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Xu K, Zheng L, Bao SS, Ma J, Xie X, Zheng LM. Lanthanide-Sensitized Upconversion Iridium Complex via Triplet Energy Transfer. SMALL METHODS 2024:e2400671. [PMID: 38803310 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202400671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Cyclometalated iridium (Ir) complexes demonstrate impressive capabilities across a range of fields, including biology and photocatalysis, due to their tunable optical characteristics and structure flexibility. However, generating upconversion luminescence of Ir complexes under near-infrared light excitation is challenging. Herein, by employing lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) as the sensitizer, a new strategy is demonstrated to gain upconversion luminescence of Ir complexes via triplet energy transfer. This design relies on a rationally designed hybrid of core-shell structured NaYbF4:Tb@NaTbF4 UCNPs and new Ir phosphonate complexes, in which UCNPs can migrate upconverted energy to the surface of nanoparticles through Tb3+-mediated energy migration and then sensitize the upconversion luminescence of Ir complexes upon 980 nm excitation. Both experimental and theoretical investigations highlight the significance of triplet energy transfer from excited Tb3+ ions to the triplet state of Ir complexes in the sensitization of upconversion luminescence of Ir complexes. These findings may open exciting avenues for fabricating hybrid Ir materials with new functions and driving the development of UCNP-based nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lifeng Zheng
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Song-Song Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jing Ma
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xiaoji Xie
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Li-Min Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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2
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Silva RC, Canisares FSM, Saraiva LF, Pires AM, Lima SAM. Featuring long-lifetime deep-red emitting iridium III complexes with high colour purity: insights into the excited state dynamics from spectroscopic and theoretical perspectives. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:5466-5477. [PMID: 38414337 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02531d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
The significant attention drawn to IrIII-complexes in recent years has boosted the development of new compounds with advantageous photophysical features. However, obtaining IrIII deep-red-emitting complexes with long lived excited state, high colour purity and high quantum yield (Φ) remains a challenging task. To address this issue, this study reports the synthesis and photophysical investigation of three novel zwitterionic complexes, [Ir(C^N)2bqdc] (C^N = ppy, phq, and bzq), with ppy = 2-phenylpyridine (Ir-pb), phq = 2-phenylquinoline (Ir-qb), bzq = benzo[h]quinoline (Ir-bb), and bqdc = potassium 2,2'-biquinoline-4,4'-dicarboxylate. These complexes exhibit high quantum yields and long emission lifetimes with high colour purity in the deep-red region. The structural characterisation carried out by usual spectroscopic measurements supports the proposed structures, while the photophysical study unveiled the high contribution of the 3MLCT state to the hybrid emitter state, as endorsed by theoretical investigations. The desired correspondence between the calculations and the experimental data set affirmed the accuracy of the theoretical analysis, which enabled us to establish a relationship between the ground-to-excited-state geometry distortion and the lifetime through the nonradiative decay (knr). Furthermore, these newly synthesized complexes exhibit quenching in the presence of molecular oxygen. In deoxygenated DMSO solution the knr values halve, increasing the quantum yields (34.0, 10.6, and 26.6%) and the lifetimes (1.13, 1.11, and 1.72 μs), while leading to quite pure deep-red emission - CIE coordinates: (0.67, 0.33), (0.60, 0.40;), (0.65, 0.35) for Ir-pb, Ir-qb, and Ir-bb, respectively. These complexes display considerable potential for a wide range of applications, such as photodynamic therapy, due to their attractive photophysical properties, and are among the deep-red-emitting complexes reported in the literature with longer lifetimes and higher Φ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan C Silva
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Technology and Sciences, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil.
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Felipe S M Canisares
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Technology and Sciences, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil.
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Chemistry, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Leonardo F Saraiva
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Technology and Sciences, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil.
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana M Pires
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Technology and Sciences, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil.
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Chemistry, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Sergio A M Lima
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Technology and Sciences, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil.
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Chemistry, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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3
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Gou Y, Huang G, Li J, Yang F, Liang H. Versatile delivery systems for non-platinum metal-based anticancer therapeutic agents. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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4
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Delivery of oxaliplatin to colorectal cancer cells by folate-targeted UiO-66-NH 2. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 423:115573. [PMID: 33991535 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oxaliplatin is being used in different malignancies and several side effects are reported for patients taking Oxaliplatin, including peripheral neuropathy, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, mouth sores, low blood counts, fatigue, loss of appetite, etc. Here we have developed a targeted anticancer drug delivery system based on folate-conjugated amine-functionalized UiO-66 for the delivery of oxaliplatin (OX). UiO-66-NH2 (U) and UiO-66-NH2-FA(FU) were pre-functionalized by the incorporation of folic acid (FA) into the structure via coordination of the carboxylate group of FA. The FTIR spectra of drug-loaded U and FU showed the presence of new carboxylic and aliphatic groups of OX and FA. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) patterns were matched accordingly with the reference pattern and FESEM results showed semi-spherical particles (115-128 nm). The evaluated amounts of OX in U and FU were calculated 304.5 and 293 mg/g, respectively. The initial burst release of OX was 15.7% per hour for U(OX) and 10.8% per hour for FU(OX). The final release plateau gives 62.9% and 52.3% for U(OX) and FU(OX). To evaluate the application of the prepared delivery platform, they were tested on colorectal cancer cells (CT-26) via MTT assay, cell migration assay, and spheroid model. IC50 values obtained from MTT assay were 21.38, 95.50, and 18.20 μg/mL for OX, U(OX), and FU(OX), respectively. After three days of treatment, the CT26 spheroids at two doses of 500 and 50 μg/mL of U(OX) and FU(OX) showed volume reduction. Moreover, the oxidative behavior of the prepared systems within the cell was assessed by total thiol, malondialdehyde, and superoxide dismutase activity. The results showed that FU(OX) had higher efficacy in preventing the growth of CT-26 spheroid, and was more effective than oxaliplation in cell migration inhibition, and induced higher oxidative stress and apoptosis.
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Zhao J, Sun S, Li X, Zhang W, Gou S. Enhancing Photodynamic Therapy Efficacy of Upconversion-Based Nanoparticles Conjugated with a Long-Lived Triplet Excited State Iridium(III)-Naphthalimide Complex: Toward Highly Enhanced Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 3:252-262. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhao
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research and Pharmaceutical Research Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Shuchen Sun
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research and Pharmaceutical Research Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shaohua Gou
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research and Pharmaceutical Research Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
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Yu Y, Xu Q, He S, Xiong H, Zhang Q, Xu W, Ricotta V, Bai L, Zhang Q, Yu Z, Ding J, Xiao H, Zhou D. Recent advances in delivery of photosensitive metal-based drugs. Coord Chem Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Kumar B, Murali A, Mattan I, Giri S. Near-Infrared-Triggered Photodynamic, Photothermal, and on Demand Chemotherapy by Multifunctional Upconversion Nanocomposite. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:3738-3755. [PMID: 30969119 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b01870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to integrate photodynamic therapy (PDT) with photothermal therapy and chemotherapy for enhanced anticancer activity, we have rationally synthesized a multifunctional upconversion nanoplatform using NaYF4:Yb/Tm/Er/Fe nanoparticles (NPs) as the core and NaYbF4:1% Tm as a shell. The as-synthesized core-shell upconversion (CSU) NPs exhibited diverse and enhanced photoluminescence emissions in a wide range (UV to NIR) consequent upon Fe3+ doping in the core and fabrication of an active shell. Subsequently, CSU was first decorated with titania NPs as photosensitizers. Next, the mesoporous silica (MS) shell loaded with doxorubicin (DOX) via a photocleavable Ru complex as the gating molecule was developed around titania-containing CSU. Finally, gold nanorods (GNRs) with localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) at 800 nm were incorporated around the MS layer to obtain the multifunctional nanoplatform. We demonstrated that the UV, blue, and NIR emissions from the CSU produced ROS-mediated PDT through titania activation, induced DOX release through photocleavage of the Ru complex, and generated hyperthermia by LSPR activity of GNRs, respectively, upon a single NIR excitation through FRET. The therapeutic efficacy was validated on HeLa cell lines in vitro by various microscopic and biochemical studies under a significantly milder NIR irradiation and lower dosage of the nanoplatforms, which have been further demonstrated as diagnostic nanoprobes for cell imaging.
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Ko CN, Li G, Leung CH, Ma DL. Dual function luminescent transition metal complexes for cancer theranostics: The combination of diagnosis and therapy. Coord Chem Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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9
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Panov N, Marin R, Hemmer E. Microwave-Assisted Solvothermal Synthesis of Upconverting and Downshifting Rare-Earth-Doped LiYF4 Microparticles. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:14920-14929. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b02697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Panov
- University of Ottawa, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, 10 Marie Curie Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Riccardo Marin
- University of Ottawa, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, 10 Marie Curie Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Eva Hemmer
- University of Ottawa, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, 10 Marie Curie Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
- Centre for Advanced Materials Research (CAMaR), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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10
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Zheng P, Chaibuth P, Lo W, Jin W, Sun X, Meksawangwong S, Punyain W, Gál M, Gu Y, Chan WTK, Kielar F, Law G. Two‐Photon Excitable Iridium Complex Containing Dipyrazolyltriazine as Cellular Imaging Dyes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201800382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Poonnapa Zheng
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Pawittra Chaibuth
- Department of Chemistry Naresuan University 65000 Phitsanulok Thailand
| | - Wai‐Sum Lo
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Weiweij Jin
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering 830046 Urumqi China
| | - Xinyang Sun
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom Hong Kong SAR China
| | | | - Wikorn Punyain
- Department of Chemistry Naresuan University 65000 Phitsanulok Thailand
| | - Miraoslav Gál
- Department of Inorganic Technology Slovak University of Technology 812 37 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Yanjuan Gu
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Wesley Ting Kwok Chan
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Filip Kielar
- Department of Chemistry Naresuan University 65000 Phitsanulok Thailand
| | - Ga‐Lai Law
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom Hong Kong SAR China
- Shenzhen Research Institute The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen China
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11
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Magnetic-luminescent cerium-doped gadolinium aluminum garnet nanoparticles for simultaneous imaging and photodynamic therapy of cancer cells. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 526:220-229. [PMID: 29734089 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.04.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticle (NP) and photosensitizer (PS) conjugates capable of X-ray photodynamic therapy (X-PDT) are a research focus due to their potential applications in cancer treatment. Combined with X-PDT, appropriate imaging properties of the nanocomposite will make it suitable for theranostics of deep lying tumors. In this work, we describe the development of magnetic-luminescent Gd2.98Ce0.02Al5O12 nanoparticles (GAG) coated with mesoporous silica (mSiO2) and loaded with rose bengal (RB) to yield a nanocomposite GAG@mSiO2@RB capable of X-PDT. GAG nanoparticles were synthesized using the sol-gel method. The synthesized GAG nanoparticles showed a strong visible yellow emission with a quantum yield of ∼32%. Moreover, the broad emission spectra of GAG nanoparticles centered at 585 nm showed a good overlap with the absorption of RB. Upon irradiation with X-rays (55 KV), the GAG@mSiO2@RB nanocomposite produced significantly higher singlet oxygen compared with RB alone, as confirmed by the 1,2-diphenylisobenzofuran (DPBF) assay. The developed GAG@mSiO2@RB nanocomposite significantly reduced the viability of human breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) cells upon irradiation with blue light (λ = 470 nm). The calculated LC50 of GAG@mSiO2@RB nanocomposites were 26.69, 11.2, and 6.56 µg/mL at a dose of ∼0.16, 0.33 and 0.5 J/cm2, respectively. Moreover, the nanocomposite showed paramagnetic properties with high magnetic mass susceptibility which are useful for high contrast T1 weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Together with X-PDT, the paramagnetic properties of the proposed GAG@mSiO2@RB nanocomposite system are promising for their future application in simultaneous detection and treatment of deep-lying tumors.
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13
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Yan H, Gao Q, Liu Y, Ren W, Shangguan J, Yang X, Li K. Poly(β-cyclodextrin) enhanced fluorescence coupled with specific reaction for amplified detection of GSH and trypsin activity. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj04325f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Schematic illustration of the construction process of a specific-reaction assay coupled with βCDP-induced signal amplification platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University
- Xinxiang
- P. R. China
| | - Qinghe Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University
- Xinxiang
- P. R. China
| | - Yufei Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University
- Xinxiang
- P. R. China
| | - Wu Ren
- Xinxiang Neurosense and Control Engineering Technology Center, Xinxiang Medical University
- Xinxiang
- P. R. China
| | | | - Xue Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University
- Xinxiang
- P. R. China
| | - Keke Li
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University
- Xinxiang
- P. R. China
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14
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Ruan Z, Zhao Y, Yuan P, Liu L, Wang Y, Yan L. PEG conjugated BODIPY-Br2 as macro-photosensitizer for efficient imaging-guided photodynamic therapy. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:753-762. [DOI: 10.1039/c7tb02924a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PEG-BDP macro-photosensitizer was synthesized which showed imaging-guided photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Ruan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, and Department of Chemical Physics
- iCHEM
- University of Science and Technology of China
- China
| | - Yangyang Zhao
- School of Life Sciences
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- P. R. China
| | - Pan Yuan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, and Department of Chemical Physics
- iCHEM
- University of Science and Technology of China
- China
| | - Le Liu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, and Department of Chemical Physics
- iCHEM
- University of Science and Technology of China
- China
| | - Yucai Wang
- School of Life Sciences
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- P. R. China
| | - Lifeng Yan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, and Department of Chemical Physics
- iCHEM
- University of Science and Technology of China
- China
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Hemmer E, Acosta-Mora P, Méndez-Ramos J, Fischer S. Optical nanoprobes for biomedical applications: shining a light on upconverting and near-infrared emitting nanoparticles for imaging, thermal sensing, and photodynamic therapy. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:4365-4392. [DOI: 10.1039/c7tb00403f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Shining a light on spectrally converting lanthanide (Ln3+)-doped nanoparticles: progress, trends, and challenges in Ln3+-nanoprobes for near-infrared bioimaging, nanothermometry, and photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Hemmer
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences
- University of Ottawa
- Ottawa (ON)
- Canada
| | - P. Acosta-Mora
- Departamento de Fíísica
- Universidad de La Laguna
- Tenerife
- Spain
| | - J. Méndez-Ramos
- Departamento de Fíísica
- Universidad de La Laguna
- Tenerife
- Spain
| | - S. Fischer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California—Berkeley
- Berkeley
- USA
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Chowdhuri AR, Laha D, Pal S, Karmakar P, Sahu SK. One-pot synthesis of folic acid encapsulated upconversion nanoscale metal organic frameworks for targeting, imaging and pH responsive drug release. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:18120-18132. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt03237k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A folic acid conjugated upconversion nanoscale metal organic framework is developed as a smart material in one step for targeted anticancer drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angshuman Ray Chowdhuri
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines)
- Dhanbad 826004
- India
| | - Dipranjan Laha
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata 700032
- India
- Division of Molecular Medicine
| | - Srimanta Pal
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines)
- Dhanbad 826004
- India
| | - Parimal Karmakar
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata 700032
- India
| | - Sumanta Kumar Sahu
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines)
- Dhanbad 826004
- India
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