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Poudel A, Kunwar P, Aryal U, Merife AB, Soman P. CELLNET technology: Spatially organized, functional 3D networks at single cell resolution. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.12.603216. [PMID: 39071406 PMCID: PMC11275935 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.12.603216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Cells possess the remarkable ability to generate tissue-specific 3D interconnected networks and respond to a wide range of stimuli. Understanding the link between the spatial arrangement of individual cells and their networks' emergent properties is necessary for the discovery of both fundamental biology as well as applied therapeutics. However, current methods spanning from lithography to 3D photo-patterning to acoustofluidic devices are unable to generate interconnected and organized single cell 3D networks within native extracellular matrix (ECM). To address this challenge, we report a novel technology coined as CELLNET. This involves the generation of crosslinked collagen within multi-chambered microfluidic devices followed by femtosecond laser ablation of 3D microchannel networks and cell seeding. Using model cells, we show that cell migrate within ablated networks within hours, self-organize and form viable, interconnected, 3D networks in custom architectures such as square grid, concentric circle, parallel lines, and spiral patterns. Heterotypic CELLNETs can also be generated by seeding multiple cell types in side-chambers of the devices. The functionality of cell networks can be studied by monitoring the real-time calcium signaling response of individual cells and signal propagation within CELLNETs when subjected to flow stimulus alone or a sequential combination of flow and biochemical stimuli. Furthermore, user-defined disrupted CELLNETs can be generated by lethally injuring target cells within the 3D network and analyzing the changes in their signaling dynamics. As compared to the current self-assembly based methods that exhibit high variability and poor reproducibility, CELLNETs can generate organized 3D single-cell networks and their real-time signaling responses to a range of stimuli can be accurately captured using simple cell seeding and easy-to-handle microfluidic devices. CELLNET, a new technology agnostic of cell types, ECM formulations, 3D cell-connectivity designs, or location and timing of network disruptions, could pave the way to address a range of fundamental and applied bioscience applications. Teaser New technology to generate 3D single cell interconnected and disrupted networks within natural extracellular matrix in custom configurations.
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Hao M, Xue L, Wen X, Sun L, Zhang L, Xing K, Hu X, Xu J, Xing D. Advancing bone regeneration: Unveiling the potential of 3D cell models in the evaluation of bone regenerative materials. Acta Biomater 2024; 183:1-29. [PMID: 38815683 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Bone, a rigid yet regenerative tissue, has garnered extensive attention for its impressive healing abilities. Despite advancements in understanding bone repair and creating treatments for bone injuries, handling nonunions and large defects remains a major challenge in orthopedics. The rise of bone regenerative materials is transforming the approach to bone repair, offering innovative solutions for nonunions and significant defects, and thus reshaping orthopedic care. Evaluating these materials effectively is key to advancing bone tissue regeneration, especially in difficult healing scenarios, making it a critical research area. Traditional evaluation methods, including two-dimensional cell models and animal models, have limitations in predicting accurately. This has led to exploring alternative methods, like 3D cell models, which provide fresh perspectives for assessing bone materials' regenerative potential. This paper discusses various techniques for constructing 3D cell models, their pros and cons, and crucial factors to consider when using these models to evaluate bone regenerative materials. We also highlight the significance of 3D cell models in the in vitro assessments of these materials, discuss their current drawbacks and limitations, and suggest future research directions. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This work addresses the challenge of evaluating bone regenerative materials (BRMs) crucial for bone tissue engineering. It explores the emerging role of 3D cell models as superior alternatives to traditional methods for assessing these materials. By dissecting the construction, key factors of evaluating, advantages, limitations, and practical considerations of 3D cell models, the paper elucidates their significance in overcoming current evaluation method shortcomings. It highlights how these models offer a more physiologically relevant and ethically preferable platform for the precise assessment of BRMs. This contribution is particularly significant for "Acta Biomaterialia" readership, as it not only synthesizes current knowledge but also propels the discourse forward in the search for advanced solutions in bone tissue engineering and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minglu Hao
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; Cancer institute, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Linyuan Xue
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; Cancer institute, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiaobo Wen
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; Cancer institute, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Li Sun
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; Cancer institute, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L3G1, Canada
| | - Kunyue Xing
- Alliance Manchester Business School, The University of Manchester, Manchester M139PL, UK
| | - Xiaokun Hu
- Department of Interventional Medical Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 26600, China
| | - Jiazhen Xu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; Cancer institute, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Dongming Xing
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; Cancer institute, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Fois MG, van Griensven M, Giselbrecht S, Habibović P, Truckenmüller RK, Tahmasebi Birgani ZN. Mini-bones: miniaturized bone in vitro models. Trends Biotechnol 2024; 42:910-928. [PMID: 38493050 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2024.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
In bone tissue engineering (TE) and regeneration, miniaturized, (sub)millimeter-sized bone models have become a popular trend since they bring about physiological biomimicry, precise orchestration of concurrent stimuli, and compatibility with high-throughput setups and high-content imaging. They also allow efficient use of cells, reagents, materials, and energy. In this review, we describe the state of the art of miniaturized in vitro bone models, or 'mini-bones', describing these models based on their characteristics of (multi)cellularity and engineered extracellular matrix (ECM), and elaborating on miniaturization approaches and fabrication techniques. We analyze the performance of 'mini-bone' models according to their applications for studying basic bone biology or as regeneration models, disease models, and screening platforms, and provide an outlook on future trends, challenges, and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gabriella Fois
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200, MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn van Griensven
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200, MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Giselbrecht
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200, MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Pamela Habibović
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200, MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Roman K Truckenmüller
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200, MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Zeinab Niloofar Tahmasebi Birgani
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200, MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Munir A, Reseland JE, Tiainen H, Haugen HJ, Sikorski P, Christiansen EF, Reinholt FP, Syversen U, Solberg LB. Osteocyte-Like Cells Differentiated From Primary Osteoblasts in an Artificial Human Bone Tissue Model. JBMR Plus 2023; 7:e10792. [PMID: 37701151 PMCID: PMC10494512 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro models of primary human osteocytes embedded in natural mineralized matrix without artificial scaffolds are lacking. We have established cell culture conditions that favored the natural 3D orientation of the bone cells and stimulated the cascade of signaling needed for primary human osteoblasts to differentiate into osteocytes with the characteristically phenotypical dendritic network between cells. Primary human osteoblasts cultured in a 3D rotating bioreactor and incubated with a combination of vitamins A, C, and D for up to 21 days produced osteospheres resembling native bone. Osteocyte-like cells were identified as entrapped, stellate-shaped cells interconnected through canaliculi embedded in a structured, mineralized, collagen matrix. These cells expressed late osteoblast and osteocyte markers such as osteocalcin (OCN), podoplanin (E11), dentin matrix acidic phosphoprotein 1 (DMP1), and sclerostin (SOST). Organized collagen fibrils, observed associated with the cell hydroxyapatite (HAp) crystals, were found throughout the spheroid and in between the collagen fibrils. In addition to osteocyte-like cells, the spheroids consisted of osteoblasts at various differentiation stages surrounded by a rim of cells resembling lining cells. This resemblance to native bone indicates a model system with potential for studying osteocyte-like cell differentiation, cross-talk between bone cells, and the mineralization process in a bonelike structure in vitro without artificial scaffolds. In addition, natural extracellular matrix may allow for the study of tissue-specific biochemical, biophysical, and mechanical properties. © 2023 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arooj Munir
- Department of BiomaterialsInstitute of Clinical Dentistry, University of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Janne Elin Reseland
- Department of BiomaterialsInstitute of Clinical Dentistry, University of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Hanna Tiainen
- Department of BiomaterialsInstitute of Clinical Dentistry, University of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Håvard Jostein Haugen
- Department of BiomaterialsInstitute of Clinical Dentistry, University of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Pawel Sikorski
- Department of PhysicsNorwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)TrondheimNorway
| | | | | | - Unni Syversen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular MedicineNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Lene Bergendal Solberg
- Department of PathologyOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
- Division of Orthopedic SurgeryOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
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Kim MK, Paek K, Woo SM, Kim JA. Bone-on-a-Chip: Biomimetic Models Based on Microfluidic Technologies for Biomedical Applications. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023. [PMID: 37183366 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing importance of preclinical evaluation of newly developed drugs or treatments, in vitro organ or disease models are necessary. Although various organ-specific on-chip (organ-on-a-chip, or OOC) systems have been developed as emerging in vitro models, bone-on-a-chip (BOC) systems that recapitulate the bone microenvironment have been less developed or reviewed compared with other OOCs. The bone is one of the most dynamic organs and undergoes continuous remodeling throughout its lifetime. The aging population is growing worldwide, and healthcare costs are rising rapidly. Since in vitro BOC models that recapitulate native bone niches and pathological features can be important for studying the underlying mechanism of orthopedic diseases and predicting drug responses in preclinical trials instead of in animals, the development of biomimetic BOCs with high efficiency and fidelity will be accelerated further. Here, we review recently engineered BOCs developed using various microfluidic technologies and investigate their use to model the bone microenvironment. We have also explored various biomimetic strategies based on biological, geometrical, and biomechanical cues for biomedical applications of BOCs. Finally, we addressed the limitations and challenging issues of current BOCs that should be overcome to obtain more acceptable BOCs in the biomedical and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kyeong Kim
- Center for Scientific Instrumentation, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyurim Paek
- Center for Scientific Instrumentation, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Republic of Korea
- Program in Biomicro System Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Mi Woo
- Center for Scientific Instrumentation, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ah Kim
- Center for Scientific Instrumentation, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul 06973, Republic of Korea
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Zhang K, Ogando C, Filip A, Zhang T, Horton JA, Soman P. In vitromodel to study confined osteocyte networks exposed to flow-induced mechanical stimuli. Biomed Mater 2022; 17:10.1088/1748-605X/aca37c. [PMID: 36384043 PMCID: PMC10642715 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/aca37c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Osteocytes are considered the primary mechanical sensor in bone tissue and orchestrate the coupled bone remodeling activity of adjacent osteoblast and osteoclast cells.In vivoinvestigation of mechanically induced signal propagation through networks of interconnected osteocytes is confounded by their confinement within the mineralized bone matrix, which cannot be modeled in conventional culture systems. In this study, we developed a new model that mimics thisin vivoconfinement using gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogel or GelMA mineralized using osteoblast-like model cells. This model also enables real-time optical examination of osteocyte calcium (Ca2+) signaling dynamics in response to fluid shear stimuli cultured under confined conditions. Using this system, we discovered several distinct and previously undescribed patterns of Ca2+responses that vary across networks of interconnected osteocytes as a function of space, time and connectivity. Heterogeneity in Ca2+signaling may provide new insights into bone remodeling in response to mechanical loading. Overall, such a model can be extended to study signaling dynamics within cell networks exposed to flow-induced mechanical stimuli under confined conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kairui Zhang
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA, 13244
- Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, Syracuse, NY, USA, 13244
| | - Courtney Ogando
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA, 13244
- Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, Syracuse, NY, USA, 13244
| | - Alex Filip
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA, 13244
- Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, Syracuse, NY, USA, 13244
| | - Teng Zhang
- Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, Syracuse, NY, USA, 13244
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA, 13244
| | - Jason A. Horton
- Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, Syracuse, NY, USA, 13244
- Dept. of Orthopedic Surgery, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA 13210
| | - Pranav Soman
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA, 13244
- Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, Syracuse, NY, USA, 13244
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7
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Lourenço D, Lopes R, Pestana C, Queirós AC, João C, Carneiro EA. Patient-Derived Multiple Myeloma 3D Models for Personalized Medicine-Are We There Yet? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12888. [PMID: 36361677 PMCID: PMC9657251 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the wide variety of existing therapies, multiple myeloma (MM) remains a disease with dismal prognosis. Choosing the right treatment for each patient remains one of the major challenges. A new approach being explored is the use of ex vivo models for personalized medicine. Two-dimensional culture or animal models often fail to predict clinical outcomes. Three-dimensional ex vivo models using patients' bone marrow (BM) cells may better reproduce the complexity and heterogeneity of the BM microenvironment. Here, we review the strengths and limitations of currently existing patient-derived ex vivo three-dimensional MM models. We analyze their biochemical and biophysical properties, molecular and cellular characteristics, as well as their potential for drug testing and identification of disease biomarkers. Furthermore, we discuss the remaining challenges and give some insight on how to achieve a more biomimetic and accurate MM BM model. Overall, there is still a need for standardized culture methods and refined readout techniques. Including both myeloma and other cells of the BM microenvironment in a simple and reproducible three-dimensional scaffold is the key to faithfully mapping and examining the relationship between these players in MM. This will allow a patient-personalized profile, providing a powerful tool for clinical and research applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Lourenço
- Myeloma Lymphoma Research Group—Champalimaud Experimental Clinical Research Programme of Champalimaud Foundation, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Raquel Lopes
- Myeloma Lymphoma Research Group—Champalimaud Experimental Clinical Research Programme of Champalimaud Foundation, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carolina Pestana
- Myeloma Lymphoma Research Group—Champalimaud Experimental Clinical Research Programme of Champalimaud Foundation, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal
- Centre of Statistics and Its Applications, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana C. Queirós
- Myeloma Lymphoma Research Group—Champalimaud Experimental Clinical Research Programme of Champalimaud Foundation, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cristina João
- Myeloma Lymphoma Research Group—Champalimaud Experimental Clinical Research Programme of Champalimaud Foundation, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, NOVA Medical School, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
- Hemato-Oncology Department of Champalimaud Foundation, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Emilie Arnault Carneiro
- Myeloma Lymphoma Research Group—Champalimaud Experimental Clinical Research Programme of Champalimaud Foundation, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal
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Petta D, D'Amora U, D'Arrigo D, Tomasini M, Candrian C, Ambrosio L, Moretti M. Musculoskeletal tissues-on-a-chip: role of natural polymers in reproducing tissue-specific microenvironments. Biofabrication 2022; 14. [PMID: 35931043 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ac8767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the past years, 3D in vitro models have been widely employed in the regenerative medicine field. Among them, organ-on-a-chip technology has the potential to elucidate cellular mechanism exploiting multichannel microfluidic devices to establish 3D co-culture systems that offer control over the cellular, physico-chemical and biochemical microenvironments. To deliver the most relevant cues to cells, it is of paramount importance to select the most appropriate matrix for mimicking the extracellular matrix of the native tissue. Natural polymers-based hydrogels are the elected candidates for reproducing tissue-specific microenvironments in musculoskeletal tissue-on-a-chip models owning to their interesting and peculiar physico-chemical, mechanical and biological properties. Despite these advantages, there is still a gap between the biomaterials complexity in conventional tissue engineering and the application of these biomaterials in 3D in vitro microfluidic models. In this review, the aim is to suggest the adoption of more suitable biomaterials, alternative crosslinking strategies and tissue engineered-inspired approaches in organ-on-a-chip to better mimic the complexity of physiological musculoskeletal tissues. Accordingly, after giving an overview of the musculoskeletal tissue compositions, the properties of the main natural polymers employed in microfluidic systems are investigated, together with the main musculoskeletal tissues-on-a-chip devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalila Petta
- Regenerative Medicine Technologis Lab, Repubblica e Cantone Ticino Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Via Francesco Chiesa 5, Bellinzona, Ticino, 6500, SWITZERLAND
| | - Ugo D'Amora
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council, V.le J.F. Kennedy 54 Mostra d'Oltremare Pad 20, Naples, 80125, ITALY
| | - Daniele D'Arrigo
- Repubblica e Cantone Ticino Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Via Francesco Chiesa 5, Bellinzona, Ticino, 6500, SWITZERLAND
| | - Marta Tomasini
- Repubblica e Cantone Ticino Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Via Francesco chies 5, Bellinzona, Ticino, 6500, SWITZERLAND
| | - Christian Candrian
- Unità di Traumatologia e Ortopedia, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, via Tesserete 46, Lugano, 6900, SWITZERLAND
| | - Luigi Ambrosio
- Institute of Polymers Composites and Biomaterials National Research Council, Viale Kennedy, Pozzuoli, Campania, 80078, ITALY
| | - Matteo Moretti
- Regenerative Medicine Technologies Laboratory, Repubblica e Cantone Ticino Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Via Francesco Chiesa 5, Bellinzona, Ticino, 6500, SWITZERLAND
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Aw Yong KM, Horst E, Neale D, Royzenblat S, Lahann J, Greineder C, Weivoda M, Mehta G, Keller ET. A Bioreactor for 3D In Vitro Modeling of the Mechanical Stimulation of Osteocytes. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:797542. [PMID: 35402411 PMCID: PMC8990130 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.797542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The bone is a mechanosensitive organ that is also a common metastatic site for prostate cancer. However, the mechanism by which the tumor interacts with the bone microenvironment to further promote disease progression remains to be fully understood. This is largely due to a lack of physiological yet user-friendly models that limit our ability to perform in-depth mechanistic studies. Here, we report a tunable bioreactor which facilitates the 3D culture of the osteocyte cell line, MLO-Y4, in a hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate (HA/TCP) scaffold under constant fluidic shear stress and tunable hydrostatic pressure within physiological parameters. Increasing hydrostatic pressure was sufficient to induce a change in the expression of several bone remodeling genes such as Dmp1, Rankl, and Runx2. Furthermore, increased hydrostatic pressure induced the osteocytes to promote the differentiation of the murine macrophage cell line RAW264.7 toward osteoclast-like cells. These results demonstrate that the bioreactor recapitulates the mechanotransduction response of osteocytes to pressure including the measurement of their functional ability in a 3D environment. In conclusion, the bioreactor would be useful for exploring the mechanisms of osteocytes in bone health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koh Meng Aw Yong
- Department of Urology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Eric Horst
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Dylan Neale
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Sonya Royzenblat
- Biosciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Joerg Lahann
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Biosciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Colin Greineder
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Megan Weivoda
- Biosciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Geeta Mehta
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Evan T. Keller
- Department of Urology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Biosciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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10
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Lipreri MV, Baldini N, Graziani G, Avnet S. Perfused Platforms to Mimic Bone Microenvironment at the Macro/Milli/Microscale: Pros and Cons. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:760667. [PMID: 35047495 PMCID: PMC8762164 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.760667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
As life expectancy increases, the population experiences progressive ageing. Ageing, in turn, is connected to an increase in bone-related diseases (i.e., osteoporosis and increased risk of fractures). Hence, the search for new approaches to study the occurrence of bone-related diseases and to develop new drugs for their prevention and treatment becomes more pressing. However, to date, a reliable in vitro model that can fully recapitulate the characteristics of bone tissue, either in physiological or altered conditions, is not available. Indeed, current methods for modelling normal and pathological bone are poor predictors of treatment outcomes in humans, as they fail to mimic the in vivo cellular microenvironment and tissue complexity. Bone, in fact, is a dynamic network including differently specialized cells and the extracellular matrix, constantly subjected to external and internal stimuli. To this regard, perfused vascularized models are a novel field of investigation that can offer a new technological approach to overcome the limitations of traditional cell culture methods. It allows the combination of perfusion, mechanical and biochemical stimuli, biological cues, biomaterials (mimicking the extracellular matrix of bone), and multiple cell types. This review will discuss macro, milli, and microscale perfused devices designed to model bone structure and microenvironment, focusing on the role of perfusion and encompassing different degrees of complexity. These devices are a very first, though promising, step for the development of 3D in vitro platforms for preclinical screening of novel anabolic or anti-catabolic therapeutic approaches to improve bone health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicola Baldini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Biomedical Science and Technologies Lab, IRCSS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gabriela Graziani
- Laboratory for NanoBiotechnology (NaBi), IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sofia Avnet
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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11
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Chang B, Liu X. Osteon: Structure, Turnover, and Regeneration. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2021; 28:261-278. [PMID: 33487116 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2020.0322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bone is composed of dense and solid cortical bone and honeycomb-like trabecular bone. Although cortical bone provides the majority of mechanical strength for a bone, there are few studies focusing on cortical bone repair or regeneration. Osteons (the Haversian system) form structural and functional units of cortical bone. In recent years, emerging evidences have shown that the osteon structure (including osteocytes, lamellae, lacunocanalicular network, and Haversian canals) plays critical roles in bone mechanics and turnover. Therefore, reconstruction of the osteon structure is crucial for cortical bone regeneration. This article provides a systematic summary of recent advances in osteons, including the structure, function, turnover, and regenerative strategies. First, the hierarchical structure of osteons is illustrated and the critical functions of osteons in bone dynamics are introduced. Next, the modeling and remodeling processes of osteons at a cellular level and the turnover of osteons in response to mechanical loading and aging are emphasized. Furthermore, several bioengineering approaches that were recently developed to recapitulate the osteon structure are highlighted. Impact statement This review provides a comprehensive summary of recent advances in osteons, especially the roles in bone formation, remodeling, and regeneration. Besides introducing the hierarchical structure and critical functions of osteons, we elucidate the modeling and remodeling of osteons at a cellular level. Specifically, we highlight the bioengineering approaches that were recently developed to mimic the hierarchical structure of osteons. We expect that this review will provide informative insights and attract increasing attentions in orthopedic community, shedding light on cortical bone regeneration in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Chang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas, USA
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12
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Huang H, Dai C, Shen H, Gu M, Wang Y, Liu J, Chen L, Sun L. Recent Advances on the Model, Measurement Technique, and Application of Single Cell Mechanics. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6248. [PMID: 32872378 PMCID: PMC7504142 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the cell was discovered by humans, it has been an important research subject for researchers. The mechanical response of cells to external stimuli and the biomechanical response inside cells are of great significance for maintaining the life activities of cells. These biomechanical behaviors have wide applications in the fields of disease research and micromanipulation. In order to study the mechanical behavior of single cells, various cell mechanics models have been proposed. In addition, the measurement technologies of single cells have been greatly developed. These models, combined with experimental techniques, can effectively explain the biomechanical behavior and reaction mechanism of cells. In this review, we first introduce the basic concept and biomechanical background of cells, then summarize the research progress of internal force models and experimental techniques in the field of cell mechanics and discuss the latest mechanical models and experimental methods. We summarize the application directions of cell mechanics and put forward the future perspectives of a cell mechanics model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jizhu Liu
- School of Mechanical and Electric Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Robotics, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (H.H.); (C.D.); (H.S.); (M.G.); (Y.W.); (L.S.)
| | - Liguo Chen
- School of Mechanical and Electric Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Robotics, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (H.H.); (C.D.); (H.S.); (M.G.); (Y.W.); (L.S.)
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13
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Yang Y, Wang M, Yang S, Lin Y, Zhou Q, Li H, Tang T. Bioprinting of an osteocyte network for biomimetic mineralization. Biofabrication 2020; 12:045013. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/aba1d0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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14
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Nasello G, Alamán-Díez P, Schiavi J, Pérez MÁ, McNamara L, García-Aznar JM. Primary Human Osteoblasts Cultured in a 3D Microenvironment Create a Unique Representative Model of Their Differentiation Into Osteocytes. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:336. [PMID: 32391343 PMCID: PMC7193048 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Microengineered systems provide an in vitro strategy to explore the variability of individual patient response to tissue engineering products, since they prefer the use of primary cell sources representing the phenotype variability. Traditional in vitro systems already showed that primary human osteoblasts embedded in a 3D fibrous collagen matrix differentiate into osteocytes under specific conditions. Here, we hypothesized that translating this environment to the organ-on-a-chip scale creates a minimal functional unit to recapitulate osteoblast maturation toward osteocytes and matrix mineralization. Primary human osteoblasts were seeded in a type I collagen hydrogel, to establish the role of lower (2.5 × 105 cells/ml) and higher (1 × 106 cells/ml) cell density on their differentiation into osteocytes. A custom semi-automatic image analysis software was used to extract quantitative data on cellular morphology from brightfield images. The results are showing that cells cultured at a high density increase dendrite length over time, stop proliferating, exhibit dendritic morphology, upregulate alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and express the osteocyte marker dental matrix protein 1 (DMP1). On the contrary, cells cultured at lower density proliferate over time, do not upregulate ALP and express the osteoblast marker bone sialoprotein 2 (BSP2) at all timepoints. Our work reveals that microengineered systems create unique conditions to capture the major aspects of osteoblast differentiation into osteocytes with a limited number of cells. We propose that the microengineered approach is a functional strategy to create a patient-specific bone tissue model and investigate the individual osteogenic potential of the patient bone cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Nasello
- Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering (M2BE), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Biomechanics Section, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pilar Alamán-Díez
- Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering (M2BE), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jessica Schiavi
- Mechanobiology and Medical Device Research Group (MMDRG), National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - María Ángeles Pérez
- Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering (M2BE), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Laoise McNamara
- Mechanobiology and Medical Device Research Group (MMDRG), National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - José Manuel García-Aznar
- Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering (M2BE), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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15
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Cellular considerations for optimizing bone cell culture and remodeling in a lab-on-a-chip platform. Biotechniques 2020; 68:263-269. [PMID: 32146829 DOI: 10.2144/btn-2019-0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Our lab has developed a lab-on-a-chip platform for bone remodeling that enables long-term culturing of bone cells out to 7 weeks and serves as a foundation toward a multicellular organ-on-a-chip system. Here, we optimized culturing protocols for osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteocytes within the lab-on-a-chip and performed functional activity assays for quantifying bone formation and resorption. We analyzed cell seeding densities, feeding schedules and time in culture as a basis for optimizing culturing protocols. Further, we addressed concerns of sterility, cytotoxicity and leakage during the extended culture period within the polydimethylsiloxane chip. This system provides a method for quantifying the soluble effects of mechanically stimulated osteocytes on bone remodeling (formation/resorption).
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16
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Huang CK, Paylaga GJ, Bupphathong S, Lin KH. Spherical microwell arrays for studying single cells and microtissues in 3D confinement. Biofabrication 2020; 12:025016. [PMID: 31974317 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ab6eda] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Microwell arrays have emerged as three-dimensional substrates for cell culture due to their simplicity of fabrication and promise for high-throughput applications such as 3D cell-based assays for drug screening. To date, most microwells have had cylindrical geometries. Motivated by our previous findings that cells display 3D physiological characteristics when grown in the spherical micropores of monodisperse foam scaffolds (Lee et al 2013 Integr. Biol. 5 1447-55 and Lin et al 2011 Soft Matter 7 10010-6), here we engineered novel microwells shaped as spherical caps with obtuse polar angles, yielding narrow apertures. When used as bare substrates, these microwells were suitable for culturing cell spheroids; the narrow apertures sterically hindered unattached cultured cells from rolling out of microwells under agitation. When only the walls of the microwell were conjugated with extracellular matrix proteins, cells remained confined in the microwells. Epithelial cells proliferated and burst out of the aperture, and cell polarity was oriented based on the distribution of extracellular matrix proteins in the microwells. Surprisingly, single fibroblast cells in spherical wells of various diameters (40-100 μm) underwent cell-cycle arrest, while cells in circular cylindrical microwells continued to proliferate. Spatial confinement was not sufficient to cause cell-cycle arrest; however, confinement in a constant negative-curvature microenvironment led to cell-cycle arrest. Overall, these investigations demonstrate that this spherical microwell substrate constitutes a novel basic research tool for elucidating how cells respond to dimensionality and microenvironment with radii of curvature at the cellular length scale.
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17
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Wang L, Jiang D, Wang Q, Wang Q, Hu H, Jia W. The Application of Microfluidic Techniques on Tissue Engineering in Orthopaedics. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 24:5397-5406. [PMID: 30827230 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190301142833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Tissue engineering (TE) is a promising solution for orthopaedic diseases such as bone or
cartilage defects and bone metastasis. Cell culture in vitro and scaffold fabrication are two main parts of TE, but
these two methods both have their own limitations. The static cell culture medium is unable to achieve multiple
cell incubation or offer an optimal microenvironment for cells, while regularly arranged structures are unavailable
in traditional cell-laden scaffolds, which results in low biocompatibility. To solve these problems, microfluidic
techniques are combined with TE. By providing 3-D networks and interstitial fluid flows, microfluidic platforms
manage to maintain phenotype and viability of osteocytic or chondrocytic cells, and the precise manipulation of
liquid, gel and air flows in microfluidic devices leads to the highly organized construction of scaffolds.
Methods:
In this review, we focus on the recent advances of microfluidic techniques applied in the field of tissue
engineering, especially in orthropaedics. An extensive literature search was done using PubMed. The introduction
describes the properties of microfluidics and how it exploits the advantages to the full in the aspects of TE. Then
we discuss the application of microfluidics on the cultivation of osteocytic cells and chondrocytes, and other
extended researches carried out on this platform. The following section focuses on the fabrication of highly organized
scaffolds and other biomaterials produced by microfluidic devices. Finally, the incubation and studying of
bone metastasis models in microfluidic platforms are discussed.
Conclusion:
The combination of microfluidics and tissue engineering shows great potentials in the osteocytic cell
culture and scaffold fabrication. Though there are several problems that still require further exploration, the future
of microfluidics in TE is promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingtian Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Dajun Jiang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Qiyang Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Haoran Hu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Weitao Jia
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200233, China
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18
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Mestres G, Perez RA, D’Elía NL, Barbe L. Advantages of microfluidic systems for studying cell-biomaterial interactions—focus on bone regeneration applications. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2019. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ab1033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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19
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Iordachescu A, Williams RL, Hulley PA, Grover LM. Organotypic Culture of Bone-Like Structures Using Composite Ceramic-Fibrin Scaffolds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 48:e79. [DOI: 10.1002/cpsc.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Iordachescu
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham; Edgbaston Birmingham United Kingdom
- Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford; Old Road, Headington Oxford United Kingdom
| | - Richard L. Williams
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham; Edgbaston Birmingham United Kingdom
| | - Philippa A. Hulley
- Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford; Old Road, Headington Oxford United Kingdom
| | - Liam M. Grover
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham; Edgbaston Birmingham United Kingdom
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20
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Choudhary S, Ramasundaram P, Dziopa E, Mannion C, Kissin Y, Tricoli L, Albanese C, Lee W, Zilberberg J. Human ex vivo 3D bone model recapitulates osteocyte response to metastatic prostate cancer. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17975. [PMID: 30568232 PMCID: PMC6299475 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36424-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second leading cause of cancer deaths among American men. Unfortunately, there is no cure once the tumor is established within the bone niche. Although osteocytes are master regulators of bone homeostasis and remodeling, their role in supporting PCa metastases remains poorly defined. This is largely due to a lack of suitable ex vivo models capable of recapitulating the physiological behavior of primary osteocytes. To address this need, we integrated an engineered bone tissue model formed by 3D-networked primary human osteocytes, with conditionally reprogrammed (CR) primary human PCa cells. CR PCa cells induced a significant increase in the expression of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) by osteocytes. The expression of the Wnt inhibitors sclerostin and dickkopf-1 (Dkk-1), exhibited contrasting trends, where sclerostin decreased while Dkk-1 increased. Furthermore, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was induced with a concomitant increase in mineralization, consistent with the predominantly osteoblastic PCa-bone metastasis niche seen in patients. Lastly, we confirmed that traditional 2D culture failed to reproduce these key responses, making the use of our ex vivo engineered human 3D bone tissue an ideal platform for modeling PCa-bone interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Choudhary
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA
| | - Poornema Ramasundaram
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack University Medical Center, Nutley, NJ, USA
| | - Eugenia Dziopa
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack University Medical Center, Nutley, NJ, USA
| | - Ciaran Mannion
- Department of Pathology, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - Yair Kissin
- Insall Scott Kelly Institute for Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA.,Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lucas Tricoli
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Christopher Albanese
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Woo Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA
| | - Jenny Zilberberg
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack University Medical Center, Nutley, NJ, USA.
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21
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Tissue Engineering Platforms to Replicate the Tumor Microenvironment of Multiple Myeloma. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1513:171-191. [PMID: 27807837 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6539-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
We described here the manufacturing and implementation of two prototype perfusion culture devices designed primarily for the cultivation of difficult-to-preserve primary patient-derived multiple myeloma cells (MMC). The first device consists of an osteoblast (OSB)-derived 3D tissue scaffold constructed in a perfused microfluidic environment. The second platform is a 96-well plate-modified perfusion culture device that can be utilized to reconstruct several tissue and tumor microenvironments utilizing both primary human and murine cells. This culture device was designed and fabricated specifically to: (1) enable the preservation of primary MMC for downstream use in biological studies and chemosensitivity analyses and, (2) provide a high-throughput format that is compatible with plate readers specifically seeing that this system is built on an industry standard 96-well tissue culture plate.
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22
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Sun Q, Choudhary S, Mannion C, Kissin Y, Zilberberg J, Lee WY. Ex vivo replication of phenotypic functions of osteocytes through biomimetic 3D bone tissue construction. Bone 2018; 106:148-155. [PMID: 29066313 PMCID: PMC5694355 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Osteocytes, residing as 3-dimensionally (3D) networked cells in bone, are well known to regulate bone and mineral homeostasis and have been recently implicated to interact with cancer cells to influence the progression of bone metastases. In this study, a bone tissue consisting of 3D-networked primary human osteocytes and MLO-A5 cells was constructed using: (1) the biomimetic close-packed assembly of 20-25μm microbeads with primary cells isolated from human bone samples and MLO-A5 cells and (2) subsequent perfusion culture in a microfluidic device. With this 3D tissue construction approach, we replicated ex vivo, for the first time, the mechanotransduction function of human primary osteocytes and MLO-A5 cells by correlating the effects of cyclic compression on down-regulated SOST and DKK1 expressions. Also, as an example of using our ex vivo model to evaluate therapeutic agents, we confirmed previously reported findings that parathyroid hormone (PTH) decreases SOST and increases the ratio of RANKL and OPG. In comparison to other in vitro models, our ex vivo model: (1) replicates the cell density, phenotype, and functions of primary human osteocytes and MLO-A5 cells and (2) thus provides a clinically relevant means of studying bone diseases and metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoling Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA
| | - Saba Choudhary
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA
| | - Ciaran Mannion
- Department of Pathology, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - Yair Kissin
- Department of Orthopeidc Surgery, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - Jenny Zilberberg
- Department of Biomedical Research, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - Woo Y Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA.
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23
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Sun Q, Choudhary S, Mannion C, Kissin Y, Zilberberg J, Lee WY. Ex vivo construction of human primary 3D-networked osteocytes. Bone 2017; 105:245-252. [PMID: 28942121 PMCID: PMC5690542 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A human bone tissue model was developed by constructing ex vivo the 3D network of osteocytes via the biomimetic assembly of primary human osteoblastic cells with 20-25μm microbeads and subsequent microfluidic perfusion culture. The biomimetic assembly: (1) enabled 3D-constructed cells to form cellular network via processes with an average cell-to-cell distance of 20-25μm, and (2) inhibited cell proliferation within the interstitial confine between the microbeads while the confined cells produced extracellular matrix (ECM) to form a mechanically integrated structure. The mature osteocytic expressions of SOST and FGF23 genes became significantly higher, especially for SOST by 250 folds during 3D culture. The results validate that the bone tissue model: (1) consists of 3D cellular network of primary human osteocytes, (2) mitigates the osteoblastic differentiation and proliferation of primary osteoblast-like cells encountered in 2D culture, and (3) therefore reproduces ex vivo the phenotype of human 3D-networked osteocytes. The 3D tissue construction approach is expected to provide a clinically relevant and high-throughput means for evaluating drugs and treatments that target bone diseases with in vitro convenience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoling Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA
| | - Saba Choudhary
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA
| | - Ciaran Mannion
- Department of Pathology, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - Yair Kissin
- Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - Jenny Zilberberg
- Research Department, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA.
| | - Woo Y Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA.
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24
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Choudhary S, Sun Q, Mannion C, Kissin Y, Zilberberg J, Lee WY. Hypoxic Three-Dimensional Cellular Network Construction Replicates Ex Vivo the Phenotype of Primary Human Osteocytes. Tissue Eng Part A 2017; 24:458-468. [PMID: 28594289 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2017.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteocytes are deeply embedded in the mineralized matrix of bone and are nonproliferative, making them a challenge to isolate and maintain using traditional in vitro culture methods without sacrificing their inimitable phenotype. We studied the synergistic effects of two microenvironmental factors that are vital in retaining, ex vivo, the phenotype of primary human osteocytes: hypoxia and three-dimensional (3D) cellular network. To recapitulate the lacunocanalicular structure of bone tissue, we assembled and cultured primary human osteocytic cells with biphasic calcium phosphate microbeads in a microfluidic perfusion culture device. The 3D cellular network was constructed by the following: (1) the inhibited proliferation of cells entrapped by microbeads, biomimetically resembling lacunae, and (2) the connection of neighboring cells by dendrites through the mineralized, canaliculi-like interstitial spaces between the microbeads. We found that hypoxia synergistically and remarkably upregulated the mature osteocytic gene expressions of the 3D-networked cells, SOST (encoding sclerostin) and FGF23 (encoding fibroblast growth factor 23), by several orders of magnitude in comparison to those observed from two-dimensional and normoxic culture controls. Intriguingly, hypoxia facilitated the self-assembly of a nonproliferating, osteoblastic monolayer on the surface of the 3D-networked cells, replicating the osteoblastic endosteal cell layer found at the interface between native bone and bone marrow tissues. Our ability to replicate, with hypoxia, the strong expressions of these mature osteocytic markers, SOST and FGF23, is important since these (1) could not be significantly produced in vitro and (2) are new important targets for treating bone diseases. Our findings are therefore expected to facilitate ex vivo studies of human bone diseases using primary human bone cells and enable high-throughput evaluation of potential bone-targeting therapies with clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Choudhary
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Stevens Institute of Technology , Hoboken, New Jersey
| | - Qiaoling Sun
- 2 Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology , Hoboken, New Jersey
| | - Ciaran Mannion
- 3 Department of Pathology, Hackensack University Medical Center , Hackensack, New Jersey
| | - Yair Kissin
- 4 Insall Scott Kelly Institute for Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine , New York, New York.,5 Hackensack University Medical Center , Hackensack, New Jersey.,6 Lenox Hill Hospital , New York, New York
| | - Jenny Zilberberg
- 7 John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center , Hackensack, New Jersey
| | - Woo Y Lee
- 2 Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology , Hoboken, New Jersey
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25
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Zheng L, Wu S, Tan L, Tan H, Yu B. Chitosan-functionalised single-walled carbon nanotube-mediated drug delivery of SNX-2112 in cancer cells. J Biomater Appl 2016; 31:379-86. [PMID: 27231263 DOI: 10.1177/0885328216651183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Delivery of amphiphobic drugs (insoluble in both water and oil) has been a great challenge in drug delivery. SNX-2112, a novel inhibitor of Hsp90, is a promising drug candidate for treating various types of cancers; however, the insolubility greatly limits its clinical application. This study aimed to build a new type of drug delivery system using single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) for controllable release of SNX-2112; chitosan (CHI) was non-covalently added to SWNTs to improve their biocompatibility. SWNTs-CHI demonstrated high drug-loading capability; the release of SNX-2112 was pH triggered and time related. The intracellular reactive oxygen species of SWNTs–CHI increased, compared with that of SWNTs, leading to higher mitogen-activated protein kinase and cell apoptosis. The results of western-blotting, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay, and cell viability assay analyses indicated that apoptosis-related proteins were abundantly expressed in K562 cells and that the drug delivery system significantly inhibited K562 cells. Thus, SWNT–CHI/SNX-2112 shows great potential as a drug delivery system for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Zheng
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shao Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Tan
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huo Tan
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baodan Yu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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26
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Sun Q, Gu Y, Zhang W, Dziopa L, Zilberberg J, Lee W. Ex vivo 3D osteocyte network construction with primary murine bone cells. Bone Res 2015; 3:15026. [PMID: 26421212 PMCID: PMC4576492 DOI: 10.1038/boneres.2015.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteocytes reside as three-dimensionally (3D) networked cells in the lacunocanalicular structure of bones and regulate bone and mineral homeostasis. Despite of their important regulatory roles, in vitro studies of osteocytes have been challenging because: (1) current cell lines do not sufficiently represent the phenotypic features of mature osteocytes and (2) primary cells rapidly differentiate to osteoblasts upon isolation. In this study, we used a 3D perfusion culture approach to: (1) construct the 3D cellular network of primary murine osteocytes by biomimetic assembly with microbeads and (2) reproduce ex vivo the phenotype of primary murine osteocytes, for the first time to our best knowledge. In order to enable 3D construction with a sufficient number of viable cells, we used a proliferated osteoblastic population of healthy cells outgrown from digested bone chips. The diameter of microbeads was controlled to: (1) distribute and entrap cells within the interstitial spaces between the microbeads and (2) maintain average cell-to-cell distance to be about 19 µm. The entrapped cells formed a 3D cellular network by extending and connecting their processes through openings between the microbeads. Also, with increasing culture time, the entrapped cells exhibited the characteristic gene expressions (SOST and FGF23) and nonproliferative behavior of mature osteocytes. In contrast, 2D-cultured cells continued their osteoblastic differentiation and proliferation. This 3D biomimetic approach is expected to provide a new means of: (1) studying flow-induced shear stress on the mechanotransduction function of primary osteocytes, (2) studying physiological functions of 3D-networked osteocytes with in vitro convenience, and (3) developing clinically relevant human bone disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoling Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology , Hoboken, NJ, USA
| | - Yexin Gu
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology , Hoboken, NJ, USA
| | - Wenting Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology , Hoboken, NJ, USA
| | - Leah Dziopa
- John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center , Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - Jenny Zilberberg
- John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center , Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - Woo Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology , Hoboken, NJ, USA
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Zhang W, Gu Y, Hao Y, Sun Q, Konior K, Wang H, Zilberberg J, Lee WY. Well plate-based perfusion culture device for tissue and tumor microenvironment replication. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:2854-2863. [PMID: 26021852 PMCID: PMC4470735 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00341e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
There are significant challenges in developing in vitro human tissue and tumor models that can be used to support new drug development and evaluate personalized therapeutics. The challenges include: (1) working with primary cells which are often difficult to maintain ex vivo, (2) mimicking native microenvironments from which primary cells are harvested, and (3) the lack of culture devices that can support these microenvironments to evaluate drug responses in a high-throughput manner. Here we report a versatile well plate-based perfusion culture device that was designed, fabricated and used to: (1) ascertain the role of perfusion in facilitating the expansion of human multiple myeloma cells and evaluate drug response of the cells, (2) preserve the physiological phenotype of primary murine osteocytes by reconstructing the 3D cellular network of osteocytes, and (3) circulate primary murine T cells through a layer of primary murine intestine epithelial cells to recapitulate the interaction of the immune cells with the epithelial cells. Through these diverse case studies, we demonstrate the device's design features to support: (1) the convenient and spatiotemporal placement of cells and biomaterials into the culture wells of the device; (2) the replication of tissues and tumor microenvironments using perfusion, stromal cells, and/or biomaterials; (3) the circulation of non-adherent cells through the culture chambers; and (4) conventional tissue and cell characterization by plate reading, histology, and flow cytometry. Future challenges are identified and discussed from the perspective of manufacturing the device and making its operation for routine and wide use.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point on Hudson, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
| | - Y Gu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point on Hudson, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
| | - Y Hao
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point on Hudson, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
| | - Q Sun
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point on Hudson, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
| | - K Konior
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point on Hudson, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
| | - H Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biology, and Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
| | - J Zilberberg
- Research Department, Hackensack University Medical Center, 40 Prospect Ave, Hackensack, NJ, 07601, USA
- John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center
| | - W Y Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point on Hudson, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
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