A dual-emission fluorescence-enhanced probe for imaging copper(ii) ions in lysosomes

Small-Molecule Fluorescent Probes for Binding- and Activity-Based Sensing of Redox-Active Biological Metals

Although transition metals constitute less than 0.1% of the total mass within a human body, they have a substantial impact on fundamental biological processes across all kingdoms of life. Indeed, these nutrients play crucial roles in the physiological functions of enzymes, with the redox properties of many of these metals being essential to their activity. At the same time, imbalances in transition metal pools can be detrimental to health. Modern analytical techniques are helping to illuminate the workings of metal homeostasis at a molecular and atomic level, their spatial localization in real time, and the implications of metal dysregulation in disease pathogenesis. Fluorescence microscopy has proven to be one of the most promising non-invasive methods for studying metal pools in biological samples. The accuracy and sensitivity of bioimaging experiments are predominantly determined by the fluorescent metal-responsive sensor, highlighting the importance of rational probe design for such measurements. This review covers activity- and binding-based fluorescent metal sensors that have been applied to cellular studies. We focus on the essential redox-active metals: iron, copper, manganese, cobalt, chromium, and nickel. We aim to encourage further targeted efforts in developing innovative approaches to understanding the biological chemistry of redox-active metals.

Development of dual-channel fluorescent mesoporous SiO2 nanosphere-coated yttrium aluminum garnet composites for sensitive detection of latent fingerprints

In this study, we investigated the detection of latent fingerprints (LFPs) using green light- and near-infrared (NIR) light-induced up/down-conversion dual-channel composites. Upconverted yttrium aluminium garnet (YAG) was prepared using a citric acid-assisted sol-gel method. After loading rhodamine 6G (RhD-6) into mesoporous silica nanospheres (MSNs), the MSNs-RhD-6 composites were coated with the as-synthesised YAG via electrostatic adsorption using the layer-by-layer method, demonstrating reversible switching between yellow and green light waves under 525 nm green light or 980 nm laser excitation. To evaluate the effectiveness of YAG-MSNs-RhD-6 powder in criminal investigations, we conducted simulations for different fingerprint scenarios. The results indicated that even after prolonged aging (up to 20 days), exposure to water, or high-temperature baking, the fingerprints remained clearly visible in the images. The detection of LFPs on various substrate surfaces exhibited high contrast, with the details of the fingerprints easily observable even after appropriate magnification. This study opens a new path for green light- and near-infrared light-induced up/down-conversion dual-channel composites for optical applications.

A druggable copper-signalling pathway that drives inflammation

Inflammation is a complex physiological process triggered in response to harmful stimuli1. It involves cells of the immune system capable of clearing sources of injury and damaged tissues. Excessive inflammation can occur as a result of infection and is a hallmark of several diseases2-4. The molecular bases underlying inflammatory responses are not fully understood. Here we show that the cell surface glycoprotein CD44, which marks the acquisition of distinct cell phenotypes in the context of development, immunity and cancer progression, mediates the uptake of metals including copper. We identify a pool of chemically reactive copper(II) in mitochondria of inflammatory macrophages that catalyses NAD(H) redox cycling by activating hydrogen peroxide. Maintenance of NAD+ enables metabolic and epigenetic programming towards the inflammatory state. Targeting mitochondrial copper(II) with supformin (LCC-12), a rationally designed dimer of metformin, induces a reduction of the NAD(H) pool, leading to metabolic and epigenetic states that oppose macrophage activation. LCC-12 interferes with cell plasticity in other settings and reduces inflammation in mouse models of bacterial and viral infections. Our work highlights the central role of copper as a regulator of cell plasticity and unveils a therapeutic strategy based on metabolic reprogramming and the control of epigenetic cell states.

Fluorescent Probes Design Strategies for Imaging Mitochondria and Lysosomes

Modern cellular biology faces several major obstacles, such as the determination of the concentration of active sites corresponding to chemical substances. In recent years, the popular small-molecule fluorescent probes have completely changed the understanding of cellular biology through their high sensitivity toward specific substances in various organisms. Mitochondria and lysosomes are significant organelles in various organisms, and their interaction is closely related to the development of various diseases. The investigation of their structure and function has gathered tremendous attention from biologists. The advanced nanoscopic technologies have replaced the diffraction-limited conventional imaging techniques and have been developed to explore the unknown aspects of mitochondria and lysosomes with a sub-diffraction resolution. Recent progress in this field has yielded several excellent mitochondria- and lysosome-targeted fluorescent probes, some of which have demonstrated significant biological applications. Herein, we review studies that have been carried out to date and suggest future research directions that will harness the considerable potential of mitochondria- and lysosome-targeted fluorescent probes.

Synthesis of gold nanoclusters-loaded lysozyme nanoparticles for ratiometric fluorescent detection of cyanide in tap water, cyanogenic glycoside-containing plants, and soils

The modification of protein-stabilized gold nanoclusters with fluorophores has been intensively applied for the ratiometric detection of biomolecules, metal ions, and anions. This study developed a straightforward strategy to prepare lysozyme nanoparticle-encapsulated gold nanoclusters (LysNP-AuNCs) as a dual-emission probe for the ratiometric sensing of cyanide through fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) without the conjugation of additional fluorophores. The reduction of gold ion precursors with lysozyme generated lysozyme-stabilized AuNCs under an alkaline pH, which were demonstrated to self-assemble into nanoaggregates during the formation of AuNCs. The aggregated lysozyme molecules on the AuNCs were treated with glutaraldehyde, triggering the conversion of the aggregated lysozymes into blue-emitting lysozyme nanoparticles. As a result, the AuNCs were well distributed inside a single lysozyme nanoparticle, as demonstrated by transmission electron microscopy. The presence of cyanide triggered the etching of the AuNCs in the LysNP-AuNCs, leading to the suppression of FRET from lysozyme nanoparticle to AuNCs. The LysNP-AuNC probe was implemented for FRET detection of cyanide with a linear range of 3-100 μM. Additionally, the selectivity of the LysNP-AuNC probe for cyanide toward other anions was remarkably high. The practicality of the proposed probe was evaluated by quantifying cyanide in tap water and soils and monitoring the liberation of hydrogen cyanide from cyanogenic glycoside-containing foods.

A gama-turn mimetic for selective sensing of Cu(II) and combinatorial multiple logic gate

We have designed and synthesized a gama-turn mimetic using fenamic acid and α-aminoisobutyricacid (Aib), the conformation and optoelectronic properties of which can be changed by appropriate external stimuli. From single-crystal...

A dual-emission fluorescence-enhanced probe for hydrogen sulfide and its application in biological imaging

A fluorescence-enhanced probe with unique dual-channel emissions was designed for the detection and bioimaging of hydrogen sulfide.

A Novel Diarylethene-rhodamine Unit Based Chemosensor for Fluorimetric and Colorimetric Detection of Hg2

A novel fluorimetric and colorimetric chemosensor (1O) was synthesized with diarylethene-rhodamine unit and characterized by ESI-MS, ¹H NMR, and ¹³C NMR. The chemosensor can selectively recognize extremely low concentrations of Hg²⁺ over a variety of metal ions with remarkable colorimetric and fluorescent responses. The colorimetric and fluorescent changes were ascribed the reaction between 1O and Hg²⁺ destructed the rhodamine hydrazide into open-ring form which was proved by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic titration analyses. The detection limits of the UV absorption and fluorescence methods for Hg²⁺ were found to be 0.708 μM and 24.6 nM, respectively. Moreover, the chemosensor exhibited excellent photochromism and outstanding fatigue resistance property under alternating UV and visible light irradiation. The application potential of the chemosensor was demonstrated with the qualitative detection of Hg²⁺ in real water samples.

Hydrazone derivative bearing coumarin for the relay detection of Cu2+ and H2S in an almost neat aqueous solution and bioimaging in lysosomes

A new morpholine functionalized coumarin-based fluorescent probe 1 was easily synthesized. The probe realized the sequentially detecting of Cu²⁺ and H₂S in the HEPES buffer solution (20 mM, pH = 5.0). It made a turn-off fluorescence response to Cu²⁺ by using a complex formation with a 2:1 binding mode, and the resulting complex was able to detect H₂S according to the displacement approach with a turn-on fluorescence response. The detecting limits of probe 1 for Cu²⁺ and 1-Cu²⁺ system for H₂S were calculated to be 26 nM and 88.5 nM, respectively. This "on-off-on" recognition process was demonstrated by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, using proton nuclear magnetic resonance studies, electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy, single crystal X-ray diffraction, and using density functional theory calculations. In addition, both cell imaging and co-staining experiments showed that the probe could be utilized to visually detect Cu²⁺ and H₂S in lysosomes.

A simple organic multi-analyte fluorescent prober: One molecule realizes the detection to DNT, TATP and Sarin substitute gas

The detections of explosives and chemical warfare agents (CWAs) are always important for global security. In this study, a simple donor (D)- acceptor (A) type small organic fluorescent triazole-based molecule (T1) is reported. T1 is composed of a central 4H-1, 2, 4-triazole (TAZ) "core" and three external triphenylamine (TPA) groups. Its spin-coating films can realize the multi-analyte fluorescent prober to detect DNT (2, 4-dinitrotoluene), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂, the substitute for triacetone triperoxide (TATP)) and diethylchlorophosphate (DCP, the substitute for Sarin) vapors. Additionally, the combination of the triple sensing mechanism in the different channels affords three distinct sets of output-signal responses, these three hazardous compounds could be identified rapidly with high sensitivity and selectivity: fluorescence turn-off response to DNT, fluorescence turn-on response to H₂O₂ and fluorometric-colorimetric dual-channel response to DCP. T1 fluorescent probe is highly advantageous for concurrently monitoring various hazardous target substances and simultaneously possessing the desirable sensitivity and selectivity, excellent reusability. Hereby, this study provides a prototype method to build novel multifunctional fluorescent probes to explosives and CWAs.

Construction of a dual-response fluorescent probe for copper (II) ions and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) detection in cells and its application in exploring the increased copper-dependent cytotoxicity in present of H2S

Multiple types of metal ions and active small molecules (reactive nitrogen species, reactive oxygen species, reactive sulfur species, etc.) exist in living organisms. They have connections to each other and can interact and/or interfere with each other. To investigate the relationship of metal ions and active small molecules in living cells, it is necessary and critical to develop molecular tools that can track two kinds of associated certain metal ions and reactive molecules with multiple fluorescence signals. However, this is a challenging task that requires an ingenious molecular design to achieve this goal. Here, we present a fluorescent probe (D-CN) that can offer fluorescence imaging of H₂S and copper (II) ions with different response signals. Recognition of H₂S and Cu (II) by the new probe can result in green and red emissions, respectively, providing different signal responses to the two substances in living cells and zebrafish. In addition, we used this probe to visually prove that the cytotoxicity of copper ions in living cells increases in the presence of hydrogen sulfide and could lead to cell apoptosis.

A near-infrared fluorescent probe based on a novel rectilinearly π-extended rhodamine derivative and its applications

A novel NIR fluorescent probe RQNA based on a π-extended rhodamine derivative RQN for the specific detection of mitochondrial Cu²⁺ has been synthesized.

Novel rhodamine dye with large Stokes shifts by fusing the 1,4-diethylpiperazine moiety and its applications in fast detection of Cu2+

Rhodamine dyes were widely developed for designing probes due to their excellent photophysical properties and biocompatibility. However, traditional rhodamine dyes still bear major drawbacks of short emission wavelengths (<600 nm) and narrow Stokes shifts (<30 nm), which limit their biological imaging applications. Herein, we reported a novel mitochondria-targeted fluorescent dye JRQ with near-infrared (NIR) emission wavelength and improved Stokes shift (63 nm) by tuning the donor–acceptor–donor (D–A–D) character of the rhodamine skeleton. As expected, JRQ exhibited multiple excellent properties and could accumulate in mitochondria, and can therefore be used as a signal reporter for the design of fluorescent probes by taking advantage of the fluorescence controlled mechanism of the ring opening and closing chemical processes of the spirolactone platform. By using JRQ as a precursor, a highly sensitive fluorescent probe JRQN for the fast detection of mitochondrial Cu²⁺ ions was synthesized based on the Cu²⁺-triggered specific hydrolysis mechanism because mitochondria are an important reservoir of intracellular Cu²⁺. We expect that the Stokes shift increase of rhodamine dyes via tuning the donor–acceptor–donor (D–A–D) character of the rhodamine skeleton will provide a novel synthetic approach for the development of rhodamine dyes and expansion of their applications.

A novel NIR rhodamine dye JRQ with large Stokes shift (70 nm) by fusing the 1,4-diethylpiperazine moiety in rhodamine dyes has been synthesized and utilized to design a probe.

Trichromatic-emission and dual-ratio semiconducting polymer dots as fluorescent probe for simultaneous quantification of Cu2+ and pH in vitro and in vivo

Polymer dots emitting in the red, green and blue color regions, have been successfully applied as lysosome-targeting nanoprobes for the simultaneous detection and multicolor imaging of pH and Cu²⁺ in HeLa cells and zebrafish.

Small-molecule fluorescent probes for specific detection and imaging of chemical species inside lysosomes

In the past few years, the preparation of novel small-molecule fluorescent probes for specific detection and imaging of chemical species inside lysosomes has attracted considerable attention because of their wide applications in chemistry, biology, and medical science. This feature article summarizes the recent advances in the design and preparation of small-molecule fluorescent probes for specific detection of chemical species inside lysosomes. In addition, their properties and applications for the detection and imaging of pH, H2O2, HOCl, O2˙-, lipid peroxidation, H2S, HSO3-, thiols, NO, ONOO-, HNO, Zn2+, Cu2+, enzymes, etc. in lysosomes are discussed as well.

AIE active salicylaldehyde-based hydrazone: A novel single-molecule multianalyte (Al3+ or Cu2+) sensor in different solvents

A simple asymmetric hydrazone 1 based on salicylaldehyde was designed and prepared, and exhibited an evident aggregation-induced emission (AIE) at a long wavelength of 570 nm in aqueous medium. Probe 1 can selectively sense Al³⁺ in CH₃OH solution through the chelation-enhanced fluorescence mechanism and also recognize Cu²⁺ via fluorescence quenching in H₂O solution through the Cu²⁺-induced assembly of aggregates. In addition, the probe can be applied for detecting Cu²⁺ in biological samples.

Novel rhodamine-based colorimetric and fluorescent sensor for the dual-channel detection of Cu2+ and Co2+/trivalent metal ions and its AIRE activities

A rhodamine hydrazone 1 bearing coumarin moiety was designed and prepared. Compound 1 exhibited high selectivity toward Co²⁺ and trivalent metal ions with fluorescence enhancement in CH₃OH solution. However, 1 selectively responded to Al³⁺ in nearly pure H₂O media and was further applied to monitor Al³⁺ in live cells. Moreover, 1 could also act as a colorimetric probe toward Cu²⁺ in either CH₃OH or H₂O solution. In addition, sensor 1 displayed aggregation-induced ratiometric emission (AIRE) activities in mixed H₂O/CH₃OH solution.

Ratiometric fluorescent probe based on pyrrole-modified rhodamine 6G hydrazone for the imaging of Cu2+ in lysosomes

A novel rhodamine-based Schiff base derivative was obtained via the simple condensation of substituted formyl-1H-pyrrole and rhodamine 6G hydrazone. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer enabled the subsequent use of the derivative as a naked-eye colorimetric and ratiometric fluorescent sensor for Cu²⁺ in semi-aqueous solution, and the existence of the morpholine group enabled the further application of the sensor in imaging Cu²⁺ in the lysosomes of HeLa cells.

Development of a two-photon fluorescent probe for the selective detection of β-galactosidase in living cells and tissues

We have developed a two-photon fluorescent β-gal probe (G-GAL), which was demonstrated to be an efficient two-photon biosensor for β-gal in living cells and tissues.

A targetable fluorescent probe for real-time monitoring of fluoride ions in mitochondria

Fluorion are pivotal anions in biology because they play an important role in dental care, treating osteoporosis, preventing tooth decay and promoting the healthy growth of bone. Studies have shown that high levels of fluoride will lead to the inactivation of the mitochondria. Therefore, it is urgent to develop a method to detect the fluoride anions in the mitochondria. Herein, we have developed a novel mitochondrial-target fluorescent probe for detecting F^- in living cells. The probe exhibited excellent sensitivity and high selectivity for F^- over the other relative species. With changing fluoride ions, the fluorescence spectrum of the probe changed significantly with a large turn-on fluorescence signal. Cell imaging indicated that the probe can penetrate viable cell membranes and rapidly detects and images fluorion over other anions in the mitochondria.

A highly selective and sensitive fluorescent probe for Cu2+ based on a novel naphthalimide-rhodamine platform and its application in live cell imaging

Copper plays important roles in a variety of fundamental physiological processes. At the cell organelle level, aberrant copper homeostasis in lysosomes can lead to various serious diseases. Herein, a bifluorophore-based, lysosome-targetable Cu²⁺-selective ratiometric fluorescent probe (V) has been synthesized by reasonable design. The probe V shows high selectivity toward Cu²⁺ ions over other cations and exhibits high sensitivity (1.45 nM) for the detection of Cu²⁺ ions. Meanwhile, the probe is cell permeable and suitable for ratiometric visualization of lysosomal Cu²⁺ in the living cell.

A six-membered-ring incorporated Si-rhodamine for imaging of copper(ii) in lysosomes

The regulation of copper homeostasis in lysosomes of living cells is closely related to various physiological and pathological processes. Thus, it is of urgent need to develop a fluorescent probe for selectively and sensitively monitoring the location and concentration of lysosomal Cu(2+). Herein, a six-membered ring, thiosemicarbazide, was incorporated into a Si-rhodamine (SiR) scaffold for the first time, affording a SiR-based fluorescent probe SiRB-Cu. Through the effective Cu(2+)-triggered ring-opening process, the probe exhibits fast NIR chromogenic and fluorogenic responses to Cu(2+) within 2 min as the result of formation of a highly fluorescent product SiR-NCS. Compared with a five-membered ring, the expanded ring retains great tolerance to H(+), ensuring the superior sensitivity with a detection limit as low as 7.7 nM and 200-fold enhancement of relative fluorescence in the presence of 1.0 equiv. of Cu(2+) in pH = 5.0 solution, the physiological pH of lysosome. Moreover, the thiosemicarbazide moiety acts not only as the chelating and reactive site, but also as an efficient lysosome-targeting group, leading to the proactive accumulation of the probe into lysosomes. Taking advantage of these distinct properties, SiRB-Cu provides a functional probe suitable for imaging exogenous and endogenous lysosomal Cu(2+) with high imaging contrast and fidelity.

An ‘‘off–on–off’’ sensor for sequential detection of Cu2+ and hydrogen sulfide based on a naphthalimide–rhodamine B derivative and its application in dual-channel cell imaging

A novel colorimetric and fluorometric sensor with unique dual-channel emission to sequentially detect Cu²⁺ and hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) was synthesized from naphthalimide–rhodamine B through the PET and FRET mechanism. The sensor showed a selective “off–on” fluorescence response with a 120-fold increase toward Cu²⁺, and its limits of detection were 0.26 μM and 0.17 μM for UV-vis and fluorescence measurements, respectively. In addition, 1–Cu²⁺ was an efficient “on–off” sensor to detect H₂S with detection limits of 0.40 μM (UV-vis measurement) and 0.23 μM (fluorescence measurement), respectively. Furthermore, the sensor can also be used for biological imaging of intracellular staining in living cells. Therefore, the sensor should be highly promising for the detection of low level Cu²⁺ and H₂S with great potential in many practical applications.

A novel colorimetric and fluorometric sensor with unique dual-channel emission to sequentially detect Cu²⁺ and hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) was synthesized from naphthalimide–rhodamine B through the PET and FRET mechanism.

A dual-channel responsive near-infrared fluorescent probe for multicolour imaging of cysteine in living cells

Aberrant levels of cysteine (Cys) in living cells are closely related to some diseases; thus in situ visualization of intracellular Cys is very helpful for the investigation of physiological and pathological processes. Herein, we report a dual-channel responsive near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probe for multicolour imaging of Cys in living cells. The probe was constructed with a NIR BODIPY attached to 7-nitrobenzofurazan (NBD) via an ether bond. Upon substitution of the ether with the nucleophilic thiolate of Cys, a NIR BODIPY fluorophore was released to produce a significant fluorescence-enhanced signal at 735 nm. Moreover, Cys induced an intramolecular rearrangement reaction on the electrophilic site of NBD, resulting in another emission band at 540 nm. This probe exhibited some favorable properties including a dual-channel response, high fluorescence brightness, good photostability, fast response, low detection limit (22 nM) and low cytotoxicity. Furthermore, the probe was successfully applied for multicolour imaging of Cys in living cells.

A highly sensitive and fast responsive naphthalimide-based fluorescent probe for Cu2+ and its application

The response of the probe L to Cu²⁺ is reversible and very fast (20 s). L has a low detection limit of 49 nM and was used for imaging of Cu²⁺ in MCF-7 cells with satisfying results. The sensor L can be analyzed with a molecular logic gate.

Unique phenanthrenequinone imidazole-based fluorescent materials with aggregation-induced or two-photon emission

In this work, we developed a single fluorophore core with different substituents that can exhibit either outstanding AIE or two-photon properties.

A fast-response two-photon fluorescent probe for the detection of Cys over GSH/Hcy with a large turn-on signal and its application in living tissues

Cysteine (Cys), a small-molecule aminothiol, plays important roles in various physiological processes in connection with various diseases, such as skin lesions, edema, hair depigmentation and liver damage. We developed a novel two-photon fluorescent probe for sensing Cys in presence of GSH and Hcy in vivo. The two-photon fluorescent probe exhibited favorable properties, including fast response (about 20 min), good selectivity, and low cytotoxicity. Furthermore, it was successfully applied for imaging Cys in living cells and tissues.

Ratiometric Nanothermometer Based on Rhodamine Dye-Incorporated F127-Melamine-Formaldehyde Polymer Nanoparticle: Preparation, Characterization, Wide-Range Temperature Sensing, and Precise Intracellular Thermometry

A series of fluorescent nanothermometers (FTs) was prepared with Rhodamine dye-incorporated Pluronic F-127-melamine-formaldehyde composite polymer nanoparticles (R-F127-MF NPs). The highly soluble Rhodamine dye molecules were bound with Pluronic F127 micelles and subsequently incorporated in the cross-linked MF resin NPs during high-temperature cross-link treatment. The morphology and chemical structure of R-F127-MF NPs were characterized with dynamic light scattering, electron microscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. Fluorescence properties and thermoresponsivities were analyzed using fluorescence spectra. R-F127-MF NPs are found to be monodispersed, presenting a size range of 88-105 nm, and have bright fluorescence and high stability in severe treatments such as autoclave sterilization and lyophilization. By simultaneously incorporating Rhodamine B and Rhodamine 110 (as reference) dyes at a doping ratio of 1:400 in the NPs, ratiometric FTs with a high sensibility of 7.6%·°C(-1) and a wide temperature sensing range from -20 to 110 °C were obtained. The FTs exhibit good stability in solutions with varied pH, ionic strengths, and viscosities and have similar working curves in both intracellular and extracellular environments. Cellular temperature variations in Hela cells during microwave exposure were successfully monitored using the FTs, indicating their considerable potential applications in the biomedical field.

Loading and release of fluorescent oligoarginine peptides into/from pH-responsive anionic supramolecular nanoparticles

Supramolecular nanoparticles (SNPs) based on negatively charged polymeric components can act as pH-responsive systems which allow the encapsulation and release of a positively charged cargo by electrostatic interactions. Fluorescent SNPs, based on the negatively charged poly(isobutyl-alt-maleic acid) and labeled with rhodamine B, were used as carriers to encapsulate positively charged Arg_n peptides grafted with a cyanine dye. The energy transfer (FRET) between the dyes residing in a single particle was used to provide a sensing mechanism to study the encapsulation and release of the peptide cargo into/from the SNPs. The change in the spectral signature of the cyanine dye from encapsulated in the SNPs to free in solution was used to characterize the Arg_n release. Finally, in vitro experiments revealed that the Arg_n release from these SNPs occurred at the pH drop that mimics lysosome conditions.

A lysosome-targeted and ratiometric fluorescent probe for imaging exogenous and endogenous hypochlorous acid in living cells

We have developed the first small-molecule based, lysosomal-targeted ratiometric fluorescent HClO probe (Lyso-HA). Fluorescence imaging shows that it is suitable for ratiometric visualization of exogenous and endogenous HClO at lysosomes in living cells.

A novel triphenylamine-BODIPY dendron: click synthesis, near-infrared emission and a multi-channel chemodosimeter for Hg2+ and Fe3+

A novel near-infrared emission triphenylamine-BODIPY dendron for Hg²⁺ and Fe³⁺ detection, fluorescent nanoparticle and living cell imaging.

Fluorescent chemosensors manipulated by dual/triple interplaying sensing mechanisms

This review highlights the design strategies and response processes of the fluorescent chemosensors with dual/triple interplaying sensing mechanisms.