1
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Thorley KJ, Nielsen CB. Conformational Analysis of Conjugated Organic Materials: What Are My Heteroatoms Really Doing? Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300773. [PMID: 38598306 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Organic semiconductor small molecules and polymers often incorporate heteroatoms into their chemical structures to affect the electronic properties of the material. A particular design philosophy has been to use these heteroatoms to influence torsional potentials, since the overlap of adjacent π-orbitals is most efficient in planar systems and is critical for charge delocalization in these systems. Since these design rules became popular, the messages from the earlier works have become lost in a sea of reports of "conformational locks", where the non-covalent interactions have relatively small contributions to planarizing torsional potentials. Greater influences can be found in the stabilization by extended conjugation, consideration of steric repulsion, and the interactions involving solubilizing chains and neighboring molecules or polymer chains in condensed phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J Thorley
- Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40511, USA
| | - Christian B Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
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2
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Patkar D, Deshmukh MM, Chopra D. Characterization of non-covalent contacts in mono- and di-halo substituted acetaldehydes: probing the substitution effects of electron donating and withdrawing groups. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:2946-2962. [PMID: 36606453 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05269e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the current work, a systematic evaluation of the different types of non-covalent interactions (NCIs) in acetaldehyde dimers, including dimers of mono-halo (XCH2CHO)2, di-halo (X2CHCHO)2 and tri-halo substituted (X3CCHO)2 acetaldehydes via the associated stabilization energy of these dimers has been performed. Furthermore, a topological analysis of the electron density based on the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) and non-covalent interaction reduced density gradient (NCI-RDG) isosurfaces has also been performed to evaluate the nature of these NCIs. The geometrical and electronic characteristics have been evaluated via the presence of different electron-donating groups (EDGs) and electron-withdrawing groups (EWGs) or substituents in dimers of these molecules, namely, XCH(Y)CHO and X2C(Y)CHO (wherein X = -F, -Cl, and -Br and Y = -SO3H, -CN, -NO2, -NH2, -CH3, -OCH3, and -SMe3). The C-H⋯O, C-H⋯X, X⋯X, X⋯O and C⋯O tetrel bonded contacts have been recognized to play an important role in the stabilization of the formed dimers. This study also establishes the fact that the overall stability of the dimeric assemblies is governed by the contributions from the mutual and complex interplay of a variety of interactions in the investigated dimers. Hence considerations based on strong H-bond donor-acceptor characteristics hold relevance for simple systems only, but slight alteration in the electronic environment can affect the overall stabilization energies of the system being investigated and the nature of the interactions that contribute towards the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Patkar
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, (A Central University), Sagar, 470003, India.
| | - Milind M Deshmukh
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, (A Central University), Sagar, 470003, India.
| | - Deepak Chopra
- Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal By-Pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal-462066, Madhya Pradesh, India.
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3
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Scheiner S. Ability of Peripheral H Bonds to Strengthen a Halogen Bond. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:9691-9698. [PMID: 36520542 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c07611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Quantum calculations study the manner in which the involvement of a halogen atom as a proton acceptor in one or more H bonds (HBs) affects the strength of the halogen bond (XB) it can form with a nucleophile aligned with the X σ-hole. A variety of Lewis acids wherein X = F, Cl, Br, and I are attached to a tetrel atom C or Ge engaged in a XB with nucleophile NH3. One, two, and three HF molecules were positioned perpendicular to the XB axis so that they could form a HB to the X atom. Each such HB strengthened the XB by an increment of 1 kcal/mol or more that does not attenuate as each new HB is added, potentially increasing the interaction energy manyfold. Additionally, the presence of one or more HBs facilitates the formation of a XB by molecules which are reluctant to engage in such a bond in the absence of these auxiliary interactions. Even the F atom, which avoids such a XB, can be coaxed to participate in a XB of moderate strength by one or more of these external HBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-0300, United States
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4
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Mule RD, Roy R, Mandal K, Chopra D, Dutta T, Sancheti SP, Shinde PS, Banerjee S, Lal Koner A, Bhowal R, Senthilkumar B, Patil NT. Interplay of Anion‐π
+
and π
+
‐π
+
Interactions in Novel Pyrido[2,1‐
a
]isoquinolinium‐Based AIEgens ‐ Substituent‐ and Counterion‐Dependent Fluorescence Modulation and Applications in Live Cell Mitochondrial Imaging**. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200632. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra D. Mule
- Division of Organic Chemistry CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Dr. Homi Bhabha Road Pune 411008 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research Ghaziabad 201 002 India
| | - Rupam Roy
- Bionanotechnology Laboratory Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri Bhopal 462 066 India
| | - Koushik Mandal
- Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri Bhopal 462 066 India
| | - Deepak Chopra
- Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri Bhopal 462 066 India
| | - Tanoy Dutta
- Bionanotechnology Laboratory Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri Bhopal 462 066 India
| | - Shashank P. Sancheti
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri Bhopal 462 066 India
| | - Popat S. Shinde
- Division of Organic Chemistry CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Dr. Homi Bhabha Road Pune 411008 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research Ghaziabad 201 002 India
| | - Somsuvra Banerjee
- Division of Organic Chemistry CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Dr. Homi Bhabha Road Pune 411008 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research Ghaziabad 201 002 India
| | - Apurba Lal Koner
- Bionanotechnology Laboratory Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri Bhopal 462 066 India
| | - Rohit Bhowal
- Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri Bhopal 462 066 India
| | - Beeran Senthilkumar
- Division of Organic Chemistry CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Dr. Homi Bhabha Road Pune 411008 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research Ghaziabad 201 002 India
| | - Nitin T. Patil
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri Bhopal 462 066 India
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5
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The Relevance of Experimental Charge Density Analysis in Unraveling Noncovalent Interactions in Molecular Crystals. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27123690. [PMID: 35744821 PMCID: PMC9229234 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The work carried out by our research group over the last couple of decades in the context of quantitative crystal engineering involves the analysis of intermolecular interactions such as carbon (tetrel) bonding, pnicogen bonding, chalcogen bonding, and halogen bonding using experimental charge density methodology is reviewed. The focus is to extract electron density distribution in the intermolecular space and to obtain guidelines to evaluate the strength and directionality of such interactions towards the design of molecular crystals with desired properties. Following the early studies on halogen bonding interactions, several "sigma-hole" interaction types with similar electrostatic origins have been explored in recent times for their strength, origin, and structural consequences. These include interactions such as carbon (tetrel) bonding, pnicogen bonding, chalcogen bonding, and halogen bonding. Experimental X-ray charge density analysis has proved to be a powerful tool in unraveling the strength and electronic origin of such interactions, providing insights beyond the theoretical estimates from gas-phase molecular dimer calculations. In this mini-review, we outline some selected contributions from the X-ray charge density studies to the field of non-covalent interactions (NCIs) involving elements of the groups 14-17 of the periodic table. Quantitative insights into the nature of these interactions obtained from the experimental electron density distribution and subsequent topological analysis by the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) have been discussed. A few notable examples of weak interactions have been presented in terms of their experimental charge density features. These examples reveal not only the strength and beauty of X-ray charge density multipole modeling as an advanced structural chemistry tool but also its utility in providing experimental benchmarks for the theoretical studies of weak interactions in crystals.
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6
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Harry SA, Vemulapalli S, Dudding T, Lectka T. Rational Computational Design of Systems Exhibiting Strong Halogen Bonding Involving Fluorine in Bicyclic Diamine Derivatives. J Org Chem 2022; 87:8413-8419. [PMID: 35658438 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Perhaps the most controversial and rare aspect of the halogen bonding interaction is the potential of fluorine in compounds to serve as a halogen bond donor. In this note, we provide clear and convincing examples of hypothetical molecules in which fluorine is strongly halogen bonding in a metastable state. Of particular note is a polycyclic system inspired by Selectfluor, which has been controversially proposed to engage in halogen bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Andrew Harry
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Srini Vemulapalli
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Travis Dudding
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Thomas Lectka
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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7
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Bhandary S, Pathigoolla A, Madhusudhanan MC, Sureshan KM. Azide–Alkyne Interactions: A Crucial Attractive Force for Their Preorganization for Topochemical Cycloaddition Reaction. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200820. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Subhrajyoti Bhandary
- School of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695551 India
| | - Atchutarao Pathigoolla
- School of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695551 India
| | - Mithun C. Madhusudhanan
- School of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695551 India
| | - Kana M. Sureshan
- School of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695551 India
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8
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Scheiner S. On the Ability of Nitrogen to Serve as an Electron Acceptor in a Pnicogen Bond. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:10419-10427. [PMID: 34846149 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c09213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Whereas pnicogen atoms like P and As have been shown repeatedly to act as electron acceptors in pnicogen bonds, the same is not true of the more electronegative first-row N atom. Quantum calculations assess whether N can serve in this capacity in such bonds and under what conditions. There is a positive π-hole belt that surrounds the central N atom in the linear arrangement of NNNF, NNN-CN, and NNO, which can engage a NH3 base to form a pnicogen bond with binding energy between 3 and 5 kcal/mol. Within the context of a planar arrangement, the π-hole above the N in NO2OF, N(CN)3, and CF3NO2 is also capable of forming a pnicogen bond, the strongest of which amounts to 11 kcal/mol with NMe3 as base. In their pyramidal geometry, NF3 and N(NO2)3 engage with a base through the σ-hole on the central N, with variable binding energies between 2 and 9 kcal/mol. AIM and NBO provide somewhat different interpretations of the secondary interactions that occur in some of these complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-0300 United States
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9
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Azide⋅⋅⋅Oxygen Interaction: A Crystal Engineering Tool for Conformational Locking. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202106614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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10
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Sureshan KM, Madhusudhanan MC, Balan H, Werz DB. Azide···Oxygen Interaction: A Crystal Engineering Tool for Conformational Locking. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:22797-22803. [PMID: 34399025 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202106614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We have designed, synthesized and crystallized 36 compounds, each containing an azide group and an oxygen atom separated by three bonds. Crystal structure analysis revealed that each of these molecules adopts a conformation in which the azide and oxygen groups orient syn to each other with a short O ··· N b contact. Geometry-optimized structures [using M06-2X/6-311G(d,p) level of theory ] also showed the syn conformation in all 36 of these cases, suggesting that this not merely a crystal packing effect. Quantum topological analysis using Bader's Atoms in Molecules (AIM) theory revealed bond paths and bond critical points (BCP) in these structures suggesting its nature and energetics to be similar to weak hydrogen bonding. The NCI-RDG plot clearly revealed the attractive interaction consisting of electrostatic or dispersive components in all the 36 systems. NBO analysis suggested a weak orbital-relaxation (charge-transfer) contribution of energy for a few (sp2) O-donor systems. Natural population analysis (NPA) and molecular electrostatic potential mapping (MESP) of these crystal structures further revealed the existence of favorable azide-oxygen interaction. A CSD search indicated the frequent and consistent occurrence of this interaction and its role dictating the syn conformation of azide and oxygen in molecules where these groups are separated by 2-4 bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana M Sureshan
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, School of Chemistry, Thiruvananthapuram, Maruthamala, 695551, Thiruvananthapuram, INDIA
| | - Mithun C Madhusudhanan
- IISER-TVM: Indian Institute of Science Education Research Thiruvananthapuram, School of Chemistry, Maruthamala, Vithura, 795551, Thiruvananthapuram, INDIA
| | - Haripriya Balan
- IISER-TVM: Indian Institute of Science Education Research Thiruvananthapuram, School of Chemistry, Maruthamala, Vithura, 695551, Thiruvananthapuram, INDIA
| | - Daniel B Werz
- TU Braunschweig: Technische Universitat Braunschweig, Institute fur Organic Chemie, Hagenring 30, Braunschweig, 38106, Braunschweig, GERMANY
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11
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Hosten EC, Betz R. The crystal structure of 3,4-dichlorobenzoic acid chloride, C 7H 3Cl 3O. Z KRIST-NEW CRYST ST 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/ncrs-2020-0561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
C7H3Cl3O, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 12.0518(15) Å, b = 9.7403(11) Å, c = 6.9562(9) Å, β = 99.047(4)°, V = 806.42(17) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt
(F) = 0.0316, wR
ref
(F
2) = 0.0793, T = 200 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C. Hosten
- Department of Chemistry , Nelson Mandela University , Summerstrand Campus (South), University Way, Summerstrand, PO Box 77000 , Port Elizabeth , 6031 , South Africa
| | - Richard Betz
- Department of Chemistry , Nelson Mandela University , Summerstrand Campus (South), University Way, Summerstrand, PO Box 77000 , Port Elizabeth , 6031 , South Africa
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12
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Abstract
The fundamental underpinnings of noncovalent bonds are presented, focusing on the σ-hole interactions that are closely related to the H-bond. Different means of assessing their strength and the factors that control it are discussed. The establishment of a noncovalent bond is monitored as the two subunits are brought together, allowing the electrostatic, charge redistribution, and other effects to slowly take hold. Methods are discussed that permit prediction as to which site an approaching nucleophile will be drawn, and the maximum number of bonds around a central atom in its normal or hypervalent states is assessed. The manner in which a pair of anions can be held together despite an overall Coulombic repulsion is explained. The possibility that first-row atoms can participate in such bonds is discussed, along with the introduction of a tetrel analog of the dihydrogen bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-0300, USA
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13
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Abstract
The question as to whether the F atom can engage in a halogen bond (XB) remains unsettled. This issue is addressed via density functional theory calculations which pair a wide range of organic and inorganic F-acids with various sorts of Lewis bases. From an energetic perspective, perfluorinated hydrocarbons with sp, sp2, or sp3 C-hybridization are unable to form an XB with an N-base, but a very weak bond can be formed if electron-withdrawing C≡N substituents are added to the acid. There is little improvement for inorganic acids O2NF, FOF, ClF, BrF, SiF4, or GeF4, but F2 is capable of a stronger XB of up to 5 kcal/mol. These results are consistent with a geometric criterion, which compares the intermolecular equilibrium distance with the sum of atomic van der Waals radii. The intensity of the σ-hole on the F atom has predictive value in that a Vs,max of at least 10-15 kcal/mol is required for XB formation. Adding a positive charge to the Lewis acid enhances the strength of any XB and even more so if the base is anionic. The acid-base interaction induces a contraction of the r(AF) covalent bond in the acid in most cases and a deshielding of the NMR signal of the F nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-0300, United States
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14
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Putta A, Sykes AG, Sun H. Perfluoroalkylated anthracene endoperoxide: Synthesis, characterization, crystal structure analysis, and computational insights. J Fluor Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2020.109548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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15
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Bouhadiba A, Rahali S, Belhocine Y, Allal H, Nouar L, Rahim M. Structural and energetic investigation on the host/guest inclusion process of benzyl isothiocyanate into β-cyclodextrin using dispersion-corrected DFT calculations. Carbohydr Res 2020; 491:107980. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2020.107980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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16
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Grudova MV, Gil DM, Khrustalev VN, Nikitina EV, Sinelshchikova AA, Grigoriev MS, Kletskov AV, Frontera A, Zubkov FI. Synthesis, X-ray characterization and theoretical study of 3 a,6:7,9 a-diepoxybenzo[ de]isoquinoline derivatives: on the importance of F⋯O interactions. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj04328a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript reports the synthesis, X-ray characterization and theoretical study of 3a,6:7,9a-diepoxybenzo[de]isoquinoline derivatives focusing on the importance of F···O interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya V. Grudova
- Faculty of Science, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University)
- Moscow 117198
- Russian Federation
| | - Diego M. Gil
- INBIOFAL (CONICET – UNT), Instituto de Química Orgánica. Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán
- San Miguel de Tucumán
- Argentina
| | - Victor N. Khrustalev
- Faculty of Science, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University)
- Moscow 117198
- Russian Federation
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of RAS
- 119991 Moscow
| | - Eugeniya V. Nikitina
- Faculty of Science, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University)
- Moscow 117198
- Russian Federation
| | - Anna A. Sinelshchikova
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow 119071
- Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail S. Grigoriev
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow 119071
- Russian Federation
| | - Alexey V. Kletskov
- Faculty of Science, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University)
- Moscow 117198
- Russian Federation
| | - Antonio Frontera
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Illes Balears
- 07122 Palma de Mallorca (Baleares)
- Spain
| | - Fedor I. Zubkov
- Faculty of Science, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University)
- Moscow 117198
- Russian Federation
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17
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Mondal PK, Hathwar VR, Chopra D. Characterization of electronic features of intermolecular interactions involving organic fluorine: Inputs from in situ cryo-crystallization studies on F and CF3 substituted anilines. J Fluor Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2018.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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18
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Dey D, Sirohiwal A, Chopra D. Crystal packing analysis of in situ cryocrystallized 2,2,2-tri-fluoro-aceto-phenone. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2018; 74:607-612. [PMID: 29850076 PMCID: PMC5947471 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989017016590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Crystals of the liquid compound 2,2,2-tri-fluoro-aceto-phenone (TFAP, C8H5F3O) were obtained using the state-of-art in situ cryocrystallization technique. TFAP crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c, and its crystal structure is mainly stabilized by a set of C-H⋯F, C-H⋯O, F⋯F and F⋯O supra-molecular contacts. The overall mol-ecular arrangement shows the formation of mol-ecular sheets parallel to the bc plane, which are in turn stacked along the a-axis direction. The weak inter-actions have been studied thoroughly, performing both a Hirshfeld surface analysis and theoretical calculations, to obtain the inter-molecular inter-action energies. A structural comparison of this compound with the previously reported substituted analogs was also carried out, showing a qualitative difference in terms of packing behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhananjay Dey
- Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Abhishek Sirohiwal
- Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Deepak Chopra
- Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
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19
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Dey D, Bhandary S, Thomas SP, Spackman MA, Chopra D. Energy frameworks and a topological analysis of the supramolecular features in in situ cryocrystallized liquids: tuning the weak interaction landscape via fluorination. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 18:31811-31820. [PMID: 27841399 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp05917a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Weak intermolecular interactions observed in crystalline materials are often influenced or forced by stronger interactions such as classical hydrogen bonds. Room temperature liquids offer a scenario where such strong interactions are absent so that the role and nature of the weak interactions can be studied more reliably. In this context, we have analyzed the common organic reagent benzoyl chloride (BC) and a series of its fluorinated derivatives using in situ cryocrystallography. The intermolecular interaction energies have been estimated and their topologies explored using energy framework analysis in a series of ten benzoyl chloride analogues, which reveal that the ππ stacking interactions serve as the primary building blocks in these crystal structures. The crystal packing is also stabilized by a variety of interaction motifs involving weak C-HO/F/Cl hydrogen bonds and FF, FCl, and ClCl interactions. It is found that fluorination alters the electrostatic nature of the benzoyl chlorides, with subsequent changes in the formation of different weak interaction motifs. The effects of fluorination on these weak intermolecular interactions have been systematically analyzed further via detailed inputs from a topological analysis of the electron density and Hirshfeld surface analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhananjay Dey
- Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal-By-Pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal-462066, Madhya Pradesh, India.
| | - Subhrajyoti Bhandary
- Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal-By-Pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal-462066, Madhya Pradesh, India.
| | - Sajesh P Thomas
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Mark A Spackman
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Deepak Chopra
- Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal-By-Pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal-462066, Madhya Pradesh, India.
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Sirohiwal A, Hathwar VR, Dey D, Chopra D. Investigation of Chemical Bonding in In Situ Cryocrystallized Organometallic Liquids. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:2859-2863. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201700585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Sirohiwal
- Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry Laboratory; Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal; Bhopal- 462066 Madhya Pradesh India
- Current address: Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion; Stiftstrasse 34-36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Venkatesha R. Hathwar
- Division of Physics; Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences; University of Tsukuba; 1-1-1, Tennodai Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8571 Japan
| | - Dhananjay Dey
- Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry Laboratory; Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal; Bhopal- 462066 Madhya Pradesh India
| | - Deepak Chopra
- Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry Laboratory; Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal; Bhopal- 462066 Madhya Pradesh India
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Sirohiwal A, Hathwar VR, Dey D, Regunathan R, Chopra D. Characterization of fluorine-centred `F...O' σ-hole interactions in the solid state. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B-STRUCTURAL SCIENCE CRYSTAL ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS 2017; 73:140-152. [DOI: 10.1107/s2052520616017492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In the current study, the crystal structure of 1-(3-nitrophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethanone (A1) and (E)-4-((4-fluorophenyl) diazenyl)phenol (A2) has been analyzed for the characterization of the presence of a `unique' and `rare' intermolecular C(sp3/sp2)—F...O contact, which has been observed to play a significant role in the crystal packing. Theoretical charge-density calculations have been performed to study the nature and strength associated with the existence of this intermolecular F...O contact, wherein the F atom is attached to ansp3-hybridized C atom in the case of A1 and to ansp2hybridized carbon in the case of A2. The crystal packing of the former contains two `electronically different' Csp3—F...O contacts which are present across and in between the layers of molecules. In the latter case, it is characterized by the presence of a very `short' (2.708 Å) and `highly directional' (168° at ∠C4—F1...O1 and 174° at ∠C10—O1...F1) Csp2—F...O contact. According to the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) study, it is a rare example in molecular crystals. Topological features of F...O contacts in the solid state were compared with the gas-phase models. The two-dimensional and three-dimensional static deformation density obtained from theoretical multipole modeling confirm the presence of a charge depleted region on the F atoms. Minimization of the electrostatic repulsion between like charges are observed through subtle arrangements in the electronic environment in two of the short intermolecular F...O contacts. These contacts were investigated using inputs from pair energy decomposition analysis, Bader's quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM), Hirshfeld surface analysis, delocalization index, reduced density gradient (RDG) plot, electrostatic potential surface and distributed atomic polarizability. The intermolecular energy decomposition (PIXEL) and RDG–NCI (non-covalent interaction) analysis of the F...O contacts establish the interaction to be dispersive in nature. The mutual polarization of an O atom by fluorine andviceversaprovides real physical insights into the role of atomic polarizability in interacting atoms in molecules in crystals.
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Mandal A, Patel BK, Shukla R, Chopra D. Impact of the complementary electronic nature of C–X and M–X halogens and intramolecular X⋯O interaction on supramolecular assemblies of Zn(ii) complexes of o-halophenyl substituted hydrazides. CrystEngComm 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ce00060j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Nayak SK, Kumar V, Murray JS, Politzer P, Terraneo G, Pilati T, Metrangolo P, Resnati G. Fluorination promotes chalcogen bonding in crystalline solids. CrystEngComm 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ce01070b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Flurorine promotes the electrophilicity of sulfur to the point that chalcogen bond formation affects the crystal packing in the solid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanta K. Nayak
- Laboratory of Nanostructured Fluorinated Materials (NFMLab)
- Department of Chemistry
- Materials, and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”
- 20131 Milano
- Italy
| | - Vijith Kumar
- Laboratory of Nanostructured Fluorinated Materials (NFMLab)
- Department of Chemistry
- Materials, and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”
- 20131 Milano
- Italy
| | | | | | - Giancarlo Terraneo
- Laboratory of Nanostructured Fluorinated Materials (NFMLab)
- Department of Chemistry
- Materials, and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”
- 20131 Milano
- Italy
| | - Tullio Pilati
- Laboratory of Nanostructured Fluorinated Materials (NFMLab)
- Department of Chemistry
- Materials, and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”
- 20131 Milano
- Italy
| | - Pierangelo Metrangolo
- Laboratory of Nanostructured Fluorinated Materials (NFMLab)
- Department of Chemistry
- Materials, and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”
- 20131 Milano
- Italy
| | - Giuseppe Resnati
- Laboratory of Nanostructured Fluorinated Materials (NFMLab)
- Department of Chemistry
- Materials, and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”
- 20131 Milano
- Italy
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Zhang Z, Wang L, Xuan X. The CN⋯C–X σ-hole interaction acts as a conformational lock. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj02622b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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