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Teniou A, Rhouati A, Marty JL. Recent Advances in Biosensors for Diagnosis of Autoimmune Diseases. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:1510. [PMID: 38475046 DOI: 10.3390/s24051510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Over the last decade, autoimmune diseases (ADs) have undergone a significant increase because of genetic and/or environmental factors; therefore, their simple and fast diagnosis is of high importance. The conventional diagnostic techniques for ADs require tedious sample preparation, sophisticated instruments, a dedicated laboratory, and qualified personnel. For these reasons, biosensors could represent a useful alternative to these methods. Biosensors are considered to be promising tools that can be used in clinical analysis for an early diagnosis due to their high sensitivity, simplicity, low cost, possible miniaturization (POCT), and potential ability for real-time analysis. In this review, recently developed biosensors for the detection of autoimmune disease biomarkers are discussed. In the first part, we focus on the main AD biomarkers and the current methods of their detection. Then, we discuss the principles and different types of biosensors. Finally, we overview the characteristics of biosensors based on different bioreceptors reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahlem Teniou
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Higher National School of Biotechnology, Constantine 25100, Algeria
| | - Amina Rhouati
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Higher National School of Biotechnology, Constantine 25100, Algeria
| | - Jean-Louis Marty
- Laboratoire BAE, Université de Perpignan through Domitia, 66860 Perpignan, France
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Mielech-Łukasiewicz K. Determination of Terbinafine at a Boron-Doped Diamond (BDD) Electrode Modified with Polypyrrole and γ-Cyclodextrin by Square Wave Voltammetry (SWV). ANAL LETT 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2022.2164587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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3
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Seo G, Kim T, Shen B, Kim J, Kim Y. Transformation of Supramolecular Membranes to Vesicles Driven by Spontaneous Gradual Deprotonation on Membrane Surfaces. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:17341-17345. [PMID: 36099520 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The various proteins and asymmetric lipid bilayers present in cell membranes form curvatures, resulting in structural transformations to generate vesicles. Fission and fusion processes between vesicles and cell membranes are reversible in living organisms. Although the transformation of a two-dimensional membrane to a three-dimensional vesicle structure is a common natural phenomenon, the lack of a detailed understanding at the molecular level limits the development of synthetic systems for functional materials. Herein, we report a supramolecular membrane system through donor-acceptor interactions using a π-deficient acceptor and π-rich donor as building blocks. The reduced electrostatic repulsion between ammonium cations and the spontaneously deprotonated neutral amino group induced anisotropic membrane curvature, resulting in membrane fission to form vesicles with a detailed understanding at the molecular level. Furthermore, the reversible transformation of vesicles to membranes upon changing the pH provides a novel synthetic system exhibiting both fission and fusion processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunhee Seo
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeyeon Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Bowen Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jehan Kim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang 37673, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongju Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.,Department of Integrative Energy Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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Campàs M, Leonardo S, Rambla-Alegre M, Sagristà N, Vaya R, Diogène J, Torréns M, Fragoso A. Cyclodextrin polymer clean-up method for the detection of ciguatoxins in fish with cell-based assays. Food Chem 2022; 401:134196. [PMID: 36115230 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ciguatoxins (CTXs) are marine toxins produced by microalgae of the genera Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa, which are transferred through the food webs, reaching humans and causing a poisoning known as ciguatera. The cell-based assay (CBA) is commonly used for their detection because of its high sensitivity and the provided toxicological information. However, matrix effects may interfere in the CBA. In this work, γ-cyclodextrin-hexamethylene diisocyanate (γ-CD-HDI), γ-cyclodextrin-epichlorohydrin (γ-CD-EPI) and γ-CD-EPI conjugated to magnetic beads (γ-CD-EPI-MB) have been evaluated as clean-up materials for fish flesh extracts containing CTXs. The best results were achieved with γ-CD-HDI in column format, which showed a CTX1B recovery of 42% and 32% for Variola louti and Seriola dumerili, respectively, and allowed exposing cells to at least 400 mg/mL of fish flesh. This clean-up strategy provides at least 4.6 and 3.0-fold higher sensitivities to the assay for V.louti and S.dumerili, respectively, improving the reliability of CTX quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mònica Campàs
- Marine and Continental Waters, IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain.
| | - Sandra Leonardo
- Marine and Continental Waters, IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain
| | - Maria Rambla-Alegre
- Marine and Continental Waters, IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain
| | - Núria Sagristà
- Marine and Continental Waters, IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain
| | - Raquel Vaya
- Marine and Continental Waters, IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain
| | - Jorge Diogène
- Marine and Continental Waters, IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain
| | - Mabel Torréns
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Alex Fragoso
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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Landim VPA, Foguel MV, Prado CM, Sotomayor MPT, Vieira IC, Silva BVM, Dutra RF. A Polypyrrole/Nanoclay Hybrid Film for Ultra-Sensitive Cardiac Troponin T Electrochemical Immunosensor. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:545. [PMID: 35884348 PMCID: PMC9313248 DOI: 10.3390/bios12070545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemical immunosensor based on a nanohybrid film of carboxylated polypyrrole and amine nanoclay was developed for label-free detection of the human cardiac troponin T (cTnT). The nanohybrid film was formed in situ on the surface of the glassy carbon electrode, followed by the covalent immobilization of anti-troponin T antibodies by glutaraldehyde. Morphological and chemical characterizations of the nanohybrid film were performed by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Under the optimized conditions, a calibration curve for cTnT in spiked serum was obtained by square wave voltammetry, and a low limit of detection and quantification was achieved (0.35 and 1.05 pg mL-1, respectively). This was the first time that this type of nanohybrid film was used in the development of an immunosensor for cTnT that proved to be a simple and efficient strategy for the manufacture of a label-free electrochemical device that could be applied in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente P. A. Landim
- Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Recife 50670-901, Brazil; (V.P.A.L.); (M.V.F.); (C.M.P.); (B.V.M.S.)
| | - Marcos V. Foguel
- Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Recife 50670-901, Brazil; (V.P.A.L.); (M.V.F.); (C.M.P.); (B.V.M.S.)
| | - Cecília M. Prado
- Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Recife 50670-901, Brazil; (V.P.A.L.); (M.V.F.); (C.M.P.); (B.V.M.S.)
| | - Maria P. T. Sotomayor
- Institute of Chemistry, State University of São Paulo (UNESP), Araraquara 14801-970, Brazil;
| | - Iolanda C. Vieira
- Laboratory of Biosensors, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianopolis 88040-900, Brazil;
| | - Bárbara V. M. Silva
- Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Recife 50670-901, Brazil; (V.P.A.L.); (M.V.F.); (C.M.P.); (B.V.M.S.)
| | - Rosa F. Dutra
- Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Recife 50670-901, Brazil; (V.P.A.L.); (M.V.F.); (C.M.P.); (B.V.M.S.)
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Campàs M, Rambla-Alegre M, Wirén C, Alcaraz C, Rey M, Safont A, Diogène J, Torréns M, Fragoso A. Cyclodextrin polymers as passive sampling materials for lipophilic marine toxins in Prorocentrum lima cultures and a Dinophysis sacculus bloom in the NW Mediterranean Sea. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 285:131464. [PMID: 34256204 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cyclodextrins, cyclic oligomers that form a conical structure with an internal cavity, are proposed as new and sustainable materials for passive sampling of lipophilic marine toxins. Two applicability scenarios have been tested. First, disks containing β-cyclodextrin-hexamethylene diisocyanate (β-CD-HDI) and β-cyclodextrin-epichlorohydrin (β-CD-EPI) polymers were immersed in Prorocentrum lima cultures for different days (2, 12 and 40). LC-MS/MS analysis showed capture of free okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1) by cyclodextrins at contents that increased with immersion time. Cyclodextrins resulted more efficient in capturing DTX1 than OA. In a second experiment, disks containing β-CD-HDI, β-CD-EPI, γ-CD-HDI and γ-CD-EPI were deployed in harbor waters of El Masnou (NW Mediterranean Sea) during a Dinophysis sacculus bloom in February 2020. Free OA and pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2) were captured by cyclodextrins. Toxin contents were higher at sampling points and sampling weeks with higher D. sacculus cell abundance. In this case, PTX2 capture with cyclodextrins was more efficient than OA capture. Therefore, cyclodextrins have provided information regarding the toxin profile of a P. lima strain and the spatial and temporal dynamics of a D. sacculus bloom, proven efficient as passive sampling materials for environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mònica Campàs
- IRTA, Ctra Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain.
| | | | - Charlotta Wirén
- IRTA, Ctra Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
| | - Carles Alcaraz
- IRTA, Ctra Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
| | - María Rey
- IRTA, Ctra Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
| | - Anna Safont
- IRTA, Ctra Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
| | - Jorge Diogène
- IRTA, Ctra Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
| | - Mabel Torréns
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avinguda Països Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Alex Fragoso
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avinguda Països Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
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Biomimetic magnetite/polydopamine/β-cyclodextrins nanocomposite for long-term glucose measurements. Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.108127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Lim S, Kuang Y, Ardoña HAM. Evolution of Supramolecular Systems Towards Next-Generation Biosensors. Front Chem 2021; 9:723111. [PMID: 34490210 PMCID: PMC8416679 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.723111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Supramolecular materials, which rely on dynamic non-covalent interactions, present a promising approach to advance the capabilities of currently available biosensors. The weak interactions between supramolecular monomers allow for adaptivity and responsiveness of supramolecular or self-assembling systems to external stimuli. In many cases, these characteristics improve the performance of recognition units, reporters, or signal transducers of biosensors. The facile methods for preparing supramolecular materials also allow for straightforward ways to combine them with other functional materials and create multicomponent sensors. To date, biosensors with supramolecular components are capable of not only detecting target analytes based on known ligand affinity or specific host-guest interactions, but can also be used for more complex structural detection such as chiral sensing. In this Review, we discuss the advancements in the area of biosensors, with a particular highlight on the designs of supramolecular materials employed in analytical applications over the years. We will first describe how different types of supramolecular components are currently used as recognition or reporter units for biosensors. The working mechanisms of detection and signal transduction by supramolecular systems will be presented, as well as the important hierarchical characteristics from the monomers to assemblies that contribute to selectivity and sensitivity. We will then examine how supramolecular materials are currently integrated in different types of biosensing platforms. Emerging trends and perspectives will be outlined, specifically for exploring new design and platforms that may bring supramolecular sensors a step closer towards practical use for multiplexed or differential sensing, higher throughput operations, real-time monitoring, reporting of biological function, as well as for environmental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujeung Lim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Yuyao Kuang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Herdeline Ann M Ardoña
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States.,Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States.,Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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Bae J, Hwang Y, Park SH, Park SJ, Lee J, Kim HJ, Jang A, Park S, Kwon OS. An elaborate sensor system based on conducting polymer-oligosaccharides in hydrogel and the formation of inclusion complexes. J IND ENG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2020.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Sedghiniya S, Soleimannejad J, Jahani Z, Davoodi J, Janczak J. Crystal engineering of an adenine–decavanadate molecular device towards label-free chemical sensing and biological screening. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B-STRUCTURAL SCIENCE CRYSTAL ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS 2020; 76:85-92. [DOI: 10.1107/s2052520619016196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Due to the inherent geometrical interdependencies of nucleic acid structures, the ability to engineer biosensors that rely on the specific interactions of these compounds is of considerable importance. Additionally, sensing or screening in a label-free fashion is a capability of these structures that can be readily achieved by exploiting the fluorescent component. In this work, the [AdH]6[V10O28].4(H2O) (1) supramolecular structure is introduced using adenine and decavanadate moieties that allow probing of selectivity to specific nucleic acid binding events by optical changes. The structure of (1) is an alternating organic–inorganic hybrid architecture of cationic adeninium (AdH+) ribbons and anionic decavanadate (DV)–water sheets. The luminescent screening and anticancer activity of compound (1) on the two human mammary carcinoma cell lines MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 were investigated using fluorescent microscopy and MTT assays, respectively. It was found that compound (1) is cell permeable with no toxicity below 12.5 µM concentration and moderate cytotoxicity at concentrations as high as 200 µM in human breast cancer cell lines, making it a useful tool to study the cell nucleus in real time.
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Biological Biosensors for Monitoring and Diagnosis. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MICROBIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020. [PMCID: PMC7340096 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-2817-0_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Quantification and detection of various contaminants in the ecosystem have become critically important in the past few decades due to their exhaustive use in soil and aquatic ecosystems. The contamination by both organic and inorganic contaminants in the ecosystem has drawn attention due to their persistence, biological accumulation, and toxicity. Organic contaminants reach the air, water, food, soil, and other systems through drift mechanism and have detrimental effect on various life systems after entering the food chain, thus interfering the normal biological process of the ecosystem. Inorganic contaminants have less solubility, primarily get adsorbed, and accumulate on lower sediments. The sources of both organic and inorganic contaminants include anthropogenic activities which dispose industrial and sewage effluent directly into water bodies. Most of the contaminants are very much toxic and have tumorigenic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic effect on various life-forms. Biosensors have various prospective and existing applications in the detection of these compounds in the environment by transducing a signal. It also has immense applications in the detection of different contaminants in the food industry, environmental monitoring, disease diagnosis, etc. where reliable and precise analyses are required. This chapter points out a comprehensive glimpse on different biosensors and their characteristics, operating principles, and their designs, based on transduction types and biological components. Efforts have been made to summarize various applications of biosensors in food industry, environmental monitoring, drug delivery systems, and clinical diagnostics etc.
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Ghorbani F, Abbaszadeh H, Mehdizadeh A, Ebrahimi-Warkiani M, Rashidi MR, Yousefi M. Biosensors and nanobiosensors for rapid detection of autoimmune diseases: a review. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:838. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3844-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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A succinct review of refined chemical sensor systems based on conducting polymer–cyclodextrin hybrids. J IND ENG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2019.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is a T cell-mediated inflammatory autoimmune disorder of the upper small intestine caused by the ingestion of gluten. It is increasingly recognized as a global problem by experts and societies. The diagnosis of CD is of crucial importance because its delay strongly affects patient's health and quality of life. The diagnosis of CD is, however, complex and requires reliable, sensitive, specific, rapid, simple, and cost-effective, as well-as non-invasive analytical tools. There is also a high demand to develop simple point-of-care (POC) tests for non-specialists at home or in doctors' offices. Analytical techniques are now moving toward the development of fast, more simple, non-invasive, and POC analyses. The present review focuses on recent advances of CD biomarker detection in body fluids, concerning CD specific autoantibody detection in blood and saliva using electrochemical, optic-fiber, and piezoelectric biosensors and POC finger-prick tests, and identifying CD characteristic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in urine and feces.
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Pinalli R, Pedrini A, Dalcanale E. Biochemical sensing with macrocyclic receptors. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:7006-7026. [PMID: 30175351 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00271a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Preventive healthcare asks for the development of cheap, precise and non-invasive sensor devices for the early detection of diseases and continuous population screening. The actual techniques used for diagnosis, e.g. MRI and PET, or for biochemical marker sensing, e.g. immunoassays, are not suitable for continuous monitoring since they are expensive and prone to false positive responses. Synthetic supramolecular receptors offer new opportunities for the creation of specific, selective and cheap sensor devices for biological sensing of specific target molecules in complex mixtures of organic substances. The fundamental challenges faced in developing such devices are the precise transfer of the molecular recognition events at the solid-liquid interface and its transduction into a readable signal. In this review we present the progress made so far in turning synthetic macrocyclic hosts, namely cyclodextrins, calixarenes, cucurbiturils and cavitands, into effective biochemical sensors and the strategies utilized to solve the above mentioned issues. The performances of the developed sensing devices based on these receptors in detecting specific biological molecules, drugs and proteins are critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Pinalli
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
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Biosensors for Non-Invasive Detection of Celiac Disease Biomarkers in Body Fluids. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2018; 8:bios8020055. [PMID: 29914179 PMCID: PMC6023018 DOI: 10.3390/bios8020055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Celiac disease is a chronic gluten-initiated autoimmune disorder that predominantly damages the mucosa of the small intestine in genetically-susceptible individuals. It affects a large and increasing number of the world’s population. The diagnosis of this disease and monitoring the response of patients to the therapy, which is currently a life-long gluten-free diet, require the application of reliable, rapid, sensitive, selective, simple, and cost-effective analytical tools. Celiac disease biomarker detection in full blood, serum, or plasma offers a non-invasive way to do this and is well-suited to being the first step of diagnosis. Biosensors provide a novel and alternative way to perform conventional techniques in biomarker sensing, in which electrode material and architecture play important roles in achieving sensitive, selective, and stable detection. There are many opportunities to build and modify biosensor platforms using various materials and detection methods, and the aim of the present review is to summarize developments in this field.
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