1
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Munthasir ATM, Rani P, Dhanalakshmi P, Pradhan S, Thilagar P. Polymorphism Dependent Cytotoxicity, Cellular Uptake, and Live Cell Imaging Studies on Napthalimide-Vinyl-Phenothiazine Conjugate. Chemistry 2024:e202400868. [PMID: 38576402 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Polymorphism-dependent cytotoxicity and cellular uptake of drug molecules have been studied for the past two decades. However, the visualization of polymorph-dependent cellular uptake and cytotoxicity using microscopy imaging techniques has not yet been reported. The luminescent polymorph is an ideal candidate to validate the above hypothesis. Herein, we report the polymorph-dependent cellular uptake, cytotoxicity, and bio-imaging functions of polymorphs 1Y and 1R of a naphthalimide-phenothiazine dyad. These polymorphs show different luminescence colors in the solid state and exhibit aggregation-induced enhanced emission (AIEE) in the DMSO-Water mixture. Bioimaging, cytotoxicity assay, and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) studies revealed that these polymorphs show different levels of cytotoxicity, cellular uptake, localization, and imaging potential. Detailed photophysical, morphological, and biological studies revealed that the difference in molecular conformation in these polymorphs enables them to form aggregates of different sizes and morphology, which leads to the differential uptake of these into the cells and consequently shows different cytotoxicity and imaging potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Poonam Rani
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Bengaluru, India -, 560012
| | - Pandi Dhanalakshmi
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Bengaluru, India -, 560012
| | - Sambit Pradhan
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Bengaluru, India -, 560012
| | - Pakkirisamy Thilagar
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Bengaluru, India -, 560012
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2
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Pang Y, Gaisford S, Magdysyuk OV, Williams GR. Polymorphic transitions in flufenamic acid-trehalose composites. Int J Pharm X 2023; 6:100200. [PMID: 37564112 PMCID: PMC10410518 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2023.100200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The combination of poorly-soluble drugs with small molecule co-formers to generate amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) has great potential to improve dissolution rate and kinetic solubility, and thus increase the bioavailability of these active ingredients. However, such ASDs are known to be unstable and to crystallise upon storage or heating. In this work, we explore the crystallisation of flufenamic acid (FFA) from ASDs prepared with trehalose. FFA-trehalose mixtures were prepared at a range of w/w composition ratios, heated to melting and crash cooled to form ASDs. They were then subject to a further heat/cool cycle, which was monitored by simultaneous differential scanning calorimetry - X-ray diffraction to observe the phase changes occurring. These varied with the composition of the blend. Upon short-term storage, formulations with low trehalose contents (FFA:trehalose 5:1 w/w) recrystallised into form I FFA, while higher trehalose contents crystallised to FFA form IV. When heated, all FFA trehalose combinations ultimately recrystallised into form I before melting. Upon a second cooling cycle, systems with low trehalose content (FFA:trehalose 5:1 w/w) recrystallised into form IV, while higher trehalose contents led to FFA form I. It is thus clear that even with a single excipient it is possible to control the crystallisation pathway through judicious choice of the formulation parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Pang
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Gaisford
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Oxana V. Magdysyuk
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth R. Williams
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
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3
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Yeh KL, Lee HL, Lee T. Crystallization of Form II Paracetamol with the Assistance of Carboxylic Acids toward Batch and Continuous Processes. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:1099. [PMID: 35631685 PMCID: PMC9147162 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14051099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Form II paracetamol has captured the interest of researchers due to its improved compressibility. However, its low stability has made it difficult to be produced on a large scale with good reproducibility. In the present study, the selective polymorphic formation of paracetamol was carried out by cooling crystallization with four types of additives: adipic acid, fumaric acid, oxalic acid, and succinic acid. It was found that: (1) the more additives that were added, the higher the probability of forming Form II paracetamol; (2) Form II paracetamol could be induced by seeding the paracetamol aqueous solution with Form II paracetamol and fumaric acid crystals, and not the other three carboxylic acids; (3) a new solution complex of paracetamol-oxalic acid, evidenced by the solubility diagram, was responsible for the selective nucleation of Form II paracetamol in the oxalic acid aqueous solution; and (4) the range of the degree of supersaturation for nucleating Form II paracetamol was extended with the assistance of oxalic acid or fumaric acid. In large-scale crystallization, Form II paracetamol was produced by the continuous crystallization of 44 mg of paracetamol/mL in 50 wt% of fumaric acid aqueous solution with a flow rate of 150 mL/min.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tu Lee
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, 300 Zhongda Road, Zhongli District, Taoyuan City 320317, Taiwan; (K.-L.Y.); (H.-L.L.)
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4
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Li Z, Qu H, Fang L, Wu S, Gong J. A new strategy to design isostructural salts: the case of the antitumor drug dimethylaminomicheliolide. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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5
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Pang Y, Buanz A, Gaisford S, Magdysyuk OV, Williams GR. Monitoring Polymorphic Phase Transitions in Flufenamic Acid Amorphous Solid Dispersions Using Hyphenated X-ray Diffraction-Differential Scanning Calorimetry. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:1477-1487. [PMID: 35347993 PMCID: PMC9097533 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Flufenamic acid (FFA) is a highly
polymorphic drug molecule with
nine crystal structures reported in the Cambridge Structural Database.
This study explores the use of synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction
combined with differential scanning calorimetry to study crystallization
and polymorphic phase transitions upon heating FFA–polymer
amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs). Ethyl cellulose (EC, 4 cp) and
hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) grades with different viscosities
and substitution patterns were used to prepare dispersions with FFA
at 5:1, 2:1, 1:1, and 1:5 w/w drug/polymer ratios by quench cooling.
We employed a 6 cp HPMC 2910 material and two HPMC 2208 samples at
4000 and 100 000 cp. Hyphenated X-ray diffraction (XRD)–differential
scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies show that the 6 and 100 000
cp HPMCs and 4 cp EC polymers can stabilize FFA form IV by inhibiting
the transition to form I during heating. It appears that the polymers
stabilize FFA in both amorphous and metastable forms via a combination
of intermolecular interactions and viscosity effects. Increasing the
polymer content of the ASD also inhibits polymorphic transitions,
with drug/polymer ratios of 1:5 w/w resulting in FFA remaining amorphous
during heating. The comparison of FFA ASDs prepared with different
samples of HPMCs and ECs suggests that the chemical substitution of
the polymer (HPMC 2208 has 19–24% methoxy groups and 4–12%
hydroxypropyl groups, while HPMC 2910 has 28–30% methoxy groups
and 7–12% hydroxypropyl groups) plays a more significant role
in directing polymorphic transitions than the viscosity. A previously
unreported polymorph of FFA was also noted during heating but its
structure could not be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Pang
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Asma Buanz
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Gaisford
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Oxana V Magdysyuk
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth R Williams
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
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6
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Impact of Impurities on Crystallization and Product Quality: A Case Study with Paracetamol. CRYSTALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst11111344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A thorough, systematic study into the effect that structurally related impurities have on both the process and product quality during the crystallization of an active pharmaceutical ingredient is presented. The presence of acetanilide and metacetamol influences the crystallization and product quality of paracetamol. Where high concentrations of either impurity were present in the crystallization feed, product recovery decreased by up to 15%. Acetanilide is included in the final product through adsorption onto the particle surface in concentrations up to 0.79 mol%, which can be reduced to acceptable levels through product reslurrying. The presence of metacetamol results in much higher concentrations—up to 6.78 mol% in the final product, of which approximately 1 mol% is incorporated into the crystal lattice, resulting in the perturbation of the unit-cell dimensions. The incidental crystallization and subsequent isolation of metastable Form II paracetamol increased product purity in the presence of a low metacetamol concentration. This metastable product converts to stable paracetamol Form I through reslurrying, offering an efficient metacetamol impurity rejection route. The morphology of the product is modified consistently by both impurities. An elongation of the normal prismatic shape is observed, which in the extreme case of high metacetamol contamination results in the isolation of fine, fragile needles. This problematic morphology is also improved by a reslurrying of the crystallization product to give a more equilateral shape. This systematic study of the influence of acetanilide and metacetamol on the crystallization of paracetamol builds a well-rounded picture of the concomitant impact of impurities on the principal quality attributes of a crystallization product.
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7
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Miyazaki T, Aso Y, Goda Y. [Detection and Analysis of Drug Crystals in Medical Transdermal Patches by Using X-ray Diffraction Measurement]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2021; 142:65-74. [PMID: 34645768 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.21-00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The crystallization of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in matrix-type transdermal patches has implications for the rate of drug absorption through the skin and patch adhesion strength. Therefore, the presence or absence and the degree of API crystallinity must be controlled to guarantee the quality of patches. In this study, the utility of laboratory-level X-ray diffractometers for the detection and analysis of crystalline APIs in transdermal patches was investigated using medical patches of tulobuterol and isosorbide dinitrate. Several matrix-type patches employ a controlled drug delivery system containing intentionally crystallized API. Both benchtop and high-resolution laboratory X-ray diffractometers can detect several characteristic peaks of the APIs in these patches even if the patches are wrapped in an outer bag, although a benchtop model provides peak heights one-seventh to one-fifth that of a high-resolution instrument. An isosorbide dinitrate patch containing an unintentionally crystallized spot was wrapped in an outer bag, followed by measurements using both X-ray diffractometers. For both instruments, several isosorbide dinitrate-derived peaks were detected only at the crystallized spot, although the signal-to-noise ratio was poorer for the benchtop model. These results show that a high-resolution X-ray diffractometer is advantageous for high-detection sensitivity and offers a high degree of freedom of the measurement position on the sample. It was concluded that a laboratory-level high-resolution X-ray diffractometer can be used to examine the crystalline state of APIs in patches inside an unopened outer bag.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yukio Aso
- National Institute of Health Sciences
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8
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Pugliese A, Toresco M, McNamara D, Iuga D, Abraham A, Tobyn M, Hawarden LE, Blanc F. Drug-Polymer Interactions in Acetaminophen/Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose Acetyl Succinate Amorphous Solid Dispersions Revealed by Multidimensional Multinuclear Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:3519-3531. [PMID: 34375100 PMCID: PMC8424625 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The bioavailability of insoluble crystalline active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) can be enhanced by formulation as amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs). One of the key factors of ASD stabilization is the formation of drug-polymer interactions at the molecular level. Here, we used a range of multidimensional and multinuclear nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments to identify these interactions in amorphous acetaminophen (paracetamol)/hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetyl succinate (HPMC-AS) ASDs at various drug loadings. At low drug loading (<20 wt %), we showed that 1H-13C through-space heteronuclear correlation experiments identify proximity between aromatic protons in acetaminophen with cellulose backbone protons in HPMC-AS. We also show that 14N-1H heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence (HMQC) experiments are a powerful approach in probing spatial interactions in amorphous materials and establish the presence of hydrogen bonds (H-bond) between the amide nitrogen of acetaminophen with the cellulose ring methyl protons in these ASDs. In contrast, at higher drug loading (40 wt %), no acetaminophen/HPMC-AS spatial proximity was identified and domains of recrystallization of amorphous acetaminophen into its crystalline form I, the most thermodynamically stable polymorph, and form II are identified. These results provide atomic scale understanding of the interactions in the acetaminophen/HPMC-AS ASD occurring via H-bond interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pugliese
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United
Kingdom
| | - Michael Toresco
- Chemical
Engineering Department, Rowan College of Engineering, Rowan University, Mullica Hill Road, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Daniel McNamara
- Drug
Product Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Dinu Iuga
- Department
of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Anuji Abraham
- Drug
Product Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Michael Tobyn
- Drug
Product Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Reeds Lane, Moreton CH46 1QW, United
Kingdom
| | - Lucy E. Hawarden
- Drug
Product Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Reeds Lane, Moreton CH46 1QW, United
Kingdom
| | - Frédéric Blanc
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United
Kingdom
- Stephenson
Institute for Renewable Energy, University
of Liverpool, Peach Street, Liverpool L69 7ZF, United Kingdom
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9
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Stabilization of Metastable Indomethacin α in Cellulose Nanocrystal Aerogel Scaffolds. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13040441. [PMID: 33805194 PMCID: PMC8064329 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13040441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Indomethacin (IM) is a small molecule active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) that exhibits polymorphism with the γ-form being the most thermodynamically stable form of the drug. The α-form is metastable, but it exhibits higher solubility, making it a more attractive form for drug delivery. As with other metastable polymorphs, α-IM undergoes interconversion to the stable form when subjected to certain stimuli, such as solvent, heat, pH, or exposure to seed crystals of the stable form. In this study, IM was crystallized into cellulose nanocrystal aerogel scaffolds as a mixture of the two polymorphic forms, α-IM and γ-IM. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Raman spectroscopy were used to quantitatively determine the amount of each form. Our investigation found that the metastable α-IM could be stabilized within the aerogel without phase transformation, even in the presence of external stimuli, including heat and γ-IM seed crystals. Because interconversion is often a concern during production of metastable forms of APIs, this approach has important implications in being able to produce and stabilize metastable drug forms. While IM was used as a model drug in this study, this approach could be expanded to additional drugs and provide access to other metastable API forms.
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10
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Clout AE, Buanz ABM, Pang Y, Tsui W, Yan D, Parkinson G, Prior TJ, Bučar D, Gaisford S, Williams GR. Mechanistic In Situ and Ex Situ Studies of Phase Transformations in Molecular Co-Crystals. Chemistry 2020; 26:14645-14653. [PMID: 32706515 PMCID: PMC7756291 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Co-crystallisation is widely explored as a route to improve the physical properties of pharmaceutical active ingredients, but little is known about the fundamental mechanisms of the process. Herein, we apply a hyphenated differential scanning calorimetry-X-ray diffraction technique to mimic the commercial hot melt extrusion process, and explore the heat-induced synthesis of a series of new co-crystals containing isonicotinamide. These comprise a 1:1 co-crystal with 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 2:1 and 1:2 systems with 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid and a 1:1 crystal with 3,4-dihydroxyphenylactic acid. The formation of co-crystals during heating is complex mechanistically. In addition to co-crystallisation, conversions between polymorphs of the co-former starting materials and co-crystal products are also observed. A subsequent study exploring the use of inkjet printing and milling to generate co-crystals revealed that the synthetic approach has a major effect on the co-crystal species and polymorphs produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander E. Clout
- UCL School of PharmacyUniversity College London29-39 Brunswick SquareLondonWC1N 1AXUK
| | - Asma B. M. Buanz
- UCL School of PharmacyUniversity College London29-39 Brunswick SquareLondonWC1N 1AXUK
| | - Yuying Pang
- UCL School of PharmacyUniversity College London29-39 Brunswick SquareLondonWC1N 1AXUK
| | - Wing‐Mei Tsui
- UCL School of PharmacyUniversity College London29-39 Brunswick SquareLondonWC1N 1AXUK
| | - Dongpeng Yan
- College of ChemistryBeijing Normal UniversityBeijing100875China
| | - Gary Parkinson
- UCL School of PharmacyUniversity College London29-39 Brunswick SquareLondonWC1N 1AXUK
| | - Timothy J. Prior
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of HullHullHU6 7RXUK
| | - Dejan‐Krešimir Bučar
- Department of ChemistryUniversity College London20 Gordon StreetLondonWC1H 0AJUK
| | - Simon Gaisford
- UCL School of PharmacyUniversity College London29-39 Brunswick SquareLondonWC1N 1AXUK
| | - Gareth R. Williams
- UCL School of PharmacyUniversity College London29-39 Brunswick SquareLondonWC1N 1AXUK
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11
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The impact of the degree of intimate mixing on the compaction properties of materials produced by crystallo-co-spray drying. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 154:105505. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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12
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Banerjee M, Brettmann B. Combining Surface Templating and Confinement for Controlling Pharmaceutical Crystallization. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E995. [PMID: 33092148 PMCID: PMC7589131 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12100995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor water solubility is one of the major challenges to the development of oral dosage forms containing active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Polymorphism in APIs leads to crystals with different surface wettabilities and free energies, which can lead to different dissolution properties. Crystal size and habit further contribute to this variability. An important focus in pharmaceutical research has been on controlling the drug form to improve the solubility and thus bioavailability of APIs. In this regard, heterogeneous crystallization on surfaces and crystallization under confinement have become prominent forms of controlling polymorphism and drug crystal size and habits; however there has not been a thorough review into the emerging field of combining these approaches to control crystallization. This tutorial-style review addresses the major advances that have been made in controlling API forms using combined crystallization methods. By designing templates that not only control the surface functionality but also enable confinement of particles within a porous structure, these combined systems have the potential to provide better control over drug polymorph formation and crystal size and habit. This review further provides a perspective on the future of using a combined crystallization approach and suggests that combining surface templating with confinement provides the advantage of both techniques to rationally design systems for API nucleation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manali Banerjee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA;
| | - Blair Brettmann
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA;
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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13
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Askin S, Gonçalves AD, Zhao M, Williams GR, Gaisford S, Craig DQM. A Simultaneous Differential Scanning Calorimetry-X-ray Diffraction Study of Olanzapine Crystallization from Amorphous Solid Dispersions. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:4364-4374. [PMID: 33074007 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) of class II and IV biopharmaceutics classification system drugs in water-miscible polymers are a well-recognized means of enhancing dissolution, while such dispersions in hydrophobic polymers form the basis of micro- and nanoparticulate technologies. However, drug recrystallization presents significant problems for product development, and the mechanisms and pathways involved are poorly understood. Here, we outline the use of combined differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)-synchrotron X-ray diffraction to monitor the sequential appearance of polymorphs of olanzapine (OLZ) when dispersed in a range of polymers. In a recent study (Cryst. Growth Des. 2019, 19, 2751-2757), we reported a new polymorph (form IV) of OLZ which crystallized from a spray-dried dispersion of OLZ in polyvinylpyrrolidone. Here, we extend our earlier study to explore OLZ dispersions in poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), polylactide (PLA), and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS), with a view to identifying the sequence of form generation on heating each dispersion. While spray-dried OLZ results in the formation of crystalline form I, the spray-dried material with HPMCAS comprises an ASD, and forms I and IV are generated upon heating. PLGA and PLA result in a product which contains both amorphous OLZ and the dichloromethane solvate; upon heating, the amorphous material converts to forms I, II, and IV and the solvate to forms I and II. Our data show that it is possible to quantitatively assess not only the polymorph generation sequence but also the relative proportions as a function of temperature. Of particular note is that the sequence of form generation is significantly more complex than may be indicated by DSC data alone, with coincident generation of different polymorphs and complex interconversions as the material is heated. We argue that this may have implications not only for the mechanistic understanding of polymorph generation but also as an aid to identifying the range of polymorphic forms that may be produced by a single-drug molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Askin
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, U.K
| | - Andrea D Gonçalves
- DPDD Drug Delivery, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Min Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, U.K.,China Medical University-Queen's University Belfast Joint College (CQC), China Medical University, Shenyang 110000, China
| | - Gareth R Williams
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, U.K
| | - Simon Gaisford
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, U.K
| | - Duncan Q M Craig
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, U.K
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14
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Mazurek AH, Szeleszczuk Ł, Pisklak DM. Periodic DFT Calculations-Review of Applications in the Pharmaceutical Sciences. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E415. [PMID: 32369915 PMCID: PMC7284980 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12050415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In the introduction to this review the complex chemistry of solid-state pharmaceutical compounds is summarized. It is also explained why the density functional theory (DFT) periodic calculations became recently so popular in studying the solid APIs (active pharmaceutical ingredients). Further, the most popular programs enabling DFT periodic calculations are presented and compared. Subsequently, on the large number of examples, the applications of such calculations in pharmaceutical sciences are discussed. The mentioned topics include, among others, validation of the experimentally obtained crystal structures and crystal structure prediction, insight into crystallization and solvation processes, development of new polymorph synthesis ways, and formulation techniques as well as application of the periodic DFT calculations in the drug analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Łukasz Szeleszczuk
- Chair and Department of Physical Pharmacy and Bioanalysis, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1 str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (A.H.M.); (D.M.P.)
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15
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Stabilisation and Growth of Metastable Form II of Fluconazole in Amorphous Solid Dispersions. Pharmaceutics 2019; 12:pharmaceutics12010012. [PMID: 31877666 PMCID: PMC7023302 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The crystallisation of metastable drug polymorphs in polymer matrices has been reported as a successful approach to enhance the solubility of poorly water-soluble drug molecules. This can be achieved using different polymers, drug to polymer ratios and formulation techniques enabling the formation of stable nuclei and subsequent growth of new or metastable drug polymorphs. In this work we elucidated the polymorphism behaviour of a model compound fluconazole (FLU) embedded in solid dispersions with amorphous Soluplus® (SOL) obtained using spray drying and fusion methods. The effect of humidity on the stability of FLU in the obtained dispersions was also evaluated. FLU at a drug content below 40 wt. % stayed amorphous in the dispersions prepared using the fusion method and crystallised exclusively into metastable form II at a drug content above 40 wt. % and 70% relative humidity (RH) conditions. In contrast, a mixture of forms I, II and hydrate of FLU was detected in the spray dried formulations after 14 days of storage at 40 °C/40% RH, with preferential growth of thermodynamically stable form I of FLU. This study highlights the importance of preparation techniques and the drug:polymer ratio in the formulation of amorphous solid dispersions and provides further understanding of the complex crystallisation behaviour of amorphous pharmaceuticals encapsulated in the polymer matrixes.
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Cruz PC, Rocha FA, Ferreira AM. Application of Selective Crystallization Methods To Isolate the Metastable Polymorphs of Paracetamol: A Review. Org Process Res Dev 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrı́cia C. Cruz
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando A. Rocha
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - António M. Ferreira
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
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Pang Y, Buanz A, Telford R, Magdysyuk OV, Gaisford S, Williams GR. A simultaneous X-ray diffraction–differential scanning calorimetry study into the phase transitions of mefenamic acid. J Appl Crystallogr 2019. [DOI: 10.1107/s1600576719012500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the polymorphic transitions of mefenamic acid (MA) were studied by synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction combined with differential scanning calorimetry (XRD-DSC). The initial material was found to be phase-pure form I which, when heated, produces two endotherms that can be observed by DSC at 162.72 and 219.55°C. The former was found to correspond to a solid–solid enantiotropic transition from form I to a mixture of forms II and III. The latter is the melting point of form II. As form I is heated, significantly greater unit-cell expansion is seen in the a direction than in b and c, which can be explained by the stronger intermolecular interactions in the bc plane. Refinements of the reported MA structures against the patterns collected during heating revealed that at 175°C there exists a mixture of forms I, II and III, whereas only forms II and III remain at 205°C. However, reflections are observed at both temperatures which cannot be fitted with the known forms of MA. It is hypothesized that a new form of MA is produced upon heating. The stability of MA after the enantiotropic transition temperature is II > III > I, which differs from the previously reported II > I > III.
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18
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Intermolecular Interactions in Functional Crystalline Materials: From Data to Knowledge. CRYSTALS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst9090478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Intermolecular interactions of organic, inorganic, and organometallic compounds are the key to many composition–structure and structure–property networks. In this review, some of these relations and the tools developed by the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Center (CCDC) to analyze them and design solid forms with desired properties are described. The potential of studies supported by the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD)-Materials tools for investigation of dynamic processes in crystals, for analysis of biologically active, high energy, optical, (electro)conductive, and other functional crystalline materials, and for the prediction of novel solid forms (polymorphs, co-crystals, solvates) are discussed. Besides, some unusual applications, the potential for further development and limitations of the CCDC software are reported.
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Padrela LM, Castro-Dominguez B, Ziaee A, Long B, Ryan KM, Walker G, O'Reilly EJ. Co-crystal polymorphic control by nanodroplet and electrical confinement. CrystEngComm 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ce00060g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The polymorphic control of the co-crystal carbamazepine–saccharin (CBZ–SAC) metastable form II was achieved by nano-droplet confinement in tandem with droplet surface charging induced by electrospraying the precursor solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. M. Padrela
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC)
- Bernal Institute University of Limerick Limerick
- Limerick
- Ireland
| | | | - A. Ziaee
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC)
- Bernal Institute University of Limerick Limerick
- Limerick
- Ireland
| | - B. Long
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC)
- Bernal Institute University of Limerick Limerick
- Limerick
- Ireland
| | - K. M. Ryan
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC)
- Bernal Institute University of Limerick Limerick
- Limerick
- Ireland
| | - G. Walker
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC)
- Bernal Institute University of Limerick Limerick
- Limerick
- Ireland
| | - E. J. O'Reilly
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC)
- Bernal Institute University of Limerick Limerick
- Limerick
- Ireland
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Portada T, Margetić D, Štrukil V. Mechanochemical Catalytic Transfer Hydrogenation of Aromatic Nitro Derivatives. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23123163. [PMID: 30513686 PMCID: PMC6321105 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanochemical ball milling catalytic transfer hydrogenation (CTH) of aromatic nitro compounds using readily available and cheap ammonium formate as the hydrogen source is demonstrated as a simple, facile and clean approach for the synthesis of substituted anilines and selected pharmaceutically relevant compounds. The scope of mechanochemical CTH is broad, as the reduction conditions tolerate various functionalities, for example nitro, amino, hydroxy, carbonyl, amide, urea, amino acid and heterocyclic. The presented methodology was also successfully integrated with other types of chemical reactions previously carried out mechanochemically, such as amide bond formation by coupling amines with acyl chlorides or anhydrides and click-type coupling reactions between amines and iso(thio)cyanates. In this way, we showed that active pharmaceutical ingredients Procainamide and Paracetamol could be synthesized from the respective nitro-precursors on milligram and gram scale in excellent isolated yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomislav Portada
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Davor Margetić
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Vjekoslav Štrukil
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Clout AE, Buanz ABM, Gaisford S, Williams GR. Polymorphic Phase Transitions in Carbamazepine and 10,11-Dihydrocarbamazepine. Chemistry 2018; 24:13573-13581. [PMID: 29979477 PMCID: PMC6175174 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Temperature-induced phase transitions in carbamazepine (CBZ) and 10,11-dihydrocarbamazepine (DHC) were studied by simultaneous differential scanning calorimetry-X-ray diffraction in this work. The transitions generally involve a transitional melt phase which is quickly followed by recrystallisation. The expansions of the unit cell as a function of temperature could be quantified and allow us to determine a directional order of stability in relation to the lattice constants. Dihydrocarbamazepine form II undergoes a conversion to form I by a localised melt phase. Carbamazepine (CBZ) form IV converts to form I at 182 °C, again by a localised intermediate melt phase. CBZ form II converted to form I at 119 °C by a pathway that appears to have included some melting, and form III underwent a part melt-recrystallisation and a part sublimation-recrystallisation to form I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander E. Clout
- UCL School of PharmacyUniversity College London29–39 Brunswick SquareLondonWC1N 1AXUK
| | - Asma B. M. Buanz
- UCL School of PharmacyUniversity College London29–39 Brunswick SquareLondonWC1N 1AXUK
| | - Simon Gaisford
- UCL School of PharmacyUniversity College London29–39 Brunswick SquareLondonWC1N 1AXUK
| | - Gareth R. Williams
- UCL School of PharmacyUniversity College London29–39 Brunswick SquareLondonWC1N 1AXUK
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22
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Rivalta A, Salzillo T, Venuti E, Della Valle RG, Sokolovič B, Werzer O, Brillante A. Bulk and Surface-Stabilized Structures of Paracetamol Revisited by Raman Confocal Microscopy. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:9564-9571. [PMID: 31459088 PMCID: PMC6645084 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We revisit the polymorphism of paracetamol by means of a micro-Raman technique, which has proved to be a powerful tool for structure recognition. Distinct lattice phonon spectra clearly identified the pure phases. Confocality enabled us to detect phase mixing between form II and either I or III on a micrometric scale in the same crystallite. Following the most recent findings on surface-mediated structures, we also investigated spin-coated films grown on glass, gold, and polystyrene substrates, confirming the selectivity of these surfaces for the metastable form III, which shows an unprecedented stability over a time span of several months. A mechanism of its transformation to phase II, via a partially ordered intermediate state, is suggested by polarized Raman measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Rivalta
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari” and INSTM-Udr
Bologna, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Tommaso Salzillo
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari” and INSTM-Udr
Bologna, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Venuti
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari” and INSTM-Udr
Bologna, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Raffaele G. Della Valle
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari” and INSTM-Udr
Bologna, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Sokolovič
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Karl Franzens University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Oliver Werzer
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Karl Franzens University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Aldo Brillante
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari” and INSTM-Udr
Bologna, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy
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24
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Reiss CA, Mechelen JBV, Goubitz K, Peschar R. Reassessment of paracetamol orthorhombic Form III and determination of a novel low-temperature monoclinic Form III-m from powder diffraction data. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION C-STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRY 2018; 74:392-399. [PMID: 29504571 DOI: 10.1107/s2053229618002619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Paracetamol [N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamide, C8H9NO2] has several polymorphs, just like many other drugs. The most stable polymorphs, denoted Forms I and II, can be obtained easily and their crystal structures are known. Crystals of the orthorhombic, less stable, room-temperature Form III are difficult to grow; they need a special recipe to crystallize and suffer from severe preferred orientation. A crystal structure model of Form III has been proposed and solved from a combination of structure prediction and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) [Perrin et al. (2009). Chem. Commun. 22, 3181-3183]. The final Rwp value of 0.138 and the corresponding considerable residual trace were reasons to check its validity. A new structure determination of Form III using new high-resolution PXRD data led to a final Rwp value of 0.042 and an improvement of the earlier proposed model. In addition, a reversible phase transition was found at 170-220 K between the orthorhombic Form III and a novel monoclinic Form III-m. The crystal structure of Form III-m has been determined and refined from PXRD data to a final Rwp value of 0.059.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kees Goubitz
- Technical University Delft, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Radiation Science and Technology-Fundamental Aspects of Materials and Energy (FAME), Mekelweg 15, 2629JB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - René Peschar
- University of Amsterdam, Faculty of Humanities, Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage, Johannes Vermeerplein 1, 1071DV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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25
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Recent progress of structural study of polymorphic pharmaceutical drugs. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 117:71-85. [PMID: 27940141 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review considers advances in the understanding of active pharmaceutical ingredient polymorphism since around 2010 mainly from a structural view point, with a focus on twelve model drugs. New polymorphs of most of these drugs have been identified despite that the polymorphism of these old drugs has been extensively studied so far. In addition to the conventional modifications of preparative solvents, temperatures, and pressure, more strategic structure-based methods have successfully yielded new polymorphs. The development of analytical techniques, including X-ray analyses, spectroscopy, and microscopy has facilitated the identification of unknown crystal structures and also the discovery of new polymorphs. Computational simulations have played an important role in explaining and predicting the stability order of polymorphs. Furthermore, these make significant contributions to the design of new polymorphs by considering structure and energy. The new technologies and insights discussed in this review will contribute to the control of polymorphic forms, both during manufacture and in the drug formulation.
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