1
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Liu G, Zhang B, Wan T, Zhou C, Fan Y, Tian W, Jing W. A 3D-printed biphasic calcium phosphate scaffold loaded with platelet lysate/gelatin methacrylate to promote vascularization. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:3138-3151. [PMID: 35352743 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb00006g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
3D-printed biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) scaffolds show great clinical application potential in bone tissue engineering; however, vascularization of the scaffold is a crucial step for bone regeneration and is still difficult to be controlled. To enhance scaffold vascularization, a novel bioactive scaffold loaded with platelet lysate/gelatin methacrylate (PL/GelMA) in a BCP scaffold was proposed for promoting vascularization. The PL/GelMA/BCP scaffold was successfully prepared via digital light processing (DLP) printing and filled with PL/GelMA to promote the vascularization effect. In vitro evaluation indicated that human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) adhered well on the PL/GelMA/BCP scaffold, and cell proliferation was significantly promoted by coculture with the scaffold. Moreover, a variety of growth factors (GFs) in the PL were detected which were slowly released from the scaffold to modulate the cell behaviour and promote the formation of blood vessel-like structures. Co-culturing with the PL/GelMA/BCP scaffold upregulated the expression of angiogenesis-related genes in cells. In vitro results showed that a higher capillary formation was also observed in PL/GelMA/BCP scaffolds implanted subcutaneously on the back of the rats. These results indicated that the vascularization ability of BCP was enhanced by filling it with PL/GelMA. The PL/GelMA/BCP scaffold has the potential to promote vascularization in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China. .,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3Rd Section of Ren Min Nan Rd., Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Boqing Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Ting Wan
- Affiliated Hospital of Sichuan Nursing Vocational College (The Third People's Hospital of Sichuan Province), Chengdu 610071, China
| | - Changchun Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yujiang Fan
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Weidong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China. .,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3Rd Section of Ren Min Nan Rd., Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Wei Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China. .,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3Rd Section of Ren Min Nan Rd., Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
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2
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Cheng C, Peng X, Qi H, Wang X, Yu X, Wang Y, Yu X. A promising potential candidate for vascular replacement materials with anti-inflammatory action, good hemocompatibility and endotheliocyte-cytocompatibility: phytic acid-fixed amniotic membrane. Biomed Mater 2021; 16. [PMID: 34492639 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ac246d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Due to its excellent biocompatibility and anti-inflammatory activity, amniotic membrane (AM) has attracted much attention from scholars. However, its clinical application in vascular reconstruction was limited for poor processability, rapid biodegradation, and insufficient hemocompatibility. A naturally extracted substance with good cytocompatibility, phytic acid (PA), which can quickly form strong and stable hydrogen bonds on the tissue surface, was used to crosslink decellularized AM (DAM) to prepare a novel vascular replacement material. The results showed that PA-fixed AM had excellent mechanical strength and resistance to enzymatic degradation as well as appropriate surface hydrophilicity. Among all samples, 2% PA-fixed specimen showed excellent human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs)-cytocompatibility and hemocompatibility. It could also stimulate the secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor and endothelin-1 from seeded HUVECs, indicating that PA might promote neovascularization after implantation of PA-fixed specimens. Also, 2% PA-fixed specimen could inhibit the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-αfrom co-cultured macrophages, thus might reduce the inflammatory response after sample implantation. Finally, the results ofex vivoblood test andin vivoexperiments confirmed our deduction that PA might promote neovascularization after implantation. All the results indicated that prepared PA-fixed DAM could be considered as a promising small-diameter vascular replacement material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Cheng
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Peng
- Experimental and Research Animal Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Qi
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Wang
- Chengdu University of TCM, College of Acupuncture and Massage College, No. 37, Twelve Bridge Road, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610075, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoshuang Yu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhang Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Xixun Yu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
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3
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Wang K, Shang T, Zhang L, Zhou L, Liu C, Fu Y, Zhao Y, Li X, Wang J. Application of a Reactive Oxygen Species-Responsive Drug-Eluting Coating for Surface Modification of Vascular Stents. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:35431-35443. [PMID: 34304556 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c08880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Stent implantation is the primary method used to treat coronary heart disease. However, it is associated with complications such as restenosis and late thrombosis. Despite surface modification being an effective way to improve the biocompatibility of stents, the current research studies are not focused on changes in the vascular microenvironment at the implantation site. In the present study, an adaptive drug-loaded coating was constructed on the surface of vascular stent materials that can respond to oxidative stress at the site of vascular lesions. Two functional molecules, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and cysteine hydrochloride, were employed to fabricate a coating on the surface of 316L stainless steel. In addition, the coating was used as a drug carrier to load pitavastatin calcium. EGCG has antioxidant activity, and pitavastatin calcium can inhibit smooth muscle cell proliferation. Therefore, EGCG and pitavastatin calcium provided a synergistic anti-inflammatory effect. Moreover, the coating was cross-linked using disulfide bonds, which accelerated the release of the drug in response to reactive oxygen species. A positive correlation was observed between the rate of drug release and the degree of oxidative stress. Collectively, this drug-loaded oxidative stress-responsive coating has been demonstrated to significantly inhibit inflammation, accelerate endothelialization, and reduce the risk of restenosis of vascular stents in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kebing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials of Education Ministry and School of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Tengda Shang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials of Education Ministry and School of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials of Education Ministry and School of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials of Education Ministry and School of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Changqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials of Education Ministry and School of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Yudie Fu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials of Education Ministry and School of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Yuancong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials of Education Ministry and School of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials of Education Ministry and School of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials of Education Ministry and School of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
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4
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Wang P, Liu J, Shen S, Li Q, Luo X, Xiong P, Gao S, Yan J, Cheng Y, Xi T. In Vitro and in Vivo Studies on Two-Step Alkali-Fluoride-Treated Mg-Zn-Y-Nd Alloy for Vascular Stent Application: Enhancement in Corrosion Resistance and Biocompatibility. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:3279-3292. [PMID: 33405571 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bioabsorbable magnesium alloys are becoming prominent materials for cardiovascular stents, as their desirable mechanical properties and favorable biosafety. However, the rapid corrosion of magnesium alloys under physiological conditions hinders their wider application as medical implant materials. Fluoride chemical conversion treatment is an effective and simple technique to improve the corrosion resistance for magnesium alloys. Despite previous literature reporting on fluoride chemical conversion treatment with hydrofluoric acid (HF) in different conditions, some defects are still present on the surface of the coating. In this study, we report on a two-step alkali-fluoride treatment of magnesium alloy by effectively removing the second phase in the substrate surface and form a dense and flawless magnesium fluoride (MgF2) coating to endow the magnesium alloy greater corrosion resistance. The results showed that the serious pitting corrosion caused by galvanic corrosion could be effectively prevented after removing of the second phase of the surface. In vivo tests in a rat subcutaneous implantation model showed that two-step alkali-fluoride-treated MgZnYNd alloy (MgZnYNd-A-F) uniformly corroded with a low corrosion rate. No subcutaneous gas cavities or significant inflammatory cell infiltration were observed for MgZnYNd-A-F in in vivo tests. The two-step alkali-fluoride treatment can significantly improve the corrosion resistance and biocompatibility of magnesium alloy, which has great potential in the application of vascular stents because of its simplicity and effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Wang
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomaterial Research, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Shi Shen
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China.,Institute of Orthopedics, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Lab of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries in PLA, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Qiyao Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16801, United States
| | - Xujiang Luo
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China.,Institute of Orthopedics, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Lab of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries in PLA, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Pan Xiong
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shuang Gao
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianglong Yan
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tingfei Xi
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,Shenzhen Institute, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
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5
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Wawrzyńska M, Kraskiewicz H, Paprocka M, Krawczenko A, Bielawska‐Pohl A, Biały D, Roleder T, Wojakowski W, O'Connor IB, Duda M, Michal R, Wasyluk Ł, Plesch G, Podbielska H, Kopaczyńska M, Wall JG. Functionalization with a VEGFR2‐binding antibody fragment leads to enhanced endothelialization of a cardiovascular stent
in vitro
and
in vivo. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2019; 108:213-224. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Wawrzyńska
- Department of Emergency Medical ServiceWroclaw Medical University Wrocław Poland
| | - Honorata Kraskiewicz
- Balton Ltd Warsaw Poland
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM)NUI Galway Galway Ireland
| | - Maria Paprocka
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental TherapyPolish Academy of Sciences Wrocław Poland
| | - Agnieszka Krawczenko
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental TherapyPolish Academy of Sciences Wrocław Poland
| | | | - Dariusz Biały
- Clinic of CardiologyWroclaw Medical University Wrocław Poland
| | - Tomasz Roleder
- Department of CardiologySchool of Health Sciences, Medical University of Silesia Katowice Poland
| | | | - Iain B. O'Connor
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM)NUI Galway Galway Ireland
- MicrobiologyNUI Galway Galway Ireland
| | - Maciej Duda
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of TechnologyWroclaw University of Technology and Science Wrocław Poland
| | - Robert Michal
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural SciencesComenius University Bratislava Slovakia
| | | | - Gustav Plesch
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural SciencesComenius University Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Halina Podbielska
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of TechnologyWroclaw University of Technology and Science Wrocław Poland
| | - Marta Kopaczyńska
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of TechnologyWroclaw University of Technology and Science Wrocław Poland
| | - J. Gerard Wall
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM)NUI Galway Galway Ireland
- MicrobiologyNUI Galway Galway Ireland
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6
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Li X, Shen F, Wang K, Lin S, Zhou L, Chen S, Wang J, Huang N. Endothelial mimetic multifunctional surfaces fabricated via polydopamine mediated copper immobilization. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:7582-7593. [DOI: 10.1039/c8tb01976b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), which is continuously released from the normal healthy endodermis cell layer of the vascular system, plays a crucial role in the stability and health maintenance of blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Key Laboratories of Advanced Technology for Materials of Education Ministry
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu
- China
| | | | - Kebing Wang
- Key Laboratories of Advanced Technology for Materials of Education Ministry
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Shuang Lin
- Key Laboratories of Advanced Technology for Materials of Education Ministry
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Key Laboratories of Advanced Technology for Materials of Education Ministry
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Si Chen
- Key Laboratories of Advanced Technology for Materials of Education Ministry
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Jin Wang
- Key Laboratories of Advanced Technology for Materials of Education Ministry
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Nan Huang
- Key Laboratories of Advanced Technology for Materials of Education Ministry
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu
- China
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7
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Deng J, Yuan S, Li X, Wang K, Xie L, Li N, Wang J, Huang N. Heparin/DNA aptamer co-assembled multifunctional catecholamine coating for EPC capture and improved hemocompatibility of vascular devices. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 79:305-314. [PMID: 28629023 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Good hemocompatibility and rapid endothelialization are two key factors in the success of stent interventional therapy. In this study, aptamers with the ability to capture endothelial progenitors and anticoagulant molecular heparin were successfully immobilized on the surface of dopamine/polyethylenimine (PDA/PEI) copolymer coating via electrostatic interaction. The results of X-ray spectroscopy (XPS), water contact angle (WCA), and immunofluorescence staining tests confirmed the successful introduction of heparin and aptamers. Platelet adhesion and whole blood experiments demonstrated that the hemocompatibility of the co-modified surface was improved. Dynamic endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) capture experiments showed that the modified surfaces could effectively capture the endothelial progenitor in dynamic conditions. More importantly, ex vivo experiments revealed that the modified surfaces could regulate the distribution of CD34/vWF-positive cells on stent surfaces, and this was beneficial for the endothelialization of vascular stents. These results suggested that heparin and aptamer co-modified stents could capture EPCs and promote endothelialization. This surface co-modification strategy has great potential for enhancing stent development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinchuan Deng
- Key Lab. of Advanced Technology for Materials of Education Ministry, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China; The Institute of Biomaterials and Surface Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Shuheng Yuan
- Key Lab. of Advanced Technology for Materials of Education Ministry, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China; The Institute of Biomaterials and Surface Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Xin Li
- Key Lab. of Advanced Technology for Materials of Education Ministry, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China; The Institute of Biomaterials and Surface Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
| | - Kebing Wang
- Key Lab. of Advanced Technology for Materials of Education Ministry, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China; The Institute of Biomaterials and Surface Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Lingxia Xie
- Key Lab. of Advanced Technology for Materials of Education Ministry, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China; The Institute of Biomaterials and Surface Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Na Li
- Key Lab. of Advanced Technology for Materials of Education Ministry, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China; The Institute of Biomaterials and Surface Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Key Lab. of Advanced Technology for Materials of Education Ministry, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China; The Institute of Biomaterials and Surface Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
| | - Nan Huang
- Key Lab. of Advanced Technology for Materials of Education Ministry, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China; The Institute of Biomaterials and Surface Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
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8
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Chen H, Zhao Y, Xiong K, Li J, Chen J, Yang P, Huang N. Multifunctional coating based on EPC-specific peptide and phospholipid polymers for potential applications in cardiovascular implants fate. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:7870-7881. [DOI: 10.1039/c6tb01811d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Surface biofunctional modification of cardiovascular implants via the conjugation of biomolecules to prevent thrombosis and restenosis formation and to accelerate endothelialization has attracted considerable research interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqing Chen
- Key Lab. of Advanced Technology for Materials of Education Ministry
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu 610031
- P. R. China
| | - Yuancong Zhao
- Key Lab. of Advanced Technology for Materials of Education Ministry
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu 610031
- P. R. China
| | - Kaiqin Xiong
- Key Lab. of Advanced Technology for Materials of Education Ministry
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu 610031
- P. R. China
| | - Jingan Li
- Key Lab. of Advanced Technology for Materials of Education Ministry
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu 610031
- P. R. China
| | - Jiang Chen
- Key Lab. of Advanced Technology for Materials of Education Ministry
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu 610031
- P. R. China
| | - Ping Yang
- Key Lab. of Advanced Technology for Materials of Education Ministry
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu 610031
- P. R. China
| | - Nan Huang
- Key Lab. of Advanced Technology for Materials of Education Ministry
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu 610031
- P. R. China
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