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González S, Wall RJ, Thomas J, Braillard S, Brunori G, Díaz IC, Cantizani J, Carvalho S, Castañeda Casado P, Chatelain E, Cotillo I, Fiandor JM, Francisco AF, Grimsditch D, Keenan M, Kelly JM, Kessler A, Luise C, Lyon JJ, MacLean L, Marco M, Martin JJ, Martinez MS, Paterson C, Read KD, Santos-Villarejo A, Zuccotto F, Wyllie S, Miles TJ, De Rycker M. Short-course combination treatment for experimental chronic Chagas disease. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadg8105. [PMID: 38091410 PMCID: PMC7615676 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adg8105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, affects millions of people in the Americas and across the world, leading to considerable morbidity and mortality. Current treatment options, benznidazole (BNZ) and nifurtimox, offer limited efficacy and often lead to adverse side effects because of long treatment durations. Better treatment options are therefore urgently required. Here, we describe a pyrrolopyrimidine series, identified through phenotypic screening, that offers an opportunity to improve on current treatments. In vitro cell-based washout assays demonstrate that compounds in the series are incapable of killing all parasites; however, combining these pyrrolopyrimidines with a subefficacious dose of BNZ can clear all parasites in vitro after 5 days. These findings were replicated in a clinically predictive in vivo model of chronic Chagas disease, where 5 days of treatment with the combination was sufficient to prevent parasite relapse. Comprehensive mechanism of action studies, supported by ligand-structure modeling, show that compounds from this pyrrolopyrimidine series inhibit the Qi active site of T. cruzi cytochrome b, part of the cytochrome bc1 complex of the electron transport chain. Knowledge of the molecular target enabled a cascade of assays to be assembled to evaluate selectivity over the human cytochrome b homolog. As a result, a highly selective and efficacious lead compound was identified. The combination of our lead compound with BNZ rapidly clears T. cruzi parasites, both in vitro and in vivo, and shows great potential to overcome key issues associated with currently available treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia González
- Global Health Medicines R&D, GSK, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Richard J. Wall
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - John Thomas
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | | | | | | | - Juan Cantizani
- Global Health Medicines R&D, GSK, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Carvalho
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | | | | | - Ignacio Cotillo
- Global Health Medicines R&D, GSK, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose M. Fiandor
- Global Health Medicines R&D, GSK, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - John M. Kelly
- London School for Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Albane Kessler
- Global Health Medicines R&D, GSK, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Chiara Luise
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | | | - Lorna MacLean
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Maria Marco
- Global Health Medicines R&D, GSK, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - J. Julio Martin
- Global Health Medicines R&D, GSK, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Christy Paterson
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Kevin D. Read
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | | | - Fabio Zuccotto
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Susan Wyllie
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Tim J. Miles
- Global Health Medicines R&D, GSK, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manu De Rycker
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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2
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Braillard S, Keenan M, Breese KJ, Heppell J, Abbott M, Islam R, Shackleford DM, Katneni K, Crighton E, Chen G, Patil R, Lee G, White KL, Carvalho S, Wall RJ, Chemi G, Zuccotto F, González S, Marco M, Deakyne J, Standing D, Brunori G, Lyon JJ, Castañeda Casado P, Camino I, Martinez MSM, Zulfiqar B, Avery VM, Feijens PB, Van Pelt N, Matheeussen A, Hendrickx S, Maes L, Caljon G, Yardley V, Wyllie S, Charman SA, Chatelain E. DNDI-6174 is a preclinical candidate for visceral leishmaniasis that targets the cytochrome bc 1. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadh9902. [PMID: 38091406 PMCID: PMC7615677 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adh9902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
New drugs for visceral leishmaniasis that are safe, low cost, and adapted to the field are urgently required. Despite concerted efforts over the last several years, the number of new chemical entities that are suitable for clinical development for the treatment of Leishmania remains low. Here, we describe the discovery and preclinical development of DNDI-6174, an inhibitor of Leishmania cytochrome bc1 complex activity that originated from a phenotypically identified pyrrolopyrimidine series. This compound fulfills all target candidate profile criteria required for progression into preclinical development. In addition to good metabolic stability and pharmacokinetic properties, DNDI-6174 demonstrates potent in vitro activity against a variety of Leishmania species and can reduce parasite burden in animal models of infection, with the potential to approach sterile cure. No major flags were identified in preliminary safety studies, including an exploratory 14-day toxicology study in the rat. DNDI-6174 is a cytochrome bc1 complex inhibitor with acceptable development properties to enter preclinical development for visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Braillard
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi), Chemin Camille-Vidart 15, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Jacob Heppell
- Epichem Pty Ltd, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Rafiqul Islam
- Epichem Pty Ltd, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David M. Shackleford
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | - Kasiram Katneni
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | - Elly Crighton
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | - Gong Chen
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | - Rahul Patil
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | - Given Lee
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | - Karen L. White
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | - Sandra Carvalho
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J. Wall
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Giulia Chemi
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Fabio Zuccotto
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia González
- Global Health Medicines R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos, Madrid 28760, Spain
| | - Maria Marco
- Global Health Medicines R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos, Madrid 28760, Spain
| | | | | | - Gino Brunori
- Global Investigative Safety, GSK, Ware, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Bilal Zulfiqar
- Discovery Biology, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia 4111
| | - Vicky M. Avery
- Discovery Biology, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia 4111
| | - Pim-Bart Feijens
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Natascha Van Pelt
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - An Matheeussen
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Sarah Hendrickx
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Louis Maes
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Guy Caljon
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Vanessa Yardley
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Wyllie
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Susan A. Charman
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | - Eric Chatelain
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi), Chemin Camille-Vidart 15, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
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O'Brien KA, McNally BD, Sowton AP, Murgia A, Armitage J, Thomas LW, Krause FN, Maddalena LA, Francis I, Kavanagh S, Williams DP, Ashcroft M, Griffin JL, Lyon JJ, Murray AJ. Enhanced hepatic respiratory capacity and altered lipid metabolism support metabolic homeostasis during short-term hypoxic stress. BMC Biol 2021; 19:265. [PMID: 34911556 PMCID: PMC8675474 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01192-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tissue hypoxia is a key feature of several endemic hepatic diseases, including alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and organ failure. Hypoxia imposes a severe metabolic challenge on the liver, potentially disrupting its capacity to carry out essential functions including fuel storage and the integration of lipid metabolism at the whole-body level. Mitochondrial respiratory function is understood to be critical in mediating the hepatic hypoxic response, yet the time-dependent nature of this response and the role of the respiratory chain in this remain unclear. RESULTS Here, we report that hepatic respiratory capacity is enhanced following short-term exposure to hypoxia (2 days, 10% O2) and is associated with increased abundance of the respiratory chain supercomplex III2+IV and increased cardiolipin levels. Suppression of this enhanced respiratory capacity, achieved via mild inhibition of mitochondrial complex III, disrupted metabolic homeostasis. Hypoxic exposure for 2 days led to accumulation of plasma and hepatic long chain acyl-carnitines. This was observed alongside depletion of hepatic triacylglycerol species with total chain lengths of 39-53 carbons, containing palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic, and oleic acids, which are associated with de novo lipogenesis. The changes to hepatic respiratory capacity and lipid metabolism following 2 days hypoxic exposure were transient, becoming resolved after 14 days in line with systemic acclimation to hypoxia and elevated circulating haemoglobin concentrations. CONCLUSIONS The liver maintains metabolic homeostasis in response to shorter term hypoxic exposure through transient enhancement of respiratory chain capacity and alterations to lipid metabolism. These findings may have implications in understanding and treating hepatic pathologies associated with hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie A O'Brien
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK.
| | - Ben D McNally
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Sanger Building Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Alice P Sowton
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Antonio Murgia
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Sanger Building Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - James Armitage
- Global Investigative Safety, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire, SG12 0DP, UK
| | - Luke W Thomas
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Fynn N Krause
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Sanger Building Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Lucas A Maddalena
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ian Francis
- Ultrastructure and Cellular Bioimaging, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire, SG12 0DP, UK
| | - Stefan Kavanagh
- Oncology Safety Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, CB2 OAA, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dominic P Williams
- Functional and Mechanistic Safety, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, CB2 OAA, Cambridge, UK
| | - Margaret Ashcroft
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Julian L Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Sanger Building Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
- Section of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Digestion, Metabolism and Reproduction, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Jonathan J Lyon
- Global Investigative Safety, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire, SG12 0DP, UK
| | - Andrew J Murray
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK.
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Almeida L, Dhillon-LaBrooy A, Carriche G, Berod L, Sparwasser T. CD4 + T-cell differentiation and function: Unifying glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, polyamines NAD mitochondria. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 148:16-32. [PMID: 33966898 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The progression through different steps of T-cell development, activation, and effector function is tightly bound to specific cellular metabolic processes. Previous studies established that T-effector cells have a metabolic bias toward aerobic glycolysis, whereas naive and regulatory T cells mainly rely on oxidative phosphorylation. More recently, the field of immunometabolism has drifted away from the notion that mitochondrial metabolism holds little importance in T-cell activation and function. Of note, T cells possess metabolic promiscuity, which allows them to adapt their nutritional requirements according to the tissue environment. Altogether, the integration of these metabolic pathways culminates in the generation of not only energy but also intermediates, which can regulate epigenetic programs, leading to changes in T-cell fate. In this review, we discuss the recent literature on how glycolysis, amino acid catabolism, and fatty acid oxidation work together with the tricarboxylic acid cycle in the mitochondrion. We also emphasize the importance of the electron transport chain for T-cell immunity. We also discuss novel findings highlighting the role of key enzymes, accessory pathways, and posttranslational protein modifications that distinctively regulate T-cell function and might represent prominent candidates for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Almeida
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research (a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research), Hannover, Germany
| | - Ayesha Dhillon-LaBrooy
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research (a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research), Hannover, Germany
| | - Guilhermina Carriche
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research (a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research), Hannover, Germany
| | - Luciana Berod
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Mainz, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Tim Sparwasser
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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5
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Neurotoxicity and underlying cellular changes of 21 mitochondrial respiratory chain inhibitors. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:591-615. [PMID: 33512557 PMCID: PMC7870626 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02970-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of complex I of the mitochondrial respiratory chain (cI) by rotenone and methyl-phenylpyridinium (MPP +) leads to the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in man and rodents. To formally describe this mechanism of toxicity, an adverse outcome pathway (AOP:3) has been developed that implies that any inhibitor of cI, or possibly of other parts of the respiratory chain, would have the potential to trigger parkinsonian motor deficits. We used here 21 pesticides, all of which are described in the literature as mitochondrial inhibitors, to study the general applicability of AOP:3 or of in vitro assays that are assessing its activation. Five cI, three complex II (cII), and five complex III (cIII) inhibitors were characterized in detail in human dopaminergic neuronal cell cultures. The NeuriTox assay, examining neurite damage in LUHMES cells, was used as in vitro proxy of the adverse outcome (AO), i.e., of dopaminergic neurodegeneration. This test provided data on whether test compounds were unspecific cytotoxicants or specifically neurotoxic, and it yielded potency data with respect to neurite degeneration. The pesticide panel was also examined in assays for the sequential key events (KE) leading to the AO, i.e., mitochondrial respiratory chain inhibition, mitochondrial dysfunction, and disturbed proteostasis. Data from KE assays were compared to the NeuriTox data (AO). The cII-inhibitory pesticides tested here did not appear to trigger the AOP:3 at all. Some of the cI/cIII inhibitors showed a consistent AOP activation response in all assays, while others did not. In general, there was a clear hierarchy of assay sensitivity: changes of gene expression (biomarker of neuronal stress) correlated well with NeuriTox data; mitochondrial failure (measured both by a mitochondrial membrane potential-sensitive dye and a respirometric assay) was about 10–260 times more sensitive than neurite damage (AO); cI/cIII activity was sometimes affected at > 1000 times lower concentrations than the neurites. These data suggest that the use of AOP:3 for hazard assessment has a number of caveats: (i) specific parkinsonian neurodegeneration cannot be easily predicted from assays of mitochondrial dysfunction; (ii) deriving a point-of-departure for risk assessment from early KE assays may overestimate toxicant potency. Comparison of 21 data-rich mitochondrial toxicants for neurotoxicity Quantitative comparison of key event triggering thresholds for AOP:3 Comparison of two cell models and two exposure times for neurotoxicity Comparison of transcriptome changes and classical key event measures for sensitivity
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Zhou PK, Huang RX. Targeting of the respiratory chain by toxicants: beyond the toxicities to mitochondrial morphology. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2018; 7:1008-1011. [PMID: 30542598 PMCID: PMC6249626 DOI: 10.1039/c8tx00207j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrion is an important subcellular target of environmental toxicants. With environmental stress, a series of toxic effects on mitochondria are induced, which originate from the dynamic changes of mitochondrial fusion and fission, structure/membrane damage, and respiratory chain dysfunction. The toxic effects of various toxicants on mitochondrial morphology and intact membranes, and their determination of cell fate, have already been broadly studied and reported on. However, their effects on the integrity and function of the mitochondrial respiratory chain (RC) remain incompletely understood. Recently, Fan et al. and Yu et al. approached this topic by closely examining the mitochondrial toxicities, including the effect on the respiratory chain, induced by organic arsenical chemical 2-methoxy-4-(((4-(oxoarsanyl)phenyl)imino)methyl)phenol and thiourea gold(i) complexes (AuTuCl). Obviously, toxicant-induced dysfunction of the respiratory chain can hinder ATP production, and may elevate ROS generation. The increased ROS can further damage mtDNA, and consequently leads to inactivation of some RC protein-encoding mtDNA, generating a vicious circle of amplifying mitochondrial damage. We hope that these studies focused on RC structure and activity will broaden our view of mitochondrial toxicology and draw forth more profound mechanistic studies on the respiratory chain toxicity of environmental toxicants and their application in risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Zhou
- Department of Radiation Biology , Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology , Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine , AMMS , Beijing 100850 , P. R. China .
| | - R X Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health , Central south University , Changsha , 410078 , China .
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Weaver RJ, Betts C, Blomme EAG, Gerets HHJ, Gjervig Jensen K, Hewitt PG, Juhila S, Labbe G, Liguori MJ, Mesens N, Ogese MO, Persson M, Snoeys J, Stevens JL, Walker T, Park BK. Test systems in drug discovery for hazard identification and risk assessment of human drug-induced liver injury. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2017; 13:767-782. [PMID: 28604124 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2017.1341489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The liver is an important target for drug-induced toxicities. Early detection of hepatotoxic drugs requires use of well-characterized test systems, yet current knowledge, gaps and limitations of tests employed remains an important issue for drug development. Areas Covered: The current state of the science, understanding and application of test systems in use for the detection of drug-induced cytotoxicity, mitochondrial toxicity, cholestasis and inflammation is summarized. The test systems highlighted herein cover mostly in vitro and some in vivo models and endpoint measurements used in the assessment of small molecule toxic liabilities. Opportunities for research efforts in areas necessitating the development of specific tests and improved mechanistic understanding are highlighted. Expert Opinion: Use of in vitro test systems for safety optimization will remain a core activity in drug discovery. Substantial inroads have been made with a number of assays established for human Drug-induced Liver Injury. There nevertheless remain significant gaps with a need for improved in vitro tools and novel tests to address specific mechanisms of human Drug-Induced Liver Injury. Progress in these areas will necessitate not only models fit for application, but also mechanistic understanding of how chemical insult on the liver occurs in order to identify translational and quantifiable readouts for decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Weaver
- a Research & Biopharmacy, Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier , Suresnes , France
| | - Catherine Betts
- b Pathology Sciences, Drug Safety and Metabolism , AstraZeneca R&D , Cambridge , UK
| | | | - Helga H J Gerets
- d Non Clinical Development, Chemin du Foriest , UCB BioPharma SPRL , Braine L'Alleud , Belgium
| | | | - Philip G Hewitt
- f Non-Clinical Development, Merck KGaA , Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Satu Juhila
- g In Vitro Biology , Orion Pharma , Espoo , Finland
| | - Gilles Labbe
- h Investigative Toxicology, Preclinical Safety , Sanofi R&D , Paris , France
| | | | - Natalie Mesens
- i Preclinical Development & Safety, Janssen (Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson) Turnhoutseweg 30 , Beerse , Belgium
| | - Monday O Ogese
- j Pathology Sciences, Drug Safety and Metabolism , AstraZeneca R&D , Cambridge , UK
| | - Mikael Persson
- k Innovative Medicines and Early Clinical Development, Drug Safety and Metabolism, Discovery Safety , AstraZeneca R&D , Mölndal , Sweden
| | - Jan Snoeys
- l Pharmacokinetics Dynamics & Metabolism, Janssen (Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson) Turnhoutseweg 30 , Beerse , Belgium
| | - James L Stevens
- m Dept of Toxicology , Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis , Indiana , USA
| | - Tracy Walker
- n Investigative Safety & Drug Metabolism , GlaxoSmithKline, David Jack Centre for Research and Development , Ware , Herts , Hertfordshire, UK
| | - B Kevin Park
- o Institute of Translational Medicine , University of Liverpool , Liverpool , UK
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