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Nadeem A, Lyons S, Kindopp A, Jamieson A, Roxbury D. Machine Learning-Assisted Near-Infrared Spectral Fingerprinting for Macrophage Phenotyping. ACS NANO 2024; 18:22874-22887. [PMID: 39148286 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c03387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Spectral fingerprinting has emerged as a powerful tool that is adept at identifying chemical compounds and deciphering complex interactions within cells and engineered nanomaterials. Using near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence spectral fingerprinting coupled with machine learning techniques, we uncover complex interactions between DNA-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes (DNA-SWCNTs) and live macrophage cells, enabling in situ phenotype discrimination. Utilizing Raman microscopy, we showcase statistically higher DNA-SWCNT uptake and a significantly lower defect ratio in M1 macrophages compared to M2 and naive phenotypes. NIR fluorescence data also indicate that distinctive intraendosomal environments of these cell types give rise to significant differences in many optical features, such as emission peak intensities, center wavelengths, and peak intensity ratios. Such features serve as distinctive markers for identifying different macrophage phenotypes. We further use a support vector machine (SVM) model trained on SWCNT fluorescence data to identify M1 and M2 macrophages, achieving an impressive accuracy of >95%. Finally, we observe that the stability of DNA-SWCNT complexes, influenced by DNA sequence length, is a crucial consideration for applications, such as cell phenotyping or mapping intraendosomal microenvironments using AI techniques. Our findings suggest that shorter DNA-sequences like GT6 give rise to more improved model accuracy (>87%) due to increased active interactions of SWCNTs with biomolecules in the endosomal microenvironment. Implications of this research extend to the development of nanomaterial-based platforms for cellular identification, holding promise for potential applications in real time monitoring of in vivo cellular differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aceer Nadeem
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Sarah Lyons
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Aidan Kindopp
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Amanda Jamieson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Daniel Roxbury
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
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2
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Krasley A, Li E, Galeana JM, Bulumulla C, Beyene AG, Demirer GS. Carbon Nanomaterial Fluorescent Probes and Their Biological Applications. Chem Rev 2024; 124:3085-3185. [PMID: 38478064 PMCID: PMC10979413 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Fluorescent carbon nanomaterials have broadly useful chemical and photophysical attributes that are conducive to applications in biology. In this review, we focus on materials whose photophysics allow for the use of these materials in biomedical and environmental applications, with emphasis on imaging, biosensing, and cargo delivery. The review focuses primarily on graphitic carbon nanomaterials including graphene and its derivatives, carbon nanotubes, as well as carbon dots and carbon nanohoops. Recent advances in and future prospects of these fields are discussed at depth, and where appropriate, references to reviews pertaining to older literature are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew
T. Krasley
- Janelia
Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, United States
| | - Eugene Li
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Jesus M. Galeana
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Chandima Bulumulla
- Janelia
Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, United States
| | - Abraham G. Beyene
- Janelia
Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, United States
| | - Gozde S. Demirer
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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3
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Holt BD, Arnold AM, Sydlik SA. Peptide-functionalized reduced graphene oxide as a bioactive mechanically robust tissue regeneration scaffold. POLYM INT 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Holt
- Department of Chemistry; Carnegie Mellon University; Pittsburgh USA
| | - Anne M Arnold
- Department of Chemistry; Carnegie Mellon University; Pittsburgh USA
| | - Stefanie A Sydlik
- Department of Chemistry; Carnegie Mellon University; Pittsburgh USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Carnegie Mellon University; Pittsburgh USA
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4
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Holt BD, Roginskaya V, Van Houten B, Islam MF, Dahl KN. Dispersed single wall carbon nanotubes do not impact mitochondria structure or function, but technical issues during analysis could yield incorrect results. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:369-374. [DOI: 10.1039/c6tb02180h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria, which generate cellular energy, are not influenced by purified carbon nanotubes. Many traditional biological assays to determine mitochondria function give false results because of nanotube surface activity and optical interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D. Holt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Carnegie Mellon University
- Pittsburgh
- USA
| | - Vera Roginskaya
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and The University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute
- Hillman Cancer Center
- Pittsburgh
- USA
| | - Bennett Van Houten
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and The University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute
- Hillman Cancer Center
- Pittsburgh
- USA
| | - Mohammad F. Islam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Carnegie Mellon University
- Pittsburgh
- USA
| | - Kris Noel Dahl
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Carnegie Mellon University
- Pittsburgh
- USA
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5
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Kuku G, Saricam M, Akhatova F, Danilushkina A, Fakhrullin R, Culha M. Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering to Evaluate Nanomaterial Cytotoxicity on Living Cells. Anal Chem 2016; 88:9813-9820. [PMID: 27611981 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The increasing number of reports about false positive or negative results from conventional cytotoxicity assays of nanomaterials (NMs) suggests that more reliable NM toxicity assessment methods should be developed. Here, we report a novel approach for nanotoxicity evaluation based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Three model NMs were tested on two model cell lines and the results were validated by WST-1 cytotoxicity assay and annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide (PI) staining as apoptosis-necrosis assay. The localization of nanoparticles (NPs) in the cells and the cellular conditions upon NP incubation were visualized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and enhanced dark-field (EDF) microscopy. SERS revealed a broader view on the consequences of cell-NM interactions compared to the conventional cytotoxicity assays where only one aspect of toxicity can be measured by one assay type. The results suggest that SERS can significantly contribute to the cytotoxicity evaluation bypassing NM or assay component-related complications with less effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Kuku
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University , Atasehir, Istanbul, 34755, Turkey
| | - Melike Saricam
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University , Atasehir, Istanbul, 34755, Turkey
| | - Farida Akhatova
- Bionanotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University , Kreml uramı 18, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, 420008, Russian Federation
| | - Anna Danilushkina
- Bionanotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University , Kreml uramı 18, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, 420008, Russian Federation
| | - Rawil Fakhrullin
- Bionanotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University , Kreml uramı 18, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, 420008, Russian Federation
| | - Mustafa Culha
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University , Atasehir, Istanbul, 34755, Turkey
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6
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Holt BD, Shawky JH, Dahl KN, Davidson LA, Islam MF. Distribution of single wall carbon nanotubes in the Xenopus laevis embryo after microinjection. J Appl Toxicol 2016; 36:568-78. [PMID: 26510384 PMCID: PMC4943752 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are advanced materials with the potential for a myriad of diverse applications, including biological technologies and large-scale usage with the potential for environmental impacts. SWCNTs have been exposed to developing organisms to determine their effects on embryogenesis, and results have been inconsistent arising, in part, from differing material quality, dispersion status, material size, impurity from catalysts and stability. For this study, we utilized highly purified SWCNT samples with short, uniform lengths (145 ± 17 nm) well dispersed in solution. To test high exposure doses, we microinjected > 500 µg ml(-1) SWCNT concentrations into the well-established embryogenesis model, Xenopus laevis, and determined embryo compatibility and subcellular localization during development. SWCNTs localized within cellular progeny of the microinjected cells, but were heterogeneously distributed throughout the target-injected tissue. Co-registering unique Raman spectral intensity of SWCNTs with images of fluorescently labeled subcellular compartments demonstrated that even at regions of highest SWCNT concentration, there were no gross alterations to subcellular microstructures, including filamentous actin, endoplasmic reticulum and vesicles. Furthermore, SWCNTs did not aggregate and localized to the perinuclear subcellular region. Combined, these results suggest that purified and dispersed SWCNTs are not toxic to X. laevis animal cap ectoderm and may be suitable candidate materials for biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D. Holt
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joseph H. Shawky
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kris Noel Dahl
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lance A. Davidson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mohammad F. Islam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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7
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Boyer PD, Ganesh S, Qin Z, Holt BD, Buehler MJ, Islam MF, Dahl KN. Delivering Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes to the Nucleus Using Engineered Nuclear Protein Domains. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:3524-34. [PMID: 26783632 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b12602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have great potential for cell-based therapies due to their unique intrinsic optical and physical characteristics. Consequently, broad classes of dispersants have been identified that individually suspend SWCNTs in water and cell media in addition to reducing nanotube toxicity to cells. Unambiguous control and verification of the localization and distribution of SWCNTs within cells, particularly to the nucleus, is needed to advance subcellular technologies utilizing nanotubes. Here we report delivery of SWCNTs to the nucleus by noncovalently attaching the tail domain of the nuclear protein lamin B1 (LB1), which we engineer from the full-length LMNB1 cDNA. More than half of this low molecular weight globular protein is intrinsically disordered but has an immunoglobulin-fold composed of a central hydrophobic core, which is highly suitable for associating with SWCNTs, stably suspending SWCNTs in water and cell media. In addition, LB1 has an exposed nuclear localization sequence to promote active nuclear import of SWCNTs. These SWCNTs-LB1 dispersions in water and cell media display near-infrared (NIR) absorption spectra with sharp van Hove peaks and an NIR fluorescence spectra, suggesting that LB1 individually disperses nanotubes. The dispersing capability of SWCNTs by LB1 is similar to that by albumin proteins. The SWCNTs-LB1 dispersions with concentrations ≥150 μg/mL (≥30 μg/mL) in water (cell media) remain stable for ≥75 days (≥3 days) at 4 °C (37 °C). Further, molecular dynamics modeling of association of LB1 with SWCNTs reveal that the exposure of the nuclear localization sequence is independent of LB1 binding conformation. Measurements from confocal Raman spectroscopy and microscopy, NIR fluorescence imaging of SWCNTs, and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy show that millions of these SWCNTs-LB1 complexes enter HeLa cells, localize to the nucleus of cells, and interact with DNA. We postulate that the modification of native cellular proteins as noncovalent dispersing agents to provide specific transport will open new possibilities to utilize both SWCNT and protein properties for multifunctional subcellular targeting applications. Specifically, nuclear targeting could allow delivery of anticancer therapies, genetic treatments, or DNA to the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zhao Qin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | | | - Markus J Buehler
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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8
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Roxbury D, Jena PV, Shamay Y, Horoszko CP, Heller DA. Cell Membrane Proteins Modulate the Carbon Nanotube Optical Bandgap via Surface Charge Accumulation. ACS NANO 2016; 10:499-506. [PMID: 26654246 PMCID: PMC4975035 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b05438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Cell adhesion is a protein-mediated process intrinsic to most living organisms. Dysfunction in cell adhesion processes is implicated in various diseases, including thrombosis and metastatic cancers. Using an approach to resolve spectral features from cell membrane-associated photoluminescent single-walled carbon nanotubes, we found that nanotube optical bandgaps respond to the electrostatic potential of the cell surface, which corresponds to cell adhesion properties. We studied the carbon nanotube emission energy response to solution ionic potentials, which suggests sensitivity to local charge accumulation. We conclude that nanotubes respond to cell surface electrostatic potentials that are mediated by membrane proteins, which vary significantly across cell types. These findings portend the optical measurement of surface electrostatic potentials for biophysical measurements and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Roxbury
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Prakrit V. Jena
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Yosi Shamay
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Christopher P. Horoszko
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Daniel A. Heller
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, United States
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