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Theiner D, Limbacher B, Jaidl M, Ertl M, Hlavatsch M, Unterrainer K, Mizaikoff B, Darmo J. Flexible terahertz gas sensing platform based on substrate-integrated hollow waveguides and an opto-electronic light source. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:15983-15993. [PMID: 37157687 DOI: 10.1364/oe.485708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We report on a flexible platform for molecular sensing in the terahertz range. Merging the well-established technologies of near-infrared electro-optic modulation and photomixing realizes a spectrally adaptable terahertz source, which is combined with a new generation of compact gas cells, so-called substrate-integrated hollow waveguides (iHWGs). iHWGs have been developed in the mid-infrared and provide flexibility in the design of the optical absorption path. Here, we demonstrate its suitability for the terahertz domain by presenting its low propagation losses and by measuring rotational transitions of nitrious oxide (N2O). A fast frequency sideband modulation technique results in substantially reduced measurement times and increased accuracy compared to a standard wavelength tuning method.
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Infrared Spectroscopy–Quo Vadis? APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12157598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Given the exquisite capability of direct, non-destructive label-free sensing of molecular transitions, IR spectroscopy has become a ubiquitous and versatile analytical tool. IR application scenarios range from industrial manufacturing processes, surveillance tasks and environmental monitoring to elaborate evaluation of (bio)medical samples. Given recent developments in associated fields, IR spectroscopic devices increasingly evolve into reliable and robust tools for quality control purposes, for rapid analysis within at-line, in-line or on-line processes, and even for bed-side monitoring of patient health indicators. With the opportunity to guide light at or within dedicated optical structures, remote sensing as well as high-throughput sensing scenarios are being addressed by appropriate IR methodologies. In the present focused article, selected perspectives on future directions for IR spectroscopic tools and their applications are discussed. These visions are accompanied by a short introduction to the historic development, current trends, and emerging technological opportunities guiding the future path IR spectroscopy may take. Highlighted state-of-the art implementations along with novel concepts enhancing the performance of IR sensors are presented together with cutting-edge developments in related fields that drive IR spectroscopy forward in its role as a versatile analytical technology with a bright past and an even brighter future.
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Barreto D, Silva WR, Mizaikoff B, da Silveira Petruci JF. Monitoring Ozone Using Portable Substrate-Integrated Hollow Waveguide-Based Absorbance Sensors in the Ultraviolet Range. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2022; 2:39-45. [PMID: 36785589 PMCID: PMC9838723 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.1c00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Ozone is an oxidizing molecule used for disinfecting a wide variety of environments, such as in dental clinics, and has most recently been promoted as a sanitizing agent to prevent coronavirus transmission. The easy access to ozone-generating sources also enables their ubiquitous use. However, exposure to ozone may seriously affect human health by amplifying or inducing respiratory diseases and distress syndromes and has been associated with premature deaths from other diseases. In this scenario, miniaturized, low-cost, and portable optical sensors based on the absorption signature of ozone in the ultraviolet (UV) range of the electromagnetic spectrum are an innovative approach for providing real-time monitoring of gaseous ozone, ensuring the safety of indoor and workplace environments. In this paper, a miniaturized ozone sensor based on the absorption signature of ozone at deep-UV frequencies was developed by integration of so-called substrate-integrated hollow waveguides (iHWG) with a miniaturized ultraviolet lamp and a fiber-optic USB-connected spectrophotometer. The innovative concept of iHWGs facilitates unprecedented compact dimensions with a high degree of flexibility in the optical design of the actual photon absorption path. The proposed device rapidly responded to the presence of ozone (<1 min) and revealed a suitable linearity (r 2 > 0.99) in the evaluated concentration range. The limit of detection was determined at 29.4 ppbv, which renders the device suitable for measurements in the threshold range of the main regulatory agencies. Given the adaptability and modularity of this platform, we anticipate the application of this innovative concept to be equally suitable for the in situ and real-time analysis of other relevant gases providing suitable UV absorption signatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diandra
Nunes Barreto
- Institute
of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia
(UFU), Uberlândia, MG 38408-902, Brazil
| | - Weida Rodrigues Silva
- Institute
of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia
(UFU), Uberlândia, MG 38408-902, Brazil
| | - Boris Mizaikoff
- Institute
of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm 89081, Germany
- Hahn-Schickard
Institute for Microanalysis Systems, Ulm 89077, Germany
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Barreto D, Kokoric V, da Silveira Petruci JF, Mizaikoff B. From Light Pipes to Substrate-Integrated Hollow Waveguides for Gas Sensing: A Review. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2021; 1:97-109. [PMID: 36785552 PMCID: PMC9836072 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.1c00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Absorption-based spectroscopy in the mid-infrared (MIR) spectral range (i.e., 2.5-25 μm) is an excellent choice for directly sensing trace gas analytes providing discriminatory molecular information due to inherently specific fundamental vibrational, rovibrational, and rotational transitions. Complimentarily, the miniaturization of optical components has aided the utility of optical sensing techniques in a wide variety of application scenarios that demand compact, portable, easy-to-use, and robust analytical platforms yet providing suitable accuracy, sensitivity, and selectivity. While MIR sensing technologies have clearly benefitted from the development of advanced on-chip light sources such as quantum cascade and interband cascade lasers and equally small MIR detectors, less attention has been paid to the development of modular/tailored waveguide technologies reproducibly and reliably interfacing photons with sample molecules in a compact format. In this context, the first generation of a new type of hollow waveguides gas cells-the so-called substrate-integrated hollow waveguides (iHWG)-with unprecedented compact dimensions published by the research team of Mizaikoff and collaborators has led to a paradigm change in optical transducer technology for gas sensors. Features of iHWGs included an adaptable (i.e., designable) well-defined optical path length via the integration of meandered hollow waveguide structures at virtually any desired dimension and geometry into an otherwise planar substrate, a high degree of robustness, compactness, and cost-effectiveness in fabrication. Moreover, only a few hundred microliters of gas samples are required for analysis, resulting in short sample transient times facilitating a real-time monitoring of gaseous species in virtually any concentration range. In this review, we give an overview of recent advancements and achievements since their introduction eight years ago, focusing on the development of iHWG-based mid-infrared sensor technologies. Highlighted applications ranging from clinical diagnostics to environmental and industrial monitoring scenarios will be contrasted by future trends, challenges, and opportunities for the development of next-generation portable optical gas-sensing platforms that take advantage of a modular and tailorable device design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diandra
Nunes Barreto
- Institute
of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia 38400-902, MG, Brazil
| | - Vjekoslav Kokoric
- Institute
for Microanalysis Systems, Hahn-Schickard, Ulm 89077, Germany
| | | | - Boris Mizaikoff
- Institute
for Microanalysis Systems, Hahn-Schickard, Ulm 89077, Germany
- Institute
of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm 89081, Germany
- e-mail:
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Govindan R, Banerjee P, Dhania NK, Senapati S. FTIR based approach to study EnaC mechanosensory functions. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 167:79-86. [PMID: 34293339 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The pulmonary epithelial sodium ion channel (ENaC) is gaining importance for its sodium gating and mechanosensitive roles. The mechano functional studies on ENaC suggest direct molecular interactions between the ENaC protein with cytoskeleton microtubules and other extracellular matrix components. Also, in few mechanotransduction studies, ENaC was shown to respond both to membrane stretch as well as cell volume changes. However, the conformational characteristic of ENaC during sodium and mechano gating are yet to be fully elucidated. Thus obtaining ENaC protein conformational spectrum based on Fourier Transform Infrared Radiation (FTIR) spectroscopy in solution will be useful in predicting the nature of conformational changes occurring during any cell volume changes in an epithelial cell. The conformational spectrum looks promising in studying the disease biology of cystic fibrosis (CF) and CF like conditions that arise due to abnormal ion conductance membrane proteins and subsequent frequent fluid retentions. This review article presents the basics of epithelial ENaC protein as a gated mechanosensor and FTIR for developing fluid dynamics of ENaC protein. This can be applied to develop an ENaC based quantum mechanosensor for the prognosis as well as diagnosis of cystic fibrosis (CF) and allied lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Govindan
- Department of Biochemistry, PM Sayeed Calicut University Centre, Andrott, Lakshadweep, 682551, India
| | - Pratibha Banerjee
- Department of Human Genetics & Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, India
| | - Narender K Dhania
- Department of Human Genetics & Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, India.
| | - Sabyasachi Senapati
- Department of Human Genetics & Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, India
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Khan S, Newport D, Le Calvé S. Gas Detection Using Portable Deep-UV Absorption Spectrophotometry: A Review. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19235210. [PMID: 31795069 PMCID: PMC6929016 DOI: 10.3390/s19235210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Several gas molecules of environmental and domestic significance exhibit a strong deep-UV absorption. Therefore, a sensitive and a selective gas detector based on this unique molecular property (i.e., absorption at a specific wavelength) can be developed using deep-UV absorption spectrophotometry. UV absorption spectrometry provides a highly sensitive, reliable, self-referenced, and selective approach for gas sensing. This review article addresses the recent progress in the application of deep-UV absorption for gas sensing owing to its inherent features and tremendous potentials. Applications, advancements, and challenges related to UV emission sources, gas cells, and UV photodetectors are assessed and compared. We present the relevant theoretical aspects and challenges associated with the development of portable sensitive spectrophotometer. Finally, the applications of UV absorption spectrometry for ozone, NO2, SO2, and aromatic organic compounds during the last decades are discussed and compared. A portable UV absorption spectrophotometer can be developed by using LEDs, hollow core waveguides (HCW), and UV photodetectors (i.e., photodiodes). LED provides a portable UV emission source with low power input, low-intensity drifts, low cost, and ease of alignment. It is a quasi-chromatic UV source and covers the absorption band of molecules without optical filters for absorbance measurement of a target analyte. HCWs can be applied as a miniature gas cell for guiding UV radiation for measurement of low gas concentrations. Photodiodes, on the other hand, offer a portable UV photodetector with excellent spectral selectivity with visible rejection, minimal dark current, linearity, and resistance against UV-aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulaiman Khan
- School of Engineering, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland; (S.K.); (D.N.)
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ICPEES UMR 7515, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
- In’Air Solutions, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - David Newport
- School of Engineering, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland; (S.K.); (D.N.)
| | - Stéphane Le Calvé
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ICPEES UMR 7515, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
- In’Air Solutions, 67087 Strasbourg, France
- Correspondence:
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Haas J, Pleyer M, Nauschütz J, Koeth J, Nägele M, Bibikova O, Sakharova T, Artyushenko V, Mizaikoff B. iBEAM: substrate-integrated hollow waveguides for efficient laser beam combining. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:23059-23066. [PMID: 31510588 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.023059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Laser light sources are routinely applied building blocks in optical sensor technologies. While lasers are emitting at a precisely defined wavelength within narrow emission bands, chem/bio-sensing applications frequently demand multi-wavelength illumination for addressing a series of species. Instead of using broadband radiation sources, it is a viable strategy to efficiently combine the beams emitted from different lasers to maintain the spectral brightness and yet cover extended wavelength regimes. In this study, substrate-integrated hollow waveguides (iHWGs) are reported as a versatile and efficient alternative compared to conventional beam combining concepts, especially for applications in the mid-infrared spectral regime leading to a highly efficient multi-port beam combiner-the iBEAM.
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Mid-Infrared Tunable Laser-Based Broadband Fingerprint Absorption Spectroscopy for Trace Gas Sensing: A Review. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9020338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The vast majority of gaseous chemical substances exhibit fundamental rovibrational absorption bands in the mid-infrared spectral region (2.5–25 μm), and the absorption of light by these fundamental bands provides a nearly universal means for their detection. A main feature of optical techniques is the non-intrusive in situ detection of trace gases. We reviewed primarily mid-infrared tunable laser-based broadband absorption spectroscopy for trace gas detection, focusing on 2008–2018. The scope of this paper is to discuss recent developments of system configuration, tunable lasers, detectors, broadband spectroscopic techniques, and their applications for sensitive, selective, and quantitative trace gas detection.
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Tütüncü E, Nägele M, Becker S, Fischer M, Koeth J, Wolf C, Köstler S, Ribitsch V, Teuber A, Gröger M, Kress S, Wepler M, Wachter U, Vogt J, Radermacher P, Mizaikoff B. Advanced Photonic Sensors Based on Interband Cascade Lasers for Real-Time Mouse Breath Analysis. ACS Sens 2018; 3:1743-1749. [PMID: 30074387 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b00477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A multiparameter gas sensor based on distributed feedback interband cascade lasers emitting at 4.35 μm and ultrafast electro-spun luminescence oxygen sensors has been developed for the quantification and continuous monitoring of 13CO2/12CO2 isotopic ratio changes and oxygen in exhaled mouse breath samples. Mid-infrared absorption spectra for quantitatively monitoring the enrichment of 13CO2 levels were recorded in a miniaturized dual-channel substrate-integrated hollow waveguide using balanced ratiometric detection, whereas luminescence quenching was used for synchronously detecting exhaled oxygen levels. Allan variance analysis verified a CO2 measurement precision of 1.6‰ during a 480 s integration time. Routine online monitoring of exhaled mouse breath was performed in 14 mechanically ventilated and instrumented mice and demonstrated the feasibility of online isotope-selective exhaled breath analysis within microliters of probed gas samples using the reported combined sensor platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erhan Tütüncü
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus Nägele
- OptoPrecision GmbH, Auf der Höhe 15, 28357 Bremen, Germany
| | - Steffen Becker
- nanoplus Nanosystems and Technologies GmbH, Oberer Kirschberg 4, 97218 Gerbrunn, Germany
| | - Marc Fischer
- nanoplus Nanosystems and Technologies GmbH, Oberer Kirschberg 4, 97218 Gerbrunn, Germany
| | - Johannes Koeth
- nanoplus Nanosystems and Technologies GmbH, Oberer Kirschberg 4, 97218 Gerbrunn, Germany
| | - Christian Wolf
- Joanneum Research
Forschungsgesellschaft mbH., Materials - Institut für Oberflächentechnologien
und Photonik, Franz-Pichler-Straße 30, 8160 Weiz, Austria
| | - Stefan Köstler
- Joanneum Research
Forschungsgesellschaft mbH., Materials - Institut für Oberflächentechnologien
und Photonik, Franz-Pichler-Straße 30, 8160 Weiz, Austria
| | | | - Andrea Teuber
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Gröger
- Institute of Anesthesiologic Pathophysiology and Method Development, Ulm University Medical Center, Helmholtzstr. 8/1, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Sandra Kress
- Institute of Anesthesiologic Pathophysiology and Method Development, Ulm University Medical Center, Helmholtzstr. 8/1, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Martin Wepler
- Institute of Anesthesiologic Pathophysiology and Method Development, Ulm University Medical Center, Helmholtzstr. 8/1, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Ulrich Wachter
- Institute of Anesthesiologic Pathophysiology and Method Development, Ulm University Medical Center, Helmholtzstr. 8/1, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Josef Vogt
- Institute of Anesthesiologic Pathophysiology and Method Development, Ulm University Medical Center, Helmholtzstr. 8/1, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Peter Radermacher
- Institute of Anesthesiologic Pathophysiology and Method Development, Ulm University Medical Center, Helmholtzstr. 8/1, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Boris Mizaikoff
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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Seichter F, Tütüncü E, Hagemann LT, Vogt J, Wachter U, Gröger M, Kress S, Radermacher P, Mizaikoff B. Online monitoring of carbon dioxide and oxygen in exhaled mouse breath via substrate-integrated hollow waveguide Fourier-transform infrared-luminescence spectroscopy. J Breath Res 2018; 12:036018. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/aabf98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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11
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Kokoric V, Theisen J, Wilk A, Penisson C, Bernard G, Mizaikoff B, Gabriel JCP. Determining the Partial Pressure of Volatile Components via Substrate-Integrated Hollow Waveguide Infrared Spectroscopy with Integrated Microfluidics. Anal Chem 2018; 90:4445-4451. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vjekoslav Kokoric
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Johannes Theisen
- ICSM, CEA/CNRS/UM2/ENSCM UMR5257, CEA Grenoble, 17 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Andreas Wilk
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Christophe Penisson
- ICSM, CEA/CNRS/UM2/ENSCM UMR5257, CEA Grenoble, 17 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Gabriel Bernard
- ICSM, CEA/CNRS/UM2/ENSCM UMR5257, CEA Grenoble, 17 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Boris Mizaikoff
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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Haas J, Catalán EV, Piron P, Karlsson M, Mizaikoff B. Infrared spectroscopy based on broadly tunable quantum cascade lasers and polycrystalline diamond waveguides. Analyst 2018; 143:5112-5119. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an00919h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recently emerging broadly tunable quantum cascade lasers (tQCL) emitting in the mid-infrared (MIR) are a versatile alternative to well established thermal emitters in combination with interferometers as applied in Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Haas
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
- Ulm University
- 89081 Ulm
- Germany
- Department of Engineering Sciences
| | | | - Pierre Piron
- Department of Engineering Sciences
- Uppsala University
- SE-75121 Uppsala
- Sweden
| | - Mikael Karlsson
- Department of Engineering Sciences
- Uppsala University
- SE-75121 Uppsala
- Sweden
- Molecular Fingerprint Sweden AB
| | - Boris Mizaikoff
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
- Ulm University
- 89081 Ulm
- Germany
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13
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Kokoric V, Widmann D, Wittmann M, Behm RJ, Mizaikoff B. Infrared spectroscopy via substrate-integrated hollow waveguides: a powerful tool in catalysis research. Analyst 2016; 141:5990-5995. [DOI: 10.1039/c6an01534d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring catalyst performance via substrate-integrated hollow waveguide (iHWGs) assisted infrared spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Kokoric
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
- Ulm University
- 89081 Ulm
- Germany
| | - D. Widmann
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis
- Ulm University
- 89069 Ulm
- Germany
| | - M. Wittmann
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis
- Ulm University
- 89069 Ulm
- Germany
| | - R. J. Behm
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis
- Ulm University
- 89069 Ulm
- Germany
| | - B. Mizaikoff
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
- Ulm University
- 89081 Ulm
- Germany
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14
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Tütüncü E, Kokoric V, Szedlak R, MacFarland D, Zederbauer T, Detz H, Andrews AM, Schrenk W, Strasser G, Mizaikoff B. Advanced gas sensors based on substrate-integrated hollow waveguides and dual-color ring quantum cascade lasers. Analyst 2016; 141:6202-6207. [DOI: 10.1039/c6an01130f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The first combination of a ring-shaped vertically emitting quantum cascade laser (riQCL) with a substrate-integrated hollow waveguide (iHWG) is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erhan Tütüncü
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
- Ulm University
- Germany
| | - Vjekoslav Kokoric
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
- Ulm University
- Germany
| | - Rolf Szedlak
- Institute of Solid State Electronics
- TU Wien
- Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Gottfried Strasser
- Institute of Solid State Electronics
- TU Wien
- Austria
- Center for Micro- and Nanostructures
- TU Wien
| | - Boris Mizaikoff
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
- Ulm University
- Germany
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