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Zhao Q, Pan Z, Liu B, Bao C, Liu X, Sun J, Xie S, Wang Q, Wang J, Gao Y. Electrochromic-Induced Rechargeable Aqueous Batteries: An Integrated Multifunctional System for Cross-Domain Applications. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 15:87. [PMID: 37029252 PMCID: PMC10082149 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01056-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Multifunctional electrochromic-induced rechargeable aqueous batteries (MERABs) integrate electrochromism and aqueous ion batteries into one platform, which is able to deliver the conversion and storage of photo-thermal-electrochemical sources. Aqueous ion batteries compensate for the drawbacks of slow kinetic reactions and unsatisfied storage capacities of electrochromic devices. On the other hand, electrochromic technology can enable dynamically regulation of solar light and heat radiation. However, MERABs still face several technical issues, including a trade-off between electrochromic and electrochemical performance, low conversion efficiency and poor service life. In this connection, novel device configuration and electrode materials, and an optimized compatibility need to be considered for multidisciplinary applications. In this review, the unique advantages, key challenges and advanced applications are elucidated in a timely and comprehensive manner. Firstly, the prerequisites for effective integration of the working mechanism and device configuration, as well as the choice of electrode materials are examined. Secondly, the latest advances in the applications of MERABs are discussed, including wearable, self-powered, integrated systems and multisystem conversion. Finally, perspectives on the current challenges and future development are outlined, highlighting the giant leap required from laboratory prototypes to large-scale production and eventual commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117574, Singapore
| | - Zhenghui Pan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Binbin Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117574, Singapore
| | - Changyuan Bao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117574, Singapore
| | - Ximeng Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117574, Singapore
| | - Jianguo Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117574, Singapore.
| | - Shaorong Xie
- Department of Computer Engineering and Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117574, Singapore
| | - John Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117574, Singapore.
- National University of Singapore (Chongqing) Research Institute, Chongqing, 401120, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*Star, Singapore, 138634, Singapore.
| | - Yanfeng Gao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive and Highly Efficient Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, People's Republic of China.
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Oh C, Park B, Sundaresan V, Schaefer JL, Bohn PW. Closed Bipolar Electrode-Enabled Electrochromic Sensing of Multiple Metabolites in Whole Blood. ACS Sens 2023; 8:270-279. [PMID: 36547518 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c02140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We report a closed bipolar electrode (CBE)-based sensing platform for the detection of diagnostic metabolites in undiluted whole human blood. The sensor is enabled by electrode chemistry based on: (1) a mixed layer of blood-compatible adsorption-resistant phosphorylcholine (PPC) and phenylbutyric acid (PBA), (2) ferrocene (Fc) redox mediators, and (3) immobilized redox-active enzymes. This scheme is designed to overcome nonspecific protein adsorption and amplify sensing currents in whole human fluids. The scheme also incorporates a diffusing mediator to increase electronic communication between the immobilized redox enzyme and the working electrode. The use of both bound and freely diffusing mediators is synergistic in producing the electrochemical response. The sensor is realized by linking the analyte cell, containing the specific electrode surface architecture, through a CBE to a reporter cell containing the electrochromic reporter, methyl viologen (MV). The colorless-to-purple color change accompanying the 1e- reduction of MV2+ is captured using a smartphone camera. Subsequent red-green-blue analysis is performed on the acquired images to determine cholesterol, glucose, and lactate concentrations in whole blood. The CBE blood metabolite sensor produces a linear color change at clinically relevant concentration ranges for all metabolites with good reproducibility (∼5% or better) and with limits of detection of 79 μM for cholesterol, 59 μM for glucose, and 86 μM for lactate. Finally, metabolite concentration measurements from the CBE blood metabolite sensor are compared with results from commercially available FDA-approved blood cholesterol, glucose, and lactate meters, with an average difference of ∼3.5% across all three metabolites in the ranges studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiana Oh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana46556, United States
| | - Bumjun Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana46556, United States
| | - Vignesh Sundaresan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana46556, United States
| | - Jennifer L Schaefer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana46556, United States
| | - Paul W Bohn
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana46556, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana46556, United States
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Leppin C, Langhoff A, Johannsmann D. Square-Wave Electrogravimetry Combined with Voltammetry Reveals Reversible Submonolayer Adsorption of Redox-Active Ions. Anal Chem 2022; 94:10227-10233. [PMID: 35802635 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Square-wave voltammetry on electrolytes containing reversible redox pairs in solution was complemented by acoustic microgravimetry, where multifrequency lock-in amplification provides for a time resolution of 2.5 ms and a frequency resolution after accumulation of 12 mHz. The instrument operates similar to a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D). The use of square-waves rather than linear ramps makes the analysis more transparent because it reduces the contribution of non-Faraday currents. Also, square-wave electrogravimetry determines the rates of mass transfer with much better sensitivity than its counterpart based on linear voltage ramps. The shifts of frequency and bandwidth are in agreement with the Sauerbrey prediction, meaning that the overtone-normalized frequency shifts, Δf/n, are similar on the different overtones and that the shifts in half bandwidth, ΔΓ, are smaller than the shifts in frequency. Small deviations from the Sauerbrey prediction presumably result from the softness of the adsorbed layer. Because the response time of the QCM signals is much longer than the RC time of double layer recharging as determined with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), interpretation in terms of adsorption and desorption is more plausible than interpretation in terms of changed viscosity in the diffuse double layer. Ions of methyl viologen (MV) were found to adsorb to the electrode surface more strongly in the state with a single charge than in the fully oxidized state carrying two charges. The difference in apparent thickness between the oxidized and the reduced state was up to 2 nm, depending on concentration. The gravimetric results obtained on flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) depended on pH. At neutral pH, adsorption was largest close to the redox potential. Presumably, the adsorbed molecules are semiquinones, that is, are the intermediates of the underlying two-electron process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Leppin
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Street 4, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Arne Langhoff
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Street 4, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Diethelm Johannsmann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Street 4, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
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Kaswan P, Oswal P, Kumar A, Mohan Srivastava C, Vaya D, Rawat V, Nayan Sharma K, Kumar Rao G. SNS donors as mimic to enzymes, chemosensors, and imaging agents. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2021.109140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Bouffier L, Zigah D, Sojic N, Kuhn A. Bipolar (Bio)electroanalysis. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2021; 14:65-86. [PMID: 33940930 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-090820-093307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This contribution reviews a selection of the most recent studies on the use of bipolar electrochemistry in the framework of analytical chemistry. Despite the fact that the concept is not new, with several important studies dating back to the middle of the last century, completely novel and very original approaches have emerged over the last decade. This current revival illustrates that scientists still (re)discover some exciting virtues of this approach, which are useful in many different areas, especially for tackling analytical challenges in an unconventional way. In several cases, this "wireless" electrochemistry strategy enables carrying out measurements that are simply not possible with classic electrochemical approaches. This review will hopefully stimulate new ideas and trigger scientists to integrate some aspects of bipolar electrochemistry in their work in order to drive the topic into yet unexplored and eventually completely unexpected directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Bouffier
- Bordeaux INP, Institute of Molecular Science, and CNRS UMR 5255, University of Bordeaux, 33607 Pessac, France; , , ,
| | - Dodzi Zigah
- Bordeaux INP, Institute of Molecular Science, and CNRS UMR 5255, University of Bordeaux, 33607 Pessac, France; , , ,
| | - Neso Sojic
- Bordeaux INP, Institute of Molecular Science, and CNRS UMR 5255, University of Bordeaux, 33607 Pessac, France; , , ,
| | - Alexander Kuhn
- Bordeaux INP, Institute of Molecular Science, and CNRS UMR 5255, University of Bordeaux, 33607 Pessac, France; , , ,
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Masturah binti Fakhruddin S, Ino K, Inoue KY, Nashimoto Y, Shiku H. Bipolar Electrode‐based Electrochromic Devices for Analytical Applications – A Review. ELECTROANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202100153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kosuke Ino
- Graduate School of Engineering Tohoku University Sendai 980-8579 Japan
| | - Kumi Y. Inoue
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies Tohoku University Sendai 980-8579 Japan
- Center for Basic Education Faculty of Engineering Graduate Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research University of Yamanashi Kofu 400-8511 Japan
| | - Yuji Nashimoto
- Graduate School of Engineering Tohoku University Sendai 980-8579 Japan
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences Tohoku University Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shiku
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies Tohoku University Sendai 980-8579 Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering Tohoku University Sendai 980-8579 Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira L. Rahn
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 1605 Gilman Hall, 2415 Osborn Drive, Ames, Iowa 50011-1021, United States
| | - Robbyn K. Anand
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 1605 Gilman Hall, 2415 Osborn Drive, Ames, Iowa 50011-1021, United States
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9
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Zheng YT, Zhao BS, Zhang HB, Jia H, Wu M. Colorimetric aptasensor for fumonisin B1 detection by regulating the amount of bubbles in closed bipolar platform. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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10
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Jansod S, Cherubini T, Soda Y, Bakker E. Optical Sensing with a Potentiometric Sensing Array by Prussian Blue Film Integrated Closed Bipolar Electrodes. Anal Chem 2020; 92:9138-9145. [PMID: 32484335 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The simultaneous optical readout of a potentiometric sensor array of ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) based on PVC membranes is described here for the first time. The optical array consists of electrochromic Prussian Blue (PB) films in multiple closed ion-selective bipolar electrodes (BPEs), which gives a physical separation between the optical detection and sample compartments. The potential-dependent turnover of PB generates Prussian White (PW). A near-Nernstian response of the PB film is confirmed by colorimetric absorbance experiments as a function of applied potential. In the combined bipolar electrode cell, the overall potential is kept constant with a single potentiostat over the entire array where each PB spot indicates the potential change of an individual connected potentiometric probe. For cation-selective electrodes, the absorbance or blue intensity of the connected PB film is enhanced with increasing target cation activity. The colorimetric absorbance changes are simultaneously followed by a digital camera and analyzed by Mathematica software. A multiple cation-BPE array allows one to achieve simultaneous quantitative analysis of potassium, sodium, and calcium ions, demonstrated here in highly colored fruit juices. Mass transport at the PB thin film is shown not to be rate-limiting. The measuring ranges can be tuned in a wide range by potential control. The PB film exhibits greatly improved reproducibility and stability as compared to previous work with a ferroin redox probe confined in a thin solution layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sutida Jansod
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Cherubini
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Yoshiki Soda
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Eric Bakker
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
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11
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Guo R, Hu S, Wang Z. A portable electrochemiluminescence bipolar electrode array for the visualized sensing of Cas9 activity. Analyst 2020; 145:3569-3574. [PMID: 32352098 DOI: 10.1039/d0an00678e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9 has become a powerful tool for genomic manipulation, and the evaluation of the Cas9 activity is essential for the precise control of the CRISPR system. Herein, we develop a point-of-care platform for the rapid and visible determination of the Cas9 activity. A bipolar electrochemiluminescence (ECL) biosensor platform comprises an Au electric circuit fabricated on a glass substrate and the PDMS layer acts as a reservoir. DNA probes are then modified on electrodes and hybridization chain reaction (HCR) is applied to introduce ferrocene-labeled DNA. The CRISPR/Cas9 system can recognize the immobilized DNA probes and cleave them from the electrode surface as well as the labeled H1 and H2. Therefore, the cleavage activity is closely related to the labeled ferrocene. The modified electrode is then embodied in a closed bipolar system such that the oxidation reaction on sensing poles could be detected by the anodic ECL reactions on isolated luminescent poles due to charge balance, leading to the changes in ECL signals. This portable, integrated and convenient platform may become a meaningful tool for the discovery of a new CRISPR/Cas9 system or additional Cas9 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Guo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong Sino-Japanese Center for Collaborative Research of Carbon Nanomaterials, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P. R. China.
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12
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Guven N, Sultanova H, Ozer B, Yucel B, Camurlu P. Tuning of electrochromic properties of electrogenerated polythiophenes through Ru(II) complex tethering and backbone derivatization. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.135134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Crouch GM, Oh C, Fu K, Bohn PW. Tunable optical metamaterial-based sensors enabled by closed bipolar electrochemistry. Analyst 2019; 144:6240-6246. [PMID: 31538160 PMCID: PMC8030654 DOI: 10.1039/c9an01137d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Enabled by the proliferation of nanoscale fabrication techniques required to create spatially-repeating, sub-wavelength structures to manipulate the behavior of visible-wavelength radiation, optical metamaterials are of increasing interest. Here we develop and characterize a chemical sensing approach based on electrochemical tuning of the optical response function of large-area, inexpensive nanoaperture metamaterials at visible and near-IR wavelengths. Nanosphere lithography is used to create an ordered array of sub-wavelength apertures in a Au film. The spacing of these apertures is established during fabrication, based on the size of the polystyrene nanospheres. Tunable shifts in the transmission spectrum can be produced post-fabrication by electrodeposition of a dissimilar metal, Ag, using the nanoaperture film as one electrode in a 2-electrode closed bipolar electrochemical (CBE) cell, altering hole size, film thickness, and film composition while maintaining hole spacing dictated by the original pattern. Optical transmission spectra acquired under galvanostatic conditions can be expressed as a linear combination of the initial and final (saturated) spectra, and the resulting response function exhibits a sigmoidal response with respect to the amount of charge (or metal) deposited. This architecture is then used to perform optical coulometry of model analytes in a CBE-based analyte-reporter dual cell device, thus expanding the capability of CBE-based sensors. Increasing the exposed electrode area of the analyte cell increases the response of the device, while modifying the circuit resistance alters the balance between sensitivity and dynamic range. These tunable nanoaperture metamaterials exhibit enhanced sensitivity compared to CBE electrochromic reporter cells to the μM to nM concentration range, suggesting further avenues for development of CBE-based chemical sensors as well as application to inexpensive, point-of-care diagnostic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrison M Crouch
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
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14
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Chudov KA, Levchenko KS, Poroshin NO, Shchegol’kov AV, Shmelin PS, Grebennikov EP. Synthesis and properties of new electrochromic derivatives of 3-aryl-4,5-bis(pyridin-4-yl)oxazole. Russ Chem Bull 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-019-2593-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Fu K, Xu W, Hu J, Lopez A, Bohn PW. Microscale and Nanoscale Electrophotonic Diagnostic Devices. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2019; 9:a034249. [PMID: 30104197 PMCID: PMC6417966 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a034249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Detecting and identifying infectious agents and potential pathogens in complex environments and characterizing their mode of action is a critical need. Traditional diagnostics have targeted a single characteristic (e.g., spectral response, surface receptor, mass, intrinsic conductivity, etc.). However, advances in detection technologies have identified emerging approaches in which multiple modes of action are combined to obtain enhanced performance characteristics. Particularly appealing in this regard, electrophotonic devices capable of coupling light to electron translocation have experienced rapid recent growth and offer significant advantages for diagnostics. In this review, we explore three specific promising approaches that combine electronics and photonics: (1) assays based on closed bipolar electrochemistry coupling electron transfer to color or fluorescence, (2) sensors based on localized surface plasmon resonances, and (3) emerging nanophotonics approaches, such as those based on zero-mode waveguides and metamaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyu Fu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| | - Wei Xu
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Jiayun Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| | - Arielle Lopez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| | - Paul W Bohn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
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16
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Visual Voltammogram at an Array of Closed Bipolar Electrodes in a Ladder Configuration. JOURNAL OF ANALYSIS AND TESTING 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s41664-019-00098-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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17
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Xu W, Fu K, Bohn PW. Electrochromic Sensor for Multiplex Detection of Metabolites Enabled by Closed Bipolar Electrode Coupling. ACS Sens 2017; 2:1020-1026. [PMID: 28750540 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.7b00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Biosensors based on converting electrochemical signals into optical readouts are attractive candidates as low-cost, high-throughput sensor platforms. Here, we described a closed bipolar electrode (CBE)-based two-cell electrochromic device for sensing multiple metabolites, using the simultaneous detection of lactate, glucose, and uric acid as a model system. In the two-cell configuration, an analytical cell contains a redox mediator combined with a specific oxidase, e.g., lactate oxidase, glucose oxidase, or uricase, to form an electrochemical mediator-electrocatalyst pair that supports redox cycling. A closed bipolar electrode couples the electron transfer event in the analytical cell to an electrochromic reaction in a separate reporter cell, such that the magnitude of the color change is related to the concentration of metabolites in the analytical cell. To demonstrate multiplex operation, the CBE-based electrochromic detector is modified by integrating three sets of detection chemistries into a single device, in which simultaneous determination of glucose, lactate, and uric acid is demonstrated. Device sensitivity can be tuned by using reporter cells with different volumes. Furthermore, the analytical cell of this device can be fabricated as a disposable, paper-based carbon electrode without any pretreatment, demonstrating the potential to screen phenotypes that require multiple biomarkers in a point-of-care format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Kaiyu Fu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Paul W. Bohn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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Li M, Anand RK. High-Throughput Selective Capture of Single Circulating Tumor Cells by Dielectrophoresis at a Wireless Electrode Array. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:8950-8959. [PMID: 28609630 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b03288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate continuous high-throughput selective capture of circulating tumor cells by dielectrophoresis at arrays of wireless electrodes (bipolar electrodes, BPEs). The use of BPEs removes the requirement of ohmic contact to individual array elements, thus enabling otherwise unattainable device formats. Capacitive charging of the electrical double layer at opposing ends of each BPE allows an AC electric field to be transmitted across the entire device. Here, two such designs are described and evaluated. In the first design, BPEs interconnect parallel microchannels. Pockets extruding from either side of the microchannels volumetrically control the number of cells captured at each BPE tip and enhance trapping. High-fidelity single-cell capture was achieved when the pocket dimensions were matched to those of the cells. A second, open design allows many non-targeted cells to pass through. These devices enable high-throughput capture of rare cells and single-cell analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa 50010, United States
| | - Robbyn K Anand
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa 50010, United States
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Zhang X, Zhai Q, Xing H, Li J, Wang E. Bipolar Electrodes with 100% Current Efficiency for Sensors. ACS Sens 2017; 2:320-326. [PMID: 28723210 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.7b00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A bipolar electrode (BPE) is an electron conductor that is embedded in the electrolyte solution without the direct connection with the external power source (driving electrode). When the sufficient voltage was provided, the two poles of BPE promote different oxidation and reduction reactions. During the past few years, BPEs with wireless feature and easy integration showed great promise in the various fields including asymmetric modification/synthesis, motion control, targets enrichment/separation, and chemical sensing/biosensing combined with the quantitative relationship between two poles of BPE. In this perspective paper, we first describe the concept and history of the BPE for analytical chemistry and then review the recent developments in the application of BPEs for sensing with ultrahigh current efficiency (ηc = iBPE/ichannel) including the open and closed bipolar system. Finally, we offer the guide for possible challenge faced and solution in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, P. R. China
| | - Qingfeng Zhai
- State
Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, P. R. China
| | - Huanhuan Xing
- State
Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, P. R. China
| | - Jing Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, P. R. China
| | - Erkang Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, P. R. China
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