai
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , United States
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8
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Zhang Y, Woods CN, Alvarez M, Jin Y, Riggleman RA, Fakhraai Z. Effect of substrate interactions on the glass transition and length-scale of correlated dynamics in ultra-thin molecular glass films. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:184902. [PMID: 30441931 DOI: 10.1063/1.5038174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Interfacial interactions can play an important role in the glass transition temperature (T g ) and relaxation dynamics of ultra-thin glass polymer films. We have recently shown that similar to the polymeric systems in ultra-thin molecular glass films of N, N'-Bis(3-methylphenyl)-N, N'-diphenylbenzidine (TPD), the T g is reduced and dynamics are enhanced. Furthermore, in molecular glass systems, as the film thickness is reduced below ∼30 nm, the dynamics at the two interfaces correlate such that the range of the gradients in the dynamics induced by the free surface narrows compared to thicker films. These observations indicate that the dynamics of the glassy thin films are strongly correlated and cannot be explained by a simple two-layer model consisting of a bulk and a thin interfacial layer with a constant thickness and constant range of dynamical gradients. Here, we investigate the effect of film/substrate interactions on the film dynamics by varying the TPD/substrate interfacial interactions. We show that thin TPD films with thicknesses below ∼60 nm show a smaller extent of T g reduction and enhanced dynamics when supported on a near-neutral substrate (wetting) compared to a weakly interacting (dewetting) substrate. However, the ∼30 nm length scale, where the activation energy significantly reduces from its bulk value as measured by the onset of the glass transition remains unchanged. Coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulation also shows a narrowing in the range of relaxation times once the thickness is sufficiently reduced for the two interfaces to dynamically correlate, consistent with previous work. These results suggest that the length-scale for the correlated dynamics is independent of interfacial interactions and the polymeric nature of the film and may originate from the bulk glass properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
| | - Connor N Woods
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
| | - Mauricio Alvarez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
| | - Yi Jin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
| | - Robert A Riggleman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6315, USA
| | - Zahra Fakhraai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
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9
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Cubuk ED, Ivancic RJS, Schoenholz SS, Strickland DJ, Basu A, Davidson ZS, Fontaine J, Hor JL, Huang YR, Jiang Y, Keim NC, Koshigan KD, Lefever JA, Liu T, Ma XG, Magagnosc DJ, Morrow E, Ortiz CP, Rieser JM, Shavit A, Still T, Xu Y, Zhang Y, Nordstrom KN, Arratia PE, Carpick RW, Durian DJ, Fakhraai Z, Jerolmack DJ, Lee D, Li J, Riggleman R, Turner KT, Yodh AG, Gianola DS, Liu AJ. Structure-property relationships from universal signatures of plasticity in disordered solids. Science 2018; 358:1033-1037. [PMID: 29170231 DOI: 10.1126/science.aai8830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
When deformed beyond their elastic limits, crystalline solids flow plastically via particle rearrangements localized around structural defects. Disordered solids also flow, but without obvious structural defects. We link structure to plasticity in disordered solids via a microscopic structural quantity, "softness," designed by machine learning to be maximally predictive of rearrangements. Experimental results and computations enabled us to measure the spatial correlations and strain response of softness, as well as two measures of plasticity: the size of rearrangements and the yield strain. All four quantities maintained remarkable commonality in their values for disordered packings of objects ranging from atoms to grains, spanning seven orders of magnitude in diameter and 13 orders of magnitude in elastic modulus. These commonalities link the spatial correlations and strain response of softness to rearrangement size and yield strain, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Cubuk
- Google Brain, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - R J S Ivancic
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - S S Schoenholz
- Google Brain, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - D J Strickland
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - A Basu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Z S Davidson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - J Fontaine
- Laboratoire de Tribologie et Dynamique des Systémes, École Centrale de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5513, Université de Lyon, 69134 Ecully Cedex, France
| | - J L Hor
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Y-R Huang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Y Jiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - N C Keim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Physics Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA
| | - K D Koshigan
- Laboratoire de Tribologie et Dynamique des Systémes, École Centrale de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5513, Université de Lyon, 69134 Ecully Cedex, France
| | - J A Lefever
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - T Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - X-G Ma
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Complex Assemblies of Soft Matter, CNRS-Solvay-UPenn UMI 3254, Bristol, PA 19007, USA
| | - D J Magagnosc
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - E Morrow
- Department of Physics, Houghton College, Houghton, NY 14744, USA
| | - C P Ortiz
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - J M Rieser
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - A Shavit
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - T Still
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Y Xu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Y Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - K N Nordstrom
- Department of Physics, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA 01075, USA
| | - P E Arratia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - R W Carpick
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - D J Durian
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Z Fakhraai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - D J Jerolmack
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daeyeon Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ju Li
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - R Riggleman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - K T Turner
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - A G Yodh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - D S Gianola
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
| | - Andrea J Liu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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10
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Liu T, Exarhos AL, Alguire EC, Gao F, Salami-Ranjbaran E, Cheng K, Jia T, Subotnik JE, Walsh PJ, Kikkawa JM, Fakhraai Z. Birefringent Stable Glass with Predominantly Isotropic Molecular Orientation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 119:095502. [PMID: 28949582 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.095502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Birefringence in stable glasses produced by physical vapor deposition often implies molecular alignment similar to liquid crystals. As such, it remains unclear whether these glasses share the same energy landscape as liquid-quenched glasses that have been aged for millions of years. Here, we produce stable glasses of 9-(3,5-di(naphthalen-1-yl)phenyl)anthracene molecules that retain three-dimensional shapes and do not preferentially align in a specific direction. Using a combination of angle- and polarization-dependent photoluminescence and ellipsometry experiments, we show that these stable glasses possess a predominantly isotropic molecular orientation while being optically birefringent. The intrinsic birefringence strongly correlates with increased density, showing that molecular ordering is not required to produce stable glasses or optical birefringence, and provides important insights into the process of stable glass formation via surface-mediated equilibration. To our knowledge, such novel amorphous packing has never been reported in the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Annemarie L Exarhos
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Ethan C Alguire
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | | | - Kevin Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Tiezheng Jia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Joseph E Subotnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Patrick J Walsh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - James M Kikkawa
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Zahra Fakhraai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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11
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Zhang Y, Glor EC, Li M, Liu T, Wahid K, Zhang W, Riggleman RA, Fakhraai Z. Long-range correlated dynamics in ultra-thin molecular glass films. J Chem Phys 2016. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4962734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
| | - Ethan C. Glor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
| | - Mu Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6272, USA
| | - Tianyi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
| | - Kareem Wahid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
| | - William Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
| | - Robert A. Riggleman
- Department of Chemical and Bimolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6315, USA
| | - Zahra Fakhraai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
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12
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Liu T, Cheng K, Salami-Ranjbaran E, Gao F, Li C, Tong X, Lin YC, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Klinge L, Walsh PJ, Fakhraai Z. The effect of chemical structure on the stability of physical vapor deposited glasses of 1,3,5-triarylbenzene. J Chem Phys 2016; 143:084506. [PMID: 26328855 DOI: 10.1063/1.4928521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We detail the formation and properties associated with stable glasses (SG) formed by a series of structural analogues of 1,3-bis(1-naphthyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)benzene (α,α,β-TNB), a well-studied SG former. Five compounds with similar structural properties were synthesized and physical vapor-deposited with a constant deposition rate at various substrate temperatures (Tdep) in the range between 0.73 Tg and 0.96 Tg. These molecules include α,α,β-TNB, 3,5-di(naphthalen-1-yl)-1-phenylbenzene (α,α-P), 9-(3,5-di(naphthalen-1-yl)phenyl)anthracene (α,α-A), 9,9'-(5-(naphthalen-2-yl)-1,3-phenylene)dianthracene (β-AA), and 3,3',5,5'-tetra(naphthalen-1-yl)-1,1'-biphenyl (α,α,α,α-TNBP). Ellipsometry was used to study the transformations from the as-deposited glasses into ordinary glasses (OG). The stability of each film was evaluated by measuring the fictive temperature (Tf) and density difference between the as-deposited glass and OG. It is demonstrated that all five molecules can form SGs upon vapor deposition in this temperature range. In-depth studies on the dependence of the stability of as-deposited glasses upon Tdep were performed with three molecules, α,α,β-TNB, α,α-P, and α,α-A. The general trends of stability were comparable at the same Tdep/Tg for these three compounds. Similar to previous studies on α,α,β-TNB, vapor-deposited glasses of α,α-P and α,α-A formed the most stable structures around Tdep = 0.8-0.85 Tg. The most stable glass of each molecule showed the lowest thermal expansion coefficient compared to OG and a positive optical birefringence. However, the SGs of α,α-A were less stable compared to α,α-P and α,α,β-TNB at the relative Tdep/Tg. Based on Arrhenius extrapolation of the aging time, as a measure of stability, the most stable α,α-A glass was only aged for a few years as opposed to hundreds or thousands of years for other glasses. We hypothesize that the reduced stability is due to slower mobility at the free surface of α,α-A glass compared to the other two molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
| | - Kevin Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
| | - Elmira Salami-Ranjbaran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
| | - Xiao Tong
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, USA
| | - Yi-Chih Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
| | - William Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
| | - Lindsey Klinge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
| | - Patrick J Walsh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
| | - Zahra Fakhraai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
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Laventure A, De Grandpré G, Soldera A, Lebel O, Pellerin C. Unraveling the interplay between hydrogen bonding and rotational energy barrier to fine-tune the properties of triazine molecular glasses. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:1681-92. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp06630a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mexylaminotriazine derivatives form molecular glasses with outstanding glass-forming ability (GFA), glass kinetic stability (GS), and tunable glass transition temperature. This work establishes key molecular parameters for efficient glass engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Armand Soldera
- Département de chimie
- Université de Sherbrooke
- Sherbrooke
- Canada
| | - Olivier Lebel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Royal Military College of Canada
- Kingston
- Canada
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