1
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Urgel JI, Sánchez-Grande A, Vicent DJ, Jelínek P, Martín N, Écija D. On-Surface Covalent Synthesis of Carbon Nanomaterials by Harnessing Carbon gem-Polyhalides. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2402467. [PMID: 38864470 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202402467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
The design of innovative carbon-based nanostructures stands at the forefront of both chemistry and materials science. In this context, π-conjugated compounds are of great interest due to their impact in a variety of fields, including optoelectronics, spintronics, energy storage, sensing and catalysis. Despite extensive research efforts, substantial knowledge gaps persist in the synthesis and characterization of new π-conjugated compounds with potential implications for science and technology. On-surface synthesis has emerged as a powerful discipline to overcome limitations associated with conventional solution chemistry methods, offering advanced tools to characterize the resulting nanomaterials. This review specifically highlights recent achievements in the utilization of molecular precursors incorporating carbon geminal (gem)-polyhalides as functional groups to guide the formation of π-conjugated 0D species, as well as 1D, quasi-1D π-conjugated polymers, and 2D nanoarchitectures. By delving into reaction pathways, novel structural designs, and the electronic, magnetic, and topological features of the resulting products, the review provides fundamental insights for a new generation of π-conjugated materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- José I Urgel
- IMDEA Nanoscience, Campus Universitario de Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Ana Sánchez-Grande
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Science, Praha, 16200, Czech Republic
| | - Diego J Vicent
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Pavel Jelínek
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Science, Praha, 16200, Czech Republic
| | - Nazario Martín
- IMDEA Nanoscience, Campus Universitario de Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - David Écija
- IMDEA Nanoscience, Campus Universitario de Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
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2
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Huang C, Xie L, Wang H, Liang Z, Jiang Z, Song F. Manipulation of C-C coupling pathways using different annealing procedures. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:13507-13510. [PMID: 36385194 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc04745d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
From scanning tunnelling microscopy and density functional theory calculations, we demonstrate that different annealing mechanisms could modulate distinct reaction pathways, where in a stepwise annealing procedure the detached Br atoms may reduce the activation barrier of CH activation resulting in hierarchical cross dehydrogenative coupling, while in a one-step annealing procedure only Ullmann coupling products are observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqin Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201000, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101000, China
| | - Lei Xie
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China.
| | - Hongbing Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201000, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101000, China
| | - Zhaofeng Liang
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China.
| | - Zheng Jiang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201000, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101000, China.,Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China.
| | - Fei Song
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201000, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101000, China.,Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China.
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3
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Giovanelli L, Pawlak R, Hussein F, MacLean O, Rosei F, Song W, Pigot C, Dumur F, Gigmes D, Ksari Y, Bondino F, Magnano E, Meyer E, Clair S. On‐Surface Synthesis of Unsaturated Hydrocarbon Chains through C−S Activation. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200809. [PMID: 35657383 PMCID: PMC9540368 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rémy Pawlak
- University of Basel Department of Physics Basel CH4056 Switzerland
| | | | - Oliver MacLean
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education Jilin Normal University Changchun 130103 China
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique Varennes Québec J3X 1S2 Canada
| | - Federico Rosei
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique Varennes Québec J3X 1S2 Canada
| | - Wentao Song
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, IM2NP Marseille France
| | | | | | | | - Younal Ksari
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, IM2NP Marseille France
| | - Federica Bondino
- IOM-CNR Laboratorio TASC AREA Science Park, Basovizza 34149 Trieste Italy
| | - Elena Magnano
- IOM-CNR Laboratorio TASC AREA Science Park, Basovizza 34149 Trieste Italy
- Department of Physics University of Johannesburg PO Box 524 Auckland Park 2006 South Africa
| | - Ernst Meyer
- University of Basel Department of Physics Basel CH4056 Switzerland
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4
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Jia L, Wu J, Zhang Y, Qu Y, Jia B, Chen Z, Moss DJ. Fabrication Technologies for the On-Chip Integration of 2D Materials. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2101435. [PMID: 34994111 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202101435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
With compact footprint, low energy consumption, high scalability, and mass producibility, chip-scale integrated devices are an indispensable part of modern technological change and development. Recent advances in 2D layered materials with their unique structures and distinctive properties have motivated their on-chip integration, yielding a variety of functional devices with superior performance and new features. To realize integrated devices incorporating 2D materials, it requires a diverse range of device fabrication techniques, which are of fundamental importance to achieve good performance and high reproducibility. This paper reviews the state-of-art fabrication techniques for the on-chip integration of 2D materials. First, an overview of the material properties and on-chip applications of 2D materials is provided. Second, different approaches used for integrating 2D materials on chips are comprehensively reviewed, which are categorized into material synthesis, on-chip transfer, film patterning, and property tuning/modification. Third, the methods for integrating 2D van der Waals heterostructures are also discussed and summarized. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linnan Jia
- Optical Sciences Centre, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Jiayang Wu
- Optical Sciences Centre, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Yuning Zhang
- Optical Sciences Centre, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Yang Qu
- Optical Sciences Centre, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Baohua Jia
- Centre for Translational Atomaterials, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Zhigang Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, TEDA Applied Physics Institute and School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, 94132, USA
| | - David J Moss
- Optical Sciences Centre, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
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5
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On-Surface Synthesis of sp-Carbon Nanostructures. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 12:nano12010137. [PMID: 35010087 PMCID: PMC8746520 DOI: 10.3390/nano12010137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The on-surface synthesis of carbon nanostructures has attracted tremendous attention owing to their unique properties and numerous applications in various fields. With the extensive development of scanning tunneling microscope (STM) and noncontact atomic force microscope (nc-AFM), the on-surface fabricated nanostructures so far can be characterized on atomic and even single-bond level. Therefore, various novel low-dimensional carbon nanostructures, challenging to traditional solution chemistry, have been widely studied on surfaces, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, graphene nanoribbons, nanoporous graphene, and graphyne/graphdiyne-like nanostructures. In particular, nanostructures containing sp-hybridized carbons are of great advantage for their structural linearity and small steric demands as well as intriguing electronic and mechanical properties. Herein, the recent developments of low-dimensional sp-carbon nanostructures fabricated on surfaces will be summarized and discussed.
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6
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Soengas RG, Rodríguez-Solla H. Modern Synthetic Methods for the Stereoselective Construction of 1,3-Dienes. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26020249. [PMID: 33418882 PMCID: PMC7825119 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The 1,3-butadiene motif is widely found in many natural products and drug candidates with relevant biological activities. Moreover, dienes are important targets for synthetic chemists, due to their ability to give access to a wide range of functional group transformations, including a broad range of C-C bond-forming processes. Therefore, the stereoselective preparation of dienes have attracted much attention over the past decades, and the search for new synthetic protocols continues unabated. The aim of this review is to give an overview of the diverse methodologies that have emerged in the last decade, with a focus on the synthetic processes that meet the requirements of efficiency and sustainability of modern organic chemistry.
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7
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Ren J, Klaasen H, Witteler MC, Viergutz L, Neugebauer J, Gao HY, Studer A, Fuchs H. Aryl Triflates in On-Surface Chemistry. Chemistry 2020; 26:16727-16732. [PMID: 32730686 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The reactivity of aryl triflates in on-surface C-C coupling is reported. It is shown that the triflate group in aryl triflates enables regioselective homo coupling with preceding or concomitant hydrodetriflation on Cu(111). Three different symmetrical π-systems with two and three triflate functionalities were used as monomers leading to oligomeric conjugated π-systems. The cascade, comprising different intermediates at different reaction temperatures as observed for one of the molecules, proceeds via initial removal of the trifluoromethyl sulfonyl group to give an aryloxy radical which in turn is deoxygenated to the corresponding aryl radical. Thermodynamically driven regioselective 1,2-hydrogen atom transfer leads to a translocated aryl radical which in turn undergoes coupling. For a sterically more hindered bistriflate, where one ortho position was blocked, dehydrogenative coupling occurred at remote position with good regioselectivity. Starting materials, intermediates as well as products were analyzed by scanning tunneling microscopy. Structures and suggested mechanism were further supported by DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jindong Ren
- Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech), Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Henning Klaasen
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Melanie C Witteler
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Lena Viergutz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Johannes Neugebauer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Hong-Ying Gao
- Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech), Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany.,School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Harald Fuchs
- Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech), Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, 210094, Nanjing, P. R. China
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8
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Yu X, Cai L, Bao M, Sun Q, Ma H, Yuan C, Xu W. On-surface synthesis of graphyne nanowires through stepwise reactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:1685-1688. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc07421j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We have achieved on-surface synthesis of graphyne nanowires through stepwise reactions involving two different types of dehalogenative homocoupling reactions (i.e., C(sp3)–Br and C(sp2)–Br).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yu
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 201804
- P. R. China
| | - Liangliang Cai
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 201804
- P. R. China
| | - Meiling Bao
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 201804
- P. R. China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 201804
- P. R. China
| | - Honghong Ma
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 201804
- P. R. China
| | - Chunxue Yuan
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 201804
- P. R. China
| | - Wei Xu
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 201804
- P. R. China
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9
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Chen H, Zhu H, Huang Z, Rong W, Wu K. Two-Sidedness of Surface Reaction Mediation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1902080. [PMID: 31418920 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A heterogeneous catalytic process involves many surface elementary steps that affect the overall catalytic performance in one way or another. In general, a high-performance heterogeneous catalyst should meet the main criteria: excellent catalytic activity and high selectivity toward target products. Using surface science techniques, the two-sidedness of the surface reaction mediations can be explored, from the perspectives of the surface and the molecule manipulations. The surface manipulation refers to a reaction that is mediated by composition and structure of the substrate as well as surface species, while the molecular manipulation relates to a reaction that is mediated by the reacting molecule via the precursor selection, environmental control, or external excitation. The best catalytic system should consist of the most efficient catalyst and the best suitable reacting molecule, in addition to its economic benefit and environmental amity. Recent research progress in surface reaction mediation is outlined, and its two-sidedness is governed by the Arrhenius equation. This should shed new light on the connection between basic theory and surface reaction mediation strategies. To conclude, challenges and possible opportunities are elaborated for efficient surface reaction mediations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Hao Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhichao Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Wenhui Rong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Kai Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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10
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Cai L, Kang F, Sun Q, Gao W, Yu X, Ma H, Yuan C, Xu W. The Stereoselective Formation of
trans
‐Cumulene through Dehalogenative Homocoupling of Alkenyl
gem
‐Dibromides on Cu(110). ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201901300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Cai
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Centre and College of Materials Science and EngineeringTongji University Shanghai 201804 P. R. China
| | - Faming Kang
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Centre and College of Materials Science and EngineeringTongji University Shanghai 201804 P. R. China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Centre and College of Materials Science and EngineeringTongji University Shanghai 201804 P. R. China
| | - Wenze Gao
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Centre and College of Materials Science and EngineeringTongji University Shanghai 201804 P. R. China
| | - Xin Yu
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Centre and College of Materials Science and EngineeringTongji University Shanghai 201804 P. R. China
| | - Honghong Ma
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Centre and College of Materials Science and EngineeringTongji University Shanghai 201804 P. R. China
| | - Chunxue Yuan
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Centre and College of Materials Science and EngineeringTongji University Shanghai 201804 P. R. China
| | - Wei Xu
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Centre and College of Materials Science and EngineeringTongji University Shanghai 201804 P. R. China
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11
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Zhou J, Li J, Liu Z, Zhang J. Exploring Approaches for the Synthesis of Few-Layered Graphdiyne. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1803758. [PMID: 30773752 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201803758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Graphdiyne (GDY) is an emerging carbon allotrope in the graphyne (GY) family, demonstrating extensive potential applications in the fields of electronic devices, catalysis, electrochemical energy storage, and nonlinear optics. Synthesis of few-layered GDY is especially important for both electronic applications and structural characterization. This work critically summarizes the state-of-art of GDY and focuses on exploring approaches for few-layered GDY synthesis. The obstacles and challenges of GDY synthesis are also analyzed in detail. Recently developed synthetic methods are discussed such as i) the copper substrate-based method, ii) the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method, iii) the interfacial construction method, and iv) the graphene-templated method. Throughout the discussion, the superiorities and limitations of different methods are analyzed comprehensively. These synthetic methods have provided considerable inspiration approaching synthesis of few-layered or single-layered GDY film. The work concludes with a perspective on promising research directions and remaining barriers for layer-controlled and morphology-controlled synthesis of GDY with higher crystalline quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Zhou
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Jiaqiang Li
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Zhongfan Liu
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
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12
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Clair S, de Oteyza DG. Controlling a Chemical Coupling Reaction on a Surface: Tools and Strategies for On-Surface Synthesis. Chem Rev 2019; 119:4717-4776. [PMID: 30875199 PMCID: PMC6477809 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis is appearing as an extremely promising research field aimed at creating new organic materials. A large number of chemical reactions have been successfully demonstrated to take place directly on surfaces through unusual reaction mechanisms. In some cases the reaction conditions can be properly tuned to steer the formation of the reaction products. It is thus possible to control the initiation step of the reaction and its degree of advancement (the kinetics, the reaction yield); the nature of the reaction products (selectivity control, particularly in the case of competing processes); as well as the structure, position, and orientation of the covalent compounds, or the quality of the as-formed networks in terms of order and extension. The aim of our review is thus to provide an extensive description of all tools and strategies reported to date and to put them into perspective. We specifically define the different approaches available and group them into a few general categories. In the last part, we demonstrate the effective maturation of the on-surface synthesis field by reporting systems that are getting closer to application-relevant levels thanks to the use of advanced control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Clair
- Aix
Marseille Univ., Université de Toulon, CNRS, IM2NP, Marseille, France
| | - Dimas G. de Oteyza
- Donostia
International Physics Center, San
Sebastián 20018, Spain
- Centro
de Física de Materiales CSIC-UPV/EHU-MPC, San Sebastián 20018, Spain
- Ikerbasque,
Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48013, Spain
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13
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On-surface stereoconvergent synthesis, dimerization and hybridization of organocopper complexes. Sci China Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-018-9355-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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14
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Ding Y, Wang X, Xie L, Yao X, Xu W. Two-dimensional self-assembled nanostructures of nucleobases and their related derivatives on Au(111). Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:9259-9269. [PMID: 30027963 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc03585g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The construction of two-dimensional (2D) self-assembled nanostructures has been one of the considerably interesting areas of on-surface chemistry in the past few decades, and has benefited from the rapid development and improvement of scanning probe microscopy techniques. In this research field, many attempts have been made in the controllable fabrication of well-ordered and multifunctional surface nanostructures, which attracted interest because of the prospect for artificial design of functional molecular nanodevices. DNA and RNA are considered to be programmable self-assembly systems and it is possible to use their base sequences to encode instructions for assembly in a predetermined fashion at the nanometer scale. As important constituents of nucleic acids, nucleobases, with intrinsic functional groups for hydrogen bonding, coordination bonding, and electrostatic interactions, can be employed as a potential system for the versatile construction of various biomolecular nanostructures, which may be used to structure the self-assembly of DNA-based artificial molecular constructions and play an important role in novel biosensors based on surface functionalization. In this article, we will review the recent progress of on-surface self-assembly of nucleobases and their derivatives together with different reactants (e.g., metals, halogens, salts and water), and as a result, various 2D surface nanostructures are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanqi Ding
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, P. R. China.
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15
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Wang CX, Jin Q, Shu CH, Hua X, Long YT, Liu PN. Dehydrogenative homocoupling of tetrafluorobenzene on Pd(111) via para-selective C-H activation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 53:6347-6350. [PMID: 28555228 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc01476g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Aryl homocoupling reactions via meta- and ortho-selective C-H activation have been achieved on surfaces, but the highly important para-selective C-H activation has not been reported yet. Combined with scanning tunneling microscopy, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry and density functional theory, here we describe dehydrogenative homocoupling of tetrafluorobenzene on Pd(111) via para-selective C-H activation to form perfluorinated oligo(p-phenylene)s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Xin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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16
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Sun Q, Tran BV, Cai L, Ma H, Yu X, Yuan C, Stöhr M, Xu W. On-Surface Formation of Cumulene by Dehalogenative Homocoupling of Alkenyl gem
-Dibromides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201706104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Sun
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center; Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials; College of Materials Science and Engineering; Tongji University; Shanghai 201804 P. R. China
| | - Bay V. Tran
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Liangliang Cai
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center; Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials; College of Materials Science and Engineering; Tongji University; Shanghai 201804 P. R. China
| | - Honghong Ma
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center; Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials; College of Materials Science and Engineering; Tongji University; Shanghai 201804 P. R. China
| | - Xin Yu
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center; Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials; College of Materials Science and Engineering; Tongji University; Shanghai 201804 P. R. China
| | - Chunxue Yuan
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center; Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials; College of Materials Science and Engineering; Tongji University; Shanghai 201804 P. R. China
| | - Meike Stöhr
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Wei Xu
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center; Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials; College of Materials Science and Engineering; Tongji University; Shanghai 201804 P. R. China
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17
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Sun Q, Tran BV, Cai L, Ma H, Yu X, Yuan C, Stöhr M, Xu W. On-Surface Formation of Cumulene by Dehalogenative Homocoupling of Alkenyl gem-Dibromides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:12165-12169. [PMID: 28772061 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201706104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The on-surface activation of carbon-halogen groups is an efficient route to produce radicals for constructing various hydrocarbons and carbon nanostructures. To date, the employed halide precursors have only one halogen attached to a carbon atom. It is thus of interest to study the effect of attaching more than one halogen atom to a carbon atom with the aim of producing multiple unpaired electrons. By introducing an alkenyl gem-dibromide, cumulene products were fabricated on a Au(111) surface by dehalogenative homocoupling reactions. The reaction products and pathways were unambiguously characterized by a combination of high-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy and non-contact atomic force microscopy measurements together with density functional calculations. This study further supplements the database of on-surface synthesis strategies and provides a facile manner for incorporation of more complicated carbon scaffolds into surface nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Sun
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P. R. China
| | - Bay V Tran
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Liangliang Cai
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P. R. China
| | - Honghong Ma
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P. R. China
| | - Xin Yu
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P. R. China
| | - Chunxue Yuan
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P. R. China
| | - Meike Stöhr
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wei Xu
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P. R. China
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18
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Xie L, Zhang C, Ding Y, Xu W. Structural Transformation and Stabilization of Metal-Organic Motifs Induced by Halogen Doping. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201702589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xie
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials; College of Materials Science and Engineering; Tongji University; Shanghai 201804 P.R. China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials; College of Materials Science and Engineering; Tongji University; Shanghai 201804 P.R. China
| | - Yuanqi Ding
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials; College of Materials Science and Engineering; Tongji University; Shanghai 201804 P.R. China
| | - Wei Xu
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials; College of Materials Science and Engineering; Tongji University; Shanghai 201804 P.R. China
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19
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Xie L, Zhang C, Ding Y, Xu W. Structural Transformation and Stabilization of Metal-Organic Motifs Induced by Halogen Doping. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:5077-5081. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201702589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xie
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials; College of Materials Science and Engineering; Tongji University; Shanghai 201804 P.R. China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials; College of Materials Science and Engineering; Tongji University; Shanghai 201804 P.R. China
| | - Yuanqi Ding
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials; College of Materials Science and Engineering; Tongji University; Shanghai 201804 P.R. China
| | - Wei Xu
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials; College of Materials Science and Engineering; Tongji University; Shanghai 201804 P.R. China
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20
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21
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Sun Q, Cai L, Ma H, Yuan C, Xu W. Dehalogenative Homocoupling of Terminal Alkynyl Bromides on Au(111): Incorporation of Acetylenic Scaffolding into Surface Nanostructures. ACS NANO 2016; 10:7023-30. [PMID: 27326451 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b03048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
On-surface C-C coupling reactions of molecular precursors with alkynyl functional groups demonstrate great potential for the controllable fabrication of low-dimensional carbon nanostructures/nanomaterials, such as carbyne, graphyne, and graphdiyne, which demand the incorporation of highly active sp-hybridized carbons. Recently, through a dehydrogenative homocoupling reaction of alkynes, the possibility was presented to fabricate surface nanostructures involving acetylenic linkages, while problems lie in the fact that different byproducts are inevitably formed when triggering the reactions at elevated temperatures. In this work, by delicately designing the molecular precursors with terminal alkynyl bromide, we introduce the dehalogenative homocoupling reactions on the surface. As a result, we successfully achieve the formation of dimer structures, one-dimensional molecular wires and two-dimensional molecular networks with acetylenic scaffoldings on an inert Au(111) surface, where the unexpected C-Au-C organometallic intermediates are also observed. This study further supplements the database of on-surface dehalogenative C-C coupling reactions, and more importantly, it provides us an alternative efficient way for incorporating the acetylenic scaffolding into low-dimensional surface nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Sun
- Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University , Caoan Road 4800, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangliang Cai
- Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University , Caoan Road 4800, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
| | - Honghong Ma
- Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University , Caoan Road 4800, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunxue Yuan
- Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University , Caoan Road 4800, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xu
- Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University , Caoan Road 4800, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
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