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Schulze HG, Rangan S, Vardaki MZ, Blades MW, Turner RFB, Piret JM. Two-Dimensional Clustering of Spectral Changes for the Interpretation of Raman Hyperspectra. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 77:835-847. [PMID: 36238996 PMCID: PMC10466967 DOI: 10.1177/00037028221133851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS) is a technique that permits the examination of synchronous and asynchronous changes present in hyperspectral data. It produces two-dimensional correlation coefficient maps that represent the mutually correlated changes occurring at all Raman wavenumbers during an implemented perturbation. To focus our analysis on clusters of wavenumbers that tend to change together, we apply a k-means clustering to the wavenumber profiles in the perturbation domain decomposition of the two-dimensional correlation coefficient map. These profiles (or trends) reflect peak intensity changes as a function of the perturbation. We then plot the co-occurrences of cluster members two-dimensionally in a manner analogous to a two-dimensional correlation coefficient map. Because wavenumber profiles are clustered based on their similarity, two-dimensional cluster member spectra reveal which Raman peaks change in a similar manner, rather than how much they are correlated. Furthermore, clustering produces a discrete partitioning of the wavenumbers, thus a two-dimensional cluster member spectrum exhibits a discrete presentation of related Raman peaks as opposed to the more continuous representations in a two-dimensional correlation coefficient map. We demonstrate first the basic principles of the technique with the aid of synthetic data. We then apply it to Raman spectra obtained from a polystyrene perchlorate model system followed by Raman spectra from mammalian cells fixed with different percentages of methanol. Both data sets were designed to produce differential changes in sample components. In both cases, all the peaks pertaining to a given component should then change in a similar manner. We observed that component-based profile clustering did occur for polystyrene and perchlorate in the model system and lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins in the mammalian cell example. This confirmed that the method can translate to "real world" samples. We contrast these results with two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy results. To supplement interpretation, we present the cluster-segmented mean spectrum of the hyperspectral data. Overall, this technique is expected to be a valuable adjunct to two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy to further facilitate hyperspectral data interpretation and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shreyas Rangan
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Martha Z. Vardaki
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Michael W. Blades
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Robin F. B. Turner
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - James M. Piret
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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2
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Vardaki MZ, Georg Schulze H, Serrano K, Blades MW, Devine DV, F B Turner R. Assessing the quality of stored red blood cells using handheld Spatially Offset Raman spectroscopy with multisource correlation analysis. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 276:121220. [PMID: 35395462 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this work we employ Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy (SORS) to non-invasively identify storage-related changes in red blood cell concentrate (RCC) in-situ within standard plastic transfusion bags. To validate the measurements, we set up a parallel study comparing both bioanalytical data (obtained by blood-gas analysis, hematology analysis and spectrophotometric assays), and Raman spectrometry data from the same blood samples. We then employ Multisource Correlation Analysis (MuSCA) to correlate the different types of data in RCC. Our analysis confirmed a strong correlation of glucose, methemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin with their respective bioassay values in RCC units. Finally, by combining MuSCA with k-means clustering, we assessed changes in all Raman wavenumbers during cold storage in both RCC Raman data from the current study and parallel RCC supernatant Raman data previously acquired from the same units. Direct RCC quality monitoring during storage, would help to establish a basis for improved inventory management of blood products in blood banks and hospitals based on analytical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Z Vardaki
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, Athens 11635, Greece
| | - H Georg Schulze
- Monte do Tojal, Caixa Postal 128, Hortinhas, Terena 7250-069, Portugal
| | - Katherine Serrano
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6 T 2B5, Canada; Centre for Blood Research, The University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6 T 1Z3, Canada; Centre for Innovation, Canadian Blood Services
| | - Michael W Blades
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6 T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Dana V Devine
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6 T 2B5, Canada; Centre for Blood Research, The University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6 T 1Z3, Canada; Centre for Innovation, Canadian Blood Services
| | - Robin F B Turner
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6 T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6 T 1Z1, Canada; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of British Columbia, 2332 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6 T 1Z4, Canada
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3
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Trends in biomedical analysis of red blood cells – Raman spectroscopy against other spectroscopic, microscopic and classical techniques. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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4
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N M, Lukose J, Mohan G, Shastry S, Chidangil S. Single cell spectroscopy of red blood cells in intravenous crystalloid fluids. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 257:119726. [PMID: 33848954 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.119726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Crystalloid fluids, a subset of intravenous (IV) fluid solutions are commonly used in clinical settings. The influence of these fluids on the functions of blood components are least explored. Raman spectroscopy combined with optical trapping has been widely used to evaluate the impact of external stress agents on red blood cells. The present study investigates the impact of commonly used crystalloid fluids on red blood cells in comparison with that of blood plasma using Raman Tweezers spectroscopy. The red blood cells suspended in crystalloid fluids undergo deoxygenation readily than that in blood plasma. In addition, cells in blood plasma were able to withstand laser induced deoxygenation comparatively better than that in crystalloid fluids at higher laser powers. Principle component analysis of the Raman spectral data has clearly demonstrated the discrimination of cells in plasma with that of crystalloid fluids demonstrating the effect of external induced stress on RBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithun N
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Jijo Lukose
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Ganesh Mohan
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Shamee Shastry
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Santhosh Chidangil
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India.
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Chauhan V, Leblanc J, Sadi B, Burtt J, Sauvé K, Lane R, Randhawa K, Wilkins R, Quayle D. COHERE - strengthening cooperation within the Canadian government on radiation research. Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 97:1153-1165. [PMID: 34133252 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2021.1941379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Canadian Organization on Health Effects from Radiation Exposure (COHERE) is a government initiative to better understand biological and human health risks from ionizing radiation exposures relevant to occupational and environmental settings (<100 mGy, <6 mGy/h). It is currently a partnership between two federal agencies, Health Canada (HC) and the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (CNSC). COHERE's vision is to contribute knowledge to reduce scientific uncertainties from low dose and dose-rate exposures. COHERE will advance our understanding by bridging the knowledge gap between human health risks and linkages to molecular- and cellular-level responses to radiation. Research focuses on identifying sensitive, early, and key molecular events of relevance to risk assessment. CONCLUSIONS The initiative will address questions of relevance to better apprize Canadians, including radiation workers and members of the public and Indigenous peoples, on health risks from low dose radiation exposure and inform radiation protection frameworks at a national and international level. Furthermore, it will support global efforts to conduct collaborative undertakings and better coordinate research. Here, we describe a historical overview of the research conducted, the strategic research agenda that outlines the scientific framework, stakeholders, opportunities to harmonize internationally, and how research outcomes will better inform communication of risk to Canadians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinita Chauhan
- Radiation Protection Bureau, Consumer and Clinical Radiation Protection Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Julie Leblanc
- Directorate of Environmental and Radiation Protection and Assessment, Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Baki Sadi
- Radiation Protection Bureau, Consumer and Clinical Radiation Protection Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Julie Burtt
- Directorate of Environmental and Radiation Protection and Assessment, Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Kiza Sauvé
- Directorate of Environmental and Radiation Protection and Assessment, Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Rachel Lane
- Directorate of Environmental and Radiation Protection and Assessment, Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Kristi Randhawa
- Directorate of Environmental and Radiation Protection and Assessment, Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Ruth Wilkins
- Radiation Protection Bureau, Consumer and Clinical Radiation Protection Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Debora Quayle
- Radiation Protection Bureau, Consumer and Clinical Radiation Protection Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
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Latypova L, Barshtein G, Puzenko A, Poluektov Y, Anashkina A, Petrushanko I, Fenk S, Bogdanova A, Feldman Y. Oxygenation state of hemoglobin defines dynamics of water molecules in its vicinity. J Chem Phys 2021; 153:135101. [PMID: 33032403 DOI: 10.1063/5.0023945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study focuses on assessing the possible impact of changes in hemoglobin (Hb) oxygenation on the state of water in its hydration shell as it contributes to red blood cell deformability. Microwave Dielectric Spectroscopy (MDS) was used to monitor the changes in interactions between water molecules and Hb, the number of water molecules in the protein hydration shell, and the dynamics of pre-protein water in response to the transition of Hb from the tense (T) to the relaxed (R) state, and vice versa. Measurements were performed for Hb solutions of different concentrations (5 g/dl-30 g/dl) in phosphate-buffered saline buffer. Cole-Cole parameters of the main water relaxation peak in terms of interactions of water molecules (dipole-dipole/ionic dipole) during the oxygenation-deoxygenation cycle were used to analyze the obtained data. The water mobility-represented by α as a function of ln τ-differed dramatically between the R (oxygenated) state and the T (deoxygenated) state of Hb at physiologically relevant concentrations (30 g/dl-35 g/dl or 4.5 mM-5.5 mM). At these concentrations, oxygenated hemoglobin was characterized by substantially lower mobility of water in the hydration shell, measured as an increase in relaxation time, compared to deoxyhemoglobin. This change indicated an increase in red blood cell cytosolic viscosity when cells were oxygenated and a decrease in viscosity upon deoxygenation. Information provided by MDS on the intraerythrocytic water state of intact red blood cells reflects its interaction with all of the cytosolic components, making these measurements powerful predictors of the changes in the rheological properties of red blood cells, regardless of the cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa Latypova
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram 91904, Israel
| | - Gregory Barshtein
- Department of Biochemistry, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Campus Ein Kerem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Alexander Puzenko
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram 91904, Israel
| | - Yuri Poluektov
- Engelhart Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Science, Vavilov St. 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia Anashkina
- Engelhart Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Science, Vavilov St. 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina Petrushanko
- Engelhart Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Science, Vavilov St. 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Simone Fenk
- Red Blood Cell Research Group, Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anna Bogdanova
- Red Blood Cell Research Group, Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Yuri Feldman
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram 91904, Israel
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7
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Vardaki MZ, Schulze HG, Serrano K, Blades MW, Devine DV, Turner RFB. Non-invasive monitoring of red blood cells during cold storage using handheld Raman spectroscopy. Transfusion 2021; 61:2159-2168. [PMID: 33969894 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current best practices allow for the red blood cells (RBCs) to be stored for prolonged periods in blood banks worldwide. However, due to the individual-related variability in donated blood and RBCs continual degradation within transfusion bags, the quality of stored blood varies considerably. There is currently no method for assessing the blood product quality without compromising the sterility of the unit. This study demonstrates the feasibility of monitoring storage lesion of RBCs in situ while maintaining sterility using an optical approach. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS A handheld spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (RS) device was employed to non-invasively monitor hemolysis and metabolic changes in 12 red cell concentrate (RCC) units within standard sealed transfusion bags over 7 weeks of cold storage. The donated blood was analyzed in parallel by biochemical (chemical analysis, spectrophotometry, hematology analysis) and RS measurements, which were then correlated through multisource correlation analysis. RESULTS Raman bands of lactate (857 cm-1 ), glucose (787 cm-1 ), and hemolysis (1003 cm-1 ) were found to correlate strongly with bioanalytical data over the length of storage, with correlation values 0.98 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.86-1.00; p = .0001), 0.95 (95% CI: 0.71-0.99; p = .0008) and 0.97 (95% CI: 0.79-1.00; p = .0004) respectively. DISCUSSION This study demonstrates the potential of collecting information on the clinical quality of blood units without breaching the sterility using Raman technology. This could significantly benefit quality control of RCC units, patient safety and inventory management in blood banks and hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Z Vardaki
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hans Georg Schulze
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Katherine Serrano
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Centre for Blood Research, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Canadian Blood Services, Centre for Innovation, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael W Blades
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Dana V Devine
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Centre for Blood Research, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Canadian Blood Services, Centre for Innovation, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robin F B Turner
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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8
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Schulze HG, Rangan S, Vardaki MZ, Iworima DG, Kieffer TJ, Blades MW, Turner RFB, Piret JM. Augmented Two-Dimensional Correlation Spectroscopy for the Joint Analysis of Correlated Changes in Spectroscopic and Disparate Sources. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 75:520-530. [PMID: 33231477 DOI: 10.1177/0003702820979331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Here, we present an augmented form of two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy, that integrates in a single format data from spectroscopic and multiple non-spectroscopic sources for analysis. The integration is affected by augmenting every spectrum in a hyperspectral data set with relevant non-spectroscopic data to permit two-dimensional correlation analysis(2D-COS) of the ensemble of augmented spectra. A k-means clustering is then applied to the results of the perturbation domain decomposition to determine which Raman peaks cluster with any of the non-spectroscopic data. We introduce and explain the method with the aid of synthetic spectra and synthetic non-spectroscopic data. We then demonstrate this approach with data using Raman spectra from human embryonic stem cell aggregates undergoing directed differentiation toward pancreatic endocrine cells and parallel bioassays of hormone mRNA expression and C-peptide levels in spent medium. These pancreatic endocrine cells generally contain insulin or glucagon. Insulin has disulfide bonds that produce Raman scattering near 513 cm-1, but no tryptophan. For insulin-positive cells, we found that the application of multisource correlation analysis revealed a high correlation between insulin mRNA and Raman scattering in the disulfide region. In contrast, glucagon has no disulfide bonds but does contain tryptophan. For glucagon-positive cells, we also observed a high correlation between glucagon mRNA and tryptophan Raman scattering (∼757 cm-1). We conclude with a discussion of methods to enhance spectral resolution and its effects on the performance of multisource correlation analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Georg Schulze
- Michael Smith Laboratories, 8166The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Shreyas Rangan
- Michael Smith Laboratories, 8166The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Martha Z Vardaki
- Michael Smith Laboratories, 8166The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Diepiriye G Iworima
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, 8166The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Timothy J Kieffer
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, 8166The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Surgery, 8166The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, 8166The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Michael W Blades
- Department of Chemistry, 8166The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Robin F B Turner
- Michael Smith Laboratories, 8166The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, 8166The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 8166The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - James M Piret
- Michael Smith Laboratories, 8166The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, 8166The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, 8166The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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9
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Lenzi E, Dinarelli S, Longo G, Girasole M, Mussi V. Multivariate analysis of mean Raman spectra of erythrocytes for a fast analysis of the biochemical signature of ageing. Talanta 2021; 221:121442. [PMID: 33076067 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ageing of red blood cells (RBC) is a physiological process, fundamental to ensure a proper blood homeostasis that, in vivo, balances the production of new cells and the removal of senescent erythrocytes. A detailed characterization at the cellular level of the progression of the ageing phenomenon can reveal biological, biophysical and biochemical fingerprints for diseases related to misbalances of the cell turnover and for blood pathologies. We applied Principal Components Analysis (PCA) to mean Raman spectra of single cells at different ageing times to rapidly highlight subtle spectral differences associated with conformational and biochemical modifications. Our results demonstrate a two-step ageing process characterized by a first phase in which proteins plays a relevant role, followed by a further cellular evolution driven by alterations in the membrane lipid contribution. Moreover, we used the same approach to directly analyse relevant spectral effects associated to reduction in Haemoglobin oxygenation level and membrane fluidity induced by the ageing. The method is robust and effective, allowing to classify easily the studied cells based on their age and morphology, and consequently to evaluate the biological quality of a blood sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lenzi
- Physics Department, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - S Dinarelli
- Institute of Structure of Matter, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - G Longo
- Institute of Structure of Matter, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - M Girasole
- Institute of Structure of Matter, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - V Mussi
- Institute of Microelectronics and Microsystems, National Research Council, Rome, Italy.
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10
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Olaetxea I, Valero A, Lopez E, Lafuente H, Izeta A, Jaunarena I, Seifert A. Machine Learning-Assisted Raman Spectroscopy for pH and Lactate Sensing in Body Fluids. Anal Chem 2020; 92:13888-13895. [PMID: 32985871 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This study presents the combination of Raman spectroscopy with machine learning algorithms as a prospective diagnostic tool capable of detecting and monitoring relevant variations of pH and lactate as recognized biomarkers of several pathologies. The applicability of the method proposed here is tested both in vitro and ex vivo. In a first step, Raman spectra of aqueous solutions are evaluated for the identification of characteristic patterns resulting from changes in pH or in the concentration of lactate. The method is further validated with blood and plasma samples. Principal component analysis is used to highlight the relevant features that differentiate the Raman spectra regarding their pH and concentration of lactate. Partial least squares regression models are developed to capture and model the spectral variability of the Raman spectra. The performance of these predictive regression models is demonstrated by clinically accurate predictions of pH and lactate from unknown samples in the physiologically relevant range. These results prove the potential of our method to develop a noninvasive technology, based on Raman spectroscopy, for continuous monitoring of pH and lactate in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ion Olaetxea
- Nanoengineering Group, CIC nanoGUNE BRTA, Tolosa Hiribidea 76, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain.,PhD Student, Department of Communications Engineering, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Torres Quevedo Ingeniaria Plaza 1, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Ana Valero
- Nanoengineering Group, CIC nanoGUNE BRTA, Tolosa Hiribidea 76, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Eneko Lopez
- Nanoengineering Group, CIC nanoGUNE BRTA, Tolosa Hiribidea 76, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Héctor Lafuente
- Tissue Engineering, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Begiristain Doktorea Pasealekua, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Ander Izeta
- Tissue Engineering, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Begiristain Doktorea Pasealekua, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Ibon Jaunarena
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Begiristain Doktorea Pasealekua, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain.,Donostia University Hospital, Begiristain Doktorea Pasealekua, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Andreas Seifert
- Nanoengineering Group, CIC nanoGUNE BRTA, Tolosa Hiribidea 76, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Euskadi Plaza 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
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11
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Xu Y, Wang Y, Lin H, Liu X, Zheng Z, Wang T, Feng S. Serum analysis method combining cellulose acetate membrane purification with surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for non-invasive HBV screening. IET Nanobiotechnol 2020; 14:98-104. [PMID: 31935685 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2019.0274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A highly sensitive, non-invasive, and rapid HBV (Hepatitis B virus) screening method combining membrane protein purification with silver nanoparticle-based surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy was developed in this study. Reproducible serum protein SERS spectra were obtained from cellulose acetate membrane-purified human serum from 94 HBV patients and 89 normal groups. Tentative assignments of serum protein SERS spectra showed that the HBV patients primarily led to specific biomedical changes of serum protein. Principal components analysis and linear discriminate analysis were introduced to analyse the obtained spectra, with the diagnostic sensitivity of 92.6% and specificity of 77.5% were achieved for differentiating HBV patients from normal groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunchao Xu
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Huijin Lin
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaokun Liu
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Zuci Zheng
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingyin Wang
- Fujian Normal University, Digital Fujian Internet-of-Things Laboratory of Environment Monitoring, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shangyuan Feng
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
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12
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Gautam R, Oh JY, Patel RP, Dluhy RA. Non-invasive analysis of stored red blood cells using diffuse resonance Raman spectroscopy. Analyst 2018; 143:5950-5958. [PMID: 30035796 PMCID: PMC6279605 DOI: 10.1039/c8an01135d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A method to acquire the Raman spectra of sub-surface components using diffusely focused radiation in a microscope sampling configuration is described. This procedure generates Raman scattering at various sample depths by producing a converging beam at the back aperture of the objective lens. This method requires illumination of the sample with a defocused laser, while simultaneously increasing the number of CCD pixels that are binned along the spatial axis of the detector. We applied this diffuse sampling method to the analysis of stored red blood cells (RBCs). During storage, biochemical changes to RBCs occur (the "storage lesion"). However, there are no existing non-invasive methods to assess this. We evaluated the instrumental parameters needed to maximize the diffusely scattered signal, including pixel binning, slit width, and bandwidth. We demonstrated the effectiveness of this diffuse resonance Raman spectroscopy (DRRS) method by detecting RBCs through a blood bag segment (1 mm wall thickness). We directly compared the DRRS method to the more common stand-off Raman spectroscopy (SORS) method using both 633 nm and 785 nm excitation. Time-dependent DRRS spectra were used in a multivariate model for classification of RBCs in polymer segments by storage age. Young (6-8 day) RBCs were differentiated from old (35-40) RBCs with 100% sensitivity and 98.5% selectivity. These data indicated that DRRS is a promising, non-invasive technique for acquiring the spectra of sub-surface components, and is particularly applicable when the underlying sample can be resonantly enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Gautam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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13
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Gautam R, Oh JY, Marques MB, Dluhy RA, Patel RP. Characterization of Storage-Induced Red Blood Cell Hemolysis Using Raman Spectroscopy. Lab Med 2018; 49:298-310. [PMID: 29893945 PMCID: PMC6180846 DOI: 10.1093/labmed/lmy018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The therapeutic efficacy and safety of stored red blood cells (RBCs) relies on minimal in-bag hemolysis. The accuracy of current methods of measuring hemolysis can suffer as a result of specimen collection and processing artefacts. OBJECTIVE To test whether Raman spectroscopy could be used to assess hemolysis. METHODS RBCs were stored for as long as 42 days. Raman spectra of RBCs were measured before and after washing, and hemolysis was measured in supernatant by visible spectroscopy. RESULTS Raman spectra indicated increased concentrations of oxyhemoglobin (oxyHb) and methemoglobin (metHb), and decreased membrane fluidity with storage age. Changes in oxyHb and metHb were associated with the intraerythrocytic and extracellular fractions, respectively. Hemolysis increased in a storage age-dependent manner. Changes in Raman bands reflective of oxyHb, metHb, and RBC membranes correlated with hemolysis; the most statistically significant change was an increased intensity of metHb and decreased membrane fluidity. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that Raman spectroscopy may offer a new label-free modality to assess RBC hemolysis during cold storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Gautam
- Department of Pathology and Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Joo-Yeun Oh
- Department of Chemistry Pathology and Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Marisa B Marques
- Department of Chemistry Pathology and Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Richard A Dluhy
- Department of Pathology and Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Rakesh P Patel
- Department of Chemistry Pathology and Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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14
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Jia W, Chen P, Chen W, Li Y. Raman characterizations of red blood cells with β-thalassemia using laser tweezers Raman spectroscopy. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e12611. [PMID: 30278579 PMCID: PMC6181581 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000012611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to study the differences in Raman spectra of red blood cells (RBCs) among patients with β-thalassemia and controls using laser tweezers Raman spectroscopy (LTRS) system.A total of 33 patients with β-thalassemia major, 49 with β-thalassemia minor, and 65 controls were studied. Raman spectra of RBCs for each sample were recorded. Principal component analysis (PCA), one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and independent-sample t test were performed.The intensities of Raman spectra of β-thalassemia (major and minor) RBCs were lower than those of controls, especially at bands 1546, 1603, and 1619 cm. The intensity ratio of band 1546 cm to band 1448 cm demonstrated that there was a significant difference between the spectra of β-thalassemia major (mostly below 2.15) and those of controls. The spectra of controls could be well distinguished from those of β-thalassemia major using PCA. After normalization, the spectra of two different genotypes with β/β mutations mainly overlapped, while those with β/β mutations had lower intensity at bands 1546, 1603, and 1619 cm.The present study provided Raman characteristics of RBCs in patients with β-thalassemia major and supported the use of LTRS as a method for screening β-thalassemia major. The recognition rate for β-thalassemia minor needs to be further improved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ping Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Thalassemia Research, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Wenqiang Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Thalassemia Research, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yongqing Li
- Department of Physics, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
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15
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Booth MA, Gowers SAN, Leong CL, Rogers ML, Samper IC, Wickham AP, Boutelle MG. Chemical Monitoring in Clinical Settings: Recent Developments toward Real-Time Chemical Monitoring of Patients. Anal Chem 2017; 90:2-18. [PMID: 29083872 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marsilea A Booth
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London , London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Sally A N Gowers
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London , London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Chi Leng Leong
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London , London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle L Rogers
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London , London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Isabelle C Samper
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London , London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Aidan P Wickham
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London , London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Martyn G Boutelle
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London , London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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16
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Levy E, David M, Barshtein G, Yedgar S, Livshits L, Ben Ishai P, Feldman Y. Dielectric Response of Cytoplasmic Water and Its Connection to the Vitality of Human Red Blood Cells. II. The Influence of Storage. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:5273-5278. [PMID: 28453275 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b02662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining an appropriate inventory of packaged blood products is a critical part of modern medicine. Consequently, the assessment of red blood cell (RBC) functionality is instrumental for the monitoring of the quality of stored RBC (sRBC) in the blood bank. We present a comprehensive study of sRBC lesion kinetics in SAGM (saline, adenine, glucose, mannitol) solution, using microwave dielectric spectroscopy (0.5-50 GHz) and cell deformability. As part of the research, we have isolated the microwave dielectric response of cytoplasmic water in sRBC. The extracted dielectric parameters are sensitive to the age of the cells and, in particular, to the critical moment of transition from discocyte to echinocyte. From the analysis of the dielectric relaxation as a function of storage-duration, we postulate that the behavior is rooted in the delicate interplay between bound and bulk water in the cellular interior. In particular, the microwave dielectric response reflects the moment when the continuous diffusion of oxygen to the cell and the oxygenation of hemoglobin affects the role played by water in the maintenance of cell integrity. These results open a possible new avenue for the noninvasive inspection of stored red blood cells, permitting a true inventory system for the modern blood bank.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniya Levy
- Department of Applied Physics, The Rachel and Selim Benin School of Engineering and Computer Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Marcelo David
- Department of Applied Physics, The Rachel and Selim Benin School of Engineering and Computer Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Gregory Barshtein
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Saul Yedgar
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Leonid Livshits
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Paul Ben Ishai
- Department of Physics, Ariel University , P.O.B. 3, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - Yuri Feldman
- Department of Applied Physics, The Rachel and Selim Benin School of Engineering and Computer Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
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17
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Atkins CG, Buckley K, Blades MW, Turner RFB. Raman Spectroscopy of Blood and Blood Components. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 71:767-793. [PMID: 28398071 DOI: 10.1177/0003702816686593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Blood is a bodily fluid that is vital for a number of life functions in animals. To a first approximation, blood is a mildly alkaline aqueous fluid (plasma) in which a large number of free-floating red cells (erythrocytes), white cells (leucocytes), and platelets are suspended. The primary function of blood is to transport oxygen from the lungs to all the cells of the body and move carbon dioxide in the return direction after it is produced by the cells' metabolism. Blood also carries nutrients to the cells and brings waste products to the liver and kidneys. Measured levels of oxygen, nutrients, waste, and electrolytes in blood are often used for clinical assessment of human health. Raman spectroscopy is a non-destructive analytical technique that uses the inelastic scattering of light to provide information on chemical composition, and hence has a potential role in this clinical assessment process. Raman spectroscopic probing of blood components and of whole blood has been on-going for more than four decades and has proven useful in applications ranging from the understanding of hemoglobin oxygenation, to the discrimination of cancerous cells from healthy lymphocytes, and the forensic investigation of crime scenes. In this paper, we review the literature in the field, collate the published Raman spectroscopy studies of erythrocytes, leucocytes, platelets, plasma, and whole blood, and attempt to draw general conclusions on the state of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad G Atkins
- 1 Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, Canada
- 2 Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kevin Buckley
- 1 Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, Canada
- 3 Nanoscale Biophotonics Laboratory, National University of Ireland, Ireland
| | - Michael W Blades
- 2 Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Robin F B Turner
- 1 Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, Canada
- 2 Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Canada
- 4 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Canada
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18
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Atkins CG, Schulze HG, Chen D, Devine DV, Blades MW, Turner RFB. Using Raman spectroscopy to assess hemoglobin oxygenation in red blood cell concentrate: an objective proxy for morphological index to gauge the quality of stored blood? Analyst 2017; 142:2199-2210. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an00349h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A relationship has been found between hemoglobin oxygenation of stored red blood cells (measured using Raman spectroscopy) and a morphological index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad G. Atkins
- Michael Smith Laboratories
- The University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
- Department of Chemistry
| | - H. Georg Schulze
- Michael Smith Laboratories
- The University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
| | - Deborah Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
- The University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
- Centre for Blood Research
| | - Dana V. Devine
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
- The University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
- Centre for Blood Research
| | - Michael W. Blades
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
| | - Robin F. B. Turner
- Michael Smith Laboratories
- The University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
- Department of Chemistry
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